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Chapter 7

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Yogesh
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai
Chemical Engineering

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Unit 7 Objectives After studying this Unit, you will be able to appreciate general trends in the chemistry of elements of groups 15,16,17 and 18; learn the preparation, properties and uses of dinitrogen and phosphorus and some of their important compounds; describe the preparation, properties and uses of dioxygen and ozone and chemistry of some simple oxides; know allotropic forms of sulphur, chemistry of its important compounds and the structures of its oxoacids; describe the preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid; know the chemistry of interhalogens and structures of oxoacids of halogens; enumerate the uses of noble gases; appreciate the importance of these elements and their compounds in our day to day life. 7.1 Group 15 Elements 7.1.1 Occurrence The p -Block Element s Elements Diversity in chemistry is the hallmark of p block elements manifested in their ability to react with the elements of s , d and f blocks as well as with their own. In Class XI, you have learnt that the p-block elements are placed in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. Their valence shell electronic configuration is ns2np1 6 2 (except He which has 1s configuration). The properties of p-block elements like that of others are greatly influenced by atomic sizes, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity. The absence of dorbitals in second period and presence of d and/or f orbitals in heavier elements (starting from third period onwards) have significant effects on the properties of elements. In addition, the presence of all the three types of elements; metals, metalloids and non-metals bring diversification in chemistry of these elements. Having learnt the chemistry of elements of Groups 13 and 14 of the p-block of periodic table in Class XI, you will learn the chemistry of the elements of subsequent groups in this Unit. Group 15 includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. As we go down the group, there is a shift from non-metallic to metallic through metalloidic character. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony metalloids and bismuth is a typical metal. Molecular nitrogen comprises 78% by volume of the atmosphere. In the earth s crust, it occurs as sodium nitrate, NaNO3 (called Chile saltpetre) and potassium nitrate (Indian saltpetre). It is found in the form of proteins in plants and animals. Phosphorus occurs in minerals

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