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Class 10 ISCE Notes 2017 : History and Civics

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Sohan Sonu
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1. Revolt of 1857 I. Causes for the revolt. a) Political cause. 1. Doctrine of lapse: It was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. According to the Doctrine, if a king dies without a natural heir to the throne. His property would be annexed by the British after the death of king. The adopted son cannot inherit the kingdom. Following the Doctrine, the british annexed Satara, Jhansi and Udaipur etc,. 2. In 1849, Lord dalhousie announced that the successors of Bahadur Shah zafar could not be allowed to use Red Fort as their palace. 3. In 1856, Lord Canning announced that the successors of Bahadur Shah Zafar would not be allowed to use Imperial titles. 4. In 1856, the British annexed Awadh on the false pretext of mismanagement. As a result the soldiers lost their means of livelihood. 5. Nana Saheb revolted against the British as he was not recognised as the adopted son of Baji Rao II and was refused the pension. b) Socio religious causes. 1. In 1856, Lord Canning passed General Enlistment Act. According to the act, the Indian soldiers would be sent overseas on duty. This was resented by the Indian as it was considered as a taboo to cross the sea. 2. The abolition of Sati and the introduction of widow remarriage act were not welcomed by the masses. 3. The introduction of railways and telegraph lines was misunderstood by the people. They believe that the telegraph lines were erected to hang the people who were against the british relu. The higher and lower classes were made to sit side by side in the railway compartments. Indians believed that it was introduces to defy their religious belief. 4. With the introduction of western education, the Pandits and Maulvis lost their importance and lost their livelihood. 5. The British passed the law of inheritance act. According to this act, a convert from the Hinduism to Christianity only can inherit the property. c) Economic causes. 1. India was made as British colony mainly for raw materials. The Indian farmers were forced to sell the raw materials at a cheap rate to the British. The finished goods were sold in India at a high rate as a result the Indian cottage industries couldn't compete with British goods. 2. The cottage industries were shut down in India due to the inadequate supply of raw material and royal patronage. 3. The British didn t take any measures for the development of the country. As a result there was a large scale unemployment in the country. 4. The British didn t take any welfare measures when different parts of the county were hit by the famines. d) 1. 2. 3. Military causes. First point of Socio religious cause. The Indians were not given high positions in the army. The number of Indian soldiers was more than the British, this gave them the confidence that they could defeat the British. 4. The Indian soldiers were paid very low salaries than the British counter parts. 5. The poor performance of the British troops gave the confidence to the Indians that they can defeat the British. e) Immediate causes. The introduction of the greast cartridges was the immediate cause for the revolt. There was a rumor that the cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. The Indians thought that it was a deliberate attempt to defy Hindu and Muslim religions. II. Causes for the failure of the revolt. 1. Lack of planning, organisation and leadership qualities. 2. There was no common cause for the revolt. 3. The Indian soldiers were no match to the British soldiers like Huge Rose, Havelock, Campbell. 4. The British controlled the superior resources in the terms of money men and material. 5. Some of India's rulers like Nawab of Hyderabad, Raja of Jodhpur and some Rajput rulers supported the British. III. a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IV. Results of the revolt. Administrative changes The rule by the East India company came to an end. The post of the governor general was abolished The post of vice roy was created and he would act as the representative of the British Queen. The post of secretary of state was crete and he would act as the representative of British Parliament. The secretary of state would be assisted by Indian council comprising of 15 members. Board of control and the court of Directories were abolished. Appointments to the civil service were to be made by open competition Queen Victoria's Proclamation . a) Assurance given to people. 1. She promised that she would give promotions to the Indians. 2. The Indians would be treated at par with the British. 3. She would follow the policy of non intervention in the socio religious matters. 4. All the Indians would be granted a general pardon except those who were found guilty of killing the English. 5. All the appointments would be strictly on the basis of education, ability and integrity. b) 1. 2. 3. Assurance given to princely states. She would not interfere in the affairs of princely states. All the treaties signed would be honoured The British would not annexed the Indian states. V. End of Mughal rule. During the revolt Bahadur Shah Zafar along with his two sons was captured. The British killed the two sons. After the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal Dynasty came to an end. VI. End of peshwa ship. During the revolt, Nana Saheb fled to Nepal and thus Peshwa s ship came to an end. VII. Policy of divide and rule. After the revolt, the British started the policy of divide and rule in order to break the unity between Hindus and Muslims. In the beginning, they were partial towards Hindus as they believed that the revolt was started by the Muslims. VIII. Rise of nationalism. Though the revolt failed, it made foundation to the National struggle in India. The sacrifices made by the revolutionaries like Jhansi Laxmi Bai, Nana Saheb and Mangal Pandey served as a source of inspiration to the future freedom. IX. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. X. Re-organization of the army. The numerical strength of the British was increased. The important artillery was placed with the British soldiers. The Indian soldiers were divided on the basis of caste and religion. The British soldiers were placed in key positions. The local newspapers and generals was placed away from the Indian soldiers. Indian soldiers belonging different caste and creed were mixed up in a manner that no sentiment of unity could arise among them. Conclusion. The British historians hailed the revolt as Sepoy mutiny as they believed that the revolt was started by the Indians soldiers who were not happy with the British rule. The Indian historians hailed it as first war of independence as it laid foundation to the national struggle in India. The sacrifices made by the revolutionaries like Jhansi Laxmi Bai, Nana Saheb and Mangal Pandey served as a source of inspirations to the future freedom fighters.

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