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ICSE Class X Notes 2025 : Geography (TE HYDERABAD PUBLIC SCHOOL

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Sruzan Raam
The Bishop's School, Camp, Pune

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Geography Worksheet Water Resources Class 10 Q1. What is meant by irrigation? Ans. Irrigation refers to the process of supplying water by artificial means like from wells, tanks, canals etc. Q2. What are the different types of irrigation methods practiced in India? Irrigation in India is divided into two broad categories: Conventional means of irrigation:-Wells, tanks and inundation canals. Modern / scientific means of irrigation:-Tube wells, sprinkler irrigation, Spray, drip irrigation etc. Q3. Give three reasons why irrigation is needed in India? Uneven distribution of rainfall. Seasonal rainfall. Indian monsoons are highly uncertain & unevenly distributed To maximize production. Q5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of well irrigation? The advantages of well irrigation are: Wells can be dug at a very low cost. Its independent source of water. Water can be lifted from great depths. The disadvantages of well irrigation are: Wells depend on underground water resources that depend from place to place. It is difficult to dig wells in hilly and stony areas. Availability of electricity is costly for the farmers. They dry up in some places due to overuse or the water may be brackish. Q. What is a tubewell? A tubewell is a deeper well at a depth of 20-30 m from which water is drawn with the help of power driven pumps.It is also known as Lift method. Q6. Give two reasons why well irrigation is more important in the Northern plains (alluvial plains) than in Southern India? North Indian plains consist of alluvial soils which are soft and easy to dig whereas in South India( Deccan Plateau) region it is hard & rocky. Water table in North India is at a higher level while in the Southern part it is at a lower level. Q7.Give two reasons why tube well irrigation is more important than ordinary well irrigation? Water can be drawn from greater depths. Irrigates a large area. These do not dry up during summer- perennial source of water. Bring up clean water. Q8. Mention two states where tube well irrigation is practiced. Why? Punjab, Haryana. Tube wells are extensively used because the land is soft & fertile will increase crop production. Availability of electricity & underground water due to soft soil Free from pollution & occupies less space Independent source of water,so it can be used according to one s requirement Q9. What are the conditions necessary for the construction of a tube well? State its advantages and disadvantages. Ans. Conditions: Sufficient ground water supply and cheap electricity must be available. Soft soil is required as it makes it easier to dig. Large fertile area. Advantages: It is very useful during drought conditions when the surface wells dry up. It occupies less space compared to the ordinary surface wells. It does not cause pollution & is an independent source of water. Disadvantages: The farmer has to spend money regularly on diesel or electricity. This method of irrigation is not suitable for areas with brackish water. The underground water table depletes. Q10. Why is most of the irrigation practiced in India through wells? Cheapest & simplest form of irrigation Independent source of water Can be dug at any convenient place. Q11. What do you understand about tank irrigation? Ans. Tank irrigation is done by constructing earthen or masonry walls across a stream or depression. Rain water during the rainy season is collected here and is used when needed. Q12. State 3 advantages and disadvantages of tank irrigation. Advantages: Tanks are easy and cheap to build. Tanks enable people to store water which would have otherwise flowed out. Tanks help in raising the underground water level of wells in the surrounding area. Disadvantages: Tanks occupy larger surface area, which could have otherwise been used for agriculture. Many tanks dry up in summer and fail to provide water when it is required. Tanks require desilting. Q13. Name 3 areas/states where tank irrigation is practiced. Why? Ans.Deccan Plateau /Peninsular India / South India- regions Andhra Pradesh , Telangana,Tamil Nadu- States Reasons: The hard, impervious rocks in Deccan do not allow the percolation of water easily. Undulating surfaces form natural depressions. It is difficult to construct wells rocky terrain Rainwater is collected which otherwise would have gone waste into drains. Rivers are seasonal or rainfed Q14. What are the main differences between inundation canals and perennial canals & lined and unlined canals? Inundated canal: Perennial Canal: Seasonal canals & operational only during floods Supply water throughout the year. Water flow is not regulated as there s no dam or a barrage `Water flow is regulated by dam & barrage Have limited use. Unlimited use They have water throughout the year as the water is stored behind the dam. Q15. Give reasons- i) The main concentration of canals is in the Northern Plains. In the Northern plains. The rivers are perennial. Land is flat, soil is fertile & soft. Water is stored in reservoirs by building dams across the rivers. ii) Canals are more or less absent in the Peninsular plateau. Digging of canals in rocky and uneven areas is difficult. Rugged terrain. Rivers are seasonal. iii)Give two main reasons why water scarcity occurs in India? Due misuse of water by industries. Erratic