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RINGWORM It is a superficial infection of the skin. Ringworm is common among persons who take part in sports, especially wrestling. TYPES OF RINGWORM Ringworm is mainly of three types, viz. (i) Ringworm of the body (ii) Ringworm of the feet (iii) Ringworm of the head (skull) CAUSES It is caused by fungi (minute vegetable bacteria). The fungi that cause parasitic infection (dermatophytes) feed on keratin, the material found in the outer layer of skin, hair and nails. It commonly affects the scalp and is found in cattle from which infections spread. MODE OF SPREAD This disease spreads through the instruments of the barber and by sharing of clothes, sports equipment, towels, and sheets, walking barefoot and by touching pets with bald spots. Basically it is spread through direct contact with an infected person or through contact with infected objects. SYMPTOMS (i) (ii) Round blue spots: Small spots or small pimples in irregular smooth, red patch or red rings on the skin. Intense itching: Intense itching is felt at the diseased portion. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Avoid sharing of clothes, sportsequipment, towels and sheets which seem to be infected. Wash the clothes in hot water with fungicidal soap after suspected exposure to ringworm. Leave from the school: The student suffering from ringworm should not attend the school. The barber s instruments should be disinfected before being used for another person. TREATMENT Sulphur ointment: Ringworm can be cured within 20 to 25 days, if sulphur ointment is used. Ring cutter: Ring cutter or germs cutter is also a good ointment for ringworm Gowa powder in Sarson oil: Mix gowa powder in Sarson oil and apply this paste on the ringworm at night. Cleanliness: Keep the affected area neat and clean. ATHLETE S FOOT OR TINEA PEDIS It is a disease in which the skin between the toes crack and it feels uncomfortable. It is similar to ringworm. This infection is spread wherever people walk barefoot. E.g.: around swimming pools or changing rooms of sports building. SYMPTOMS Small pimples in irregular from, smooth red patches appear on the infected area. CAUSING AGENT It is caused by fungus named trichophyton .The fungus invades the skin between the toes. MODE OF SPREADING The infection is spread wherever people walk barefooted. It can also be transmitted by sharing footwear with an infected person. PERVENTIVE METHODS Keep the feet clean and dry them well after taking bath and dust them with talcum powder. Use open sandals or slippers. These keep the feet cool and dry. Save the feet from dust etc. Wear lightweight cotton socks and change them regularly. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN AFTER GETTING THE DISEASE Fungi may remain in the shoes so do not use shoes till feet are fully cured. It is difficult to kill fungus. Clean the shoes nicely and put them in the sun for 2 to 3 days. TREATMENT Skin specialist should be consulted at the earliest. Apply ant fungal drugs like ketoconazole,Itraconazole and Nystatin etc. The oral medicine like Terbinafine may be taken in severe cases. DROPLET INFECTION Droplet infection refers to the large droplets generated from the respiratory tract of the source patient during coughing, sneezing and talking. These droplets are propelled a short distance, <2metre, through the air and deposited on the mucosa of the eyes, nose and mouth of the potential new host. Droplet infection is an airborne transmission of communicable disease. MUMPS Mumps is a disease caused by a virus that usually spreads through saliva and can infect many parts of the body, especially the parotid salivary glands. These glands, which produce saliva for the mouth, are found toward the back of each cheek, in the area between the ear and jaw. In case of mumps, these glands typically swell and become painful. SYMPTOMS Low grade fever Headache Muscle aches Stiff neck Tiredness Loss of appetite followed by swelling and tenderness of one or more of the salivary glands, including the parotid gland. TREATMENT The affected children are advised to rest and are given alternate hot and cold packs to the neck and face twice a day. Aspirin is given for relief from the pain. One attack of mumps gives lifelong immunity. INFLUENZA A highly contagious infectious disease that is caused by any of various viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae and is characterized by fever, discharge from the nose, sneezing, coughing, respiratory symptoms, fatigue, and muscle pain. DIPHTHERIA Diphtheria is a serious disease caused by a toxic (poison) made by bacteria. It causes a thick coating in the back of the nose or throat that makes it hard to breathe or swallow. It can be deadly. CAUSING AGENT The bacterium Coryne bacterium diphtheria causes diphtheria. TYPE Depending on the location, Nasal diphtheria, Pharyngeal diphtheria, Laryngo tracheal diphtheria. SYMPTOMS Bluish coloration of the skin Bloody watery drainage from the nose Chills Fever Hoarseness Painful swallowing Breathing problems TREATMENT Only treatment is administration of penicillin, erythromycin, and antibiotics in the early stages should be given as the symptoms appear: The patient should be isolated Triple antigen is given to children in the 6 months of age. Toxoid vaccination should be done WHOOPING COUGH It is also known as pertussis. It is a common disease among children affecting two respiratory tracts. