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Chapter 6

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Yogesh
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai
Chemical Engineering

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Unit Objectives After studying this Unit, you will be able to explain the terms minerals, ores, concentration, benefaction, calcination, roasting, refining, etc.; understand the principles of oxidation and reduction as applied to the extraction procedures; apply the thermodynamic concepts like that of Gibbs energy and entropy to the principles of extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; explain why reduction of certain oxides like Cu2O is much easier than that of Fe2O3; explain why CO is a favourable reducing agent at certain temperatures while coke is better in some other cases; explain why specific reducing agents are used for the reduction purposes. 6 Gener al P rinciples and General Principles Processes o f Isolation of of Element s Elements Thermodynamics illustrates why only a certain reducing element and a minimum specific temperature are suitable for reduction of a metal oxide to the metal in an extraction. A few elements like carbon, sulphur, gold and noble gases, occur in free state while others in combined forms in the earth s crust. The extraction and isolation of an element from its combined form involves various principles of chemistry. A particular element may occur in a variety of compounds. The process of metallurgy and isolation should be such that it is chemically feasible and commercially viable. Still, some general principles are common to all the extraction processes of metals. For obtaining a particular metal, first we look for minerals which are naturally occurring chemical substances in the earth s crust obtainable by mining. Out of many minerals in which a metal may be found, only a few are viable to be used as sources of that metal. Such minerals are known as ores. Rarely, an ore contains only a desired substance. It is usually contaminated with earthly or undesired materials known as gangue. The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involve the following major steps: Concentration of the ore, Isolation of the metal from its concentrated ore, and Purification of the metal. The entire scientific and technological process used for isolation of the metal from its ores is known as metallurgy.

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