monsoons. Uneven distribution of rainfall. Pollution of water bodies. iv) Inundated canals are being converted into perennial canals. Inundated canals are operational only during the rainy season. There s no barrage or a dam to regulate the flow of water whereas perennial canals supply water throughout the year. v) Although expensive, sprinkler irrigation is gaining popularity in recent times. It doesn t allow seepage or evaporation of water as it is directly sprayed on the field. Q16 Name 2 states in which canals are more concentrated. Ans.North India - Punjab , Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan South India - Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Q17. Define lined & unlined canals. Lined canals-The sides and floor are laid with masonry work. Unlined canals- Just a normal channel is dug without any masonry work on the sides or floor. Q17.What are the merits and demerits of canals? Merits/ advantages Most of the canals are perennial and provide water whenever needed. Canal water is rich in sediments brought down by rivers which add to the fertility of the soil. Although initial costs are high, canal irrigation is quite cheap in the long run. Demerits/ disadvantages Can lead to water logging. Alkaline salts come to the surface & mix with soil & make it unproductive. Marshy areas near canals become breeding places for the mosquitoes. Q18. Why do we need to conserve water? Over exploitation of underground water leads to the lowering of the underground water table. Irrigation utilizes more than 90% of the freshwater. The increase in population with the progress of time results in water scarcity. Industries use large amounts of water & also pollute fresh water sources. Q19.Mention any 3 effective methods of rainwater harvesting. Catchments-The surface which receives rainfall like a terrace, courtyard or unpaved like a lawn, open ground act as catchments. Conduits-These are the pipes that carry rain water from the catchments to the harvesting systems. Rain water may be stored in water tanks or may be charged into the groundwater. Check dams. Q20. Define i) Watershed management ii) Rainwater harvesting Watershed management: It includes conservation of both surface and ground water resources. It includes prevention of runoff water and storage and recharge of ground water by various methods like percolation pits, recharge wells, bore wells, dug wells etc. Rain water harvesting: It refers to the activity of direct collection of rainwater. The rain water collected can be stored for direct use or can be charged into the groundwater. Q21.What is the importance of rain water harvesting ? Ans. The importance of rainwater harvesting: Conservation of water reduces surface runoff. To recharge groundwater. To store water for future use. Q22. State the methods of recharging groundwater. Bore wells and Dug wells-Rainwater that is collected on the rooftop of the building is directed by the drain pipes into recharge wells(bore wells). Recharge pits-The excavated pit is lined with a brick or stone wall with openings at regular intervals. Percolation pits or soak ways- It is a bored hole drilled in the ground so that the rain water seeps into the ground. Permeable surfaces-Unpaved surfaces, path of grass would retain water and naturally percolate water into the ground & increase the groundwater level. Q23. Give two advantages & one disadvantage that tubewell has over surface wells. Ans. Advantages: Tube wells do not result in evaporation of water like surfacewells. It irrigates a large area. Water can be drawn from great depth. Disadvantages: Tubewells can be dug in the areas where the water table is high . It is useless if the water is brackish. Q24.What do you understand about conservation of water? Ans. Conservation of water means preventing & controlling the depletion & degradation of water & making the best use of available water. Q26. State effective measures of conserving water. Rainwater harvesting. Adopting water saving technologies Encouraging watershed development Water recycling Preventing water pollution Q25.Short note on modern / scientific means of irrigation. 1. Furrow irrigation is a type of flood irrigation in which water poured on a field is directed to flow through narrow channels dug between the rows of the crop which distributes water evenly. Can be practiced in the areas where water is easily available 2. Spray irrigation: A long hose is set to release water from the source. Advantage:Utilizes water efficiently, reduces the amount of water needed for irrigation. Disadvantage: Plant disease spread due to overwatering. 3. Drip irrigation: The most advanced & efficient means of irrigation. Perforated pipes are placed along the roots & give water directly to the crop. Advantage: Evaporation is drastically reduced, water is conserved, and allows farmers to customize. . 4. Sprinkler/overhead Irrigation: A pipe is fitted with a nozzle on the top to spray water directly to the required plant. Advantage- No loss of water by seepage or evaporation. Disadvantage: Expensive, irrigates only small land areas. Q26. Why is the world in danger of facing a severe water shortage in the coming future? Over utilization of water for agriculture & by industries Pollution of water bodies. Unpredictable rain Q27. State one method to avoid a water crisis in the future? Make water harvesting compulsory all over the country. To penalize those who pollute rivers - by the industries. Avoid over watering.

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