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella Pertussis. It spreads by discharge from the throat of an infected child, i.e., droplet infection. SYMPTOMS Severe coughing with characteristic gasping, whooping and vomiting. Infants strangle with accumulating cough. The attack is more prominent on height. TREATMENT D.P.T. vaccination should be done. CHICKEN POX This disease is also caused by a virus and is very infectious by nature. The infection is caused by contact with a sick person and spreads by way of droplets or by the hands infected from skin lesions. CAUSING AGENT It is caused by the varicella zoster virus. SYMPTOMS Skin rashes appear on the first day followed by red pimples which develop into blisters. Itching Fever Headache Tiredness PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Infected person should be home-bound Vaccination Take Luke warm water baths Avoid taking aspirin Trim fingernails to avoid skin damage Acyclovir effectively treats chicken pox Fever treated with Acetaminophen/ibuprofen MEASLES According to WHO Measles is a highly contagious viral disease, which affects mostly children. It is transmitted via droplets from the nose, mouth and throat of infected persons . The virus infects the respiratory system making it highly contagious. SYMPTOMS Runny nose, dry hacking cough, swollen eyelids, inflamed eyes, watery eyes, fever, sneezing, aches generally all over the body and very small greyish white spots with bluish white centres in the mouth, insides of cheeks and throat. TREATMENT Isolate the patient, for 3 weeks. It is common in springs and generally attacks small children. OTHER PRECAUTIONS ARE: Immediate vaccination One attack does not give complete immunity from the second attack. Therefore protect patient from fresh and cool air and bright sunlight. Give him milk, light food. When child feels irritated, rub soft clean cloth on the body gently. PREVENTION OF DROPLET INFECTION There should be adequate ventilation and sunlight at home and in working places. Provide screens or curtains which will isolate the infected person. Cover the face, nose to mask or clean handkerchief. Provide adequate space between beds in hospitals. By prohibiting and avoid spitting on the floor. By providing dust control and disinfectant of air. DISEASE SPREAD BY INSECTS AND FLIES TYPHOID Typhoid is a common worldwide disease, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with faeces of an infected person. The bacteria then perforate through the intestinal wall and arephagocytised by macrophages. CAUSING AGENT It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. SYMPTOMS Poor appetite, slow pulse, headaches Generalised aches and pains Fever as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit Lethargy and Diarrhoea Abdominal tenderness and a rose coloured eruption or rash. TREATMENT Ampicillin and Chloromycetin are the effective drugs against typhoid. T.A.B vaccine should be done. PREVENTION Proper sanitation, personal cleanliness, water supply system and protection of food and water from dust and flies. CHOLERA Cholera is a bacterial infection of the small intestine which is contracted by drinking contaminated water or by eating food which has been in contact with contaminated water. The germs which cause cholera can be found in stools of humans. CAUSING AGENT It is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera. SYMPTOMS Watery stools Vomiting Rapid Dehydration Rapid heart rate Low blood pressure Restlessness or irritability. PREVENTION Proper cooking of food Boiling of drinking water Proper disposal of waste Proper sanitary conditions Keep eatables covered Avoid purchasing cut fruits and vegetables Take cholera vaccination PLAGUE Plague is a bacterial infection that can be deadly. The disease occurs naturally after a bite by an infected flea or from handling or infected animal. CAUSING AGENT It is caused by the bacteria named Yersinia pestis. SYMPTOMS Fever, chills, muscle aches, headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, extreme pain, extreme exhaustion and enlargement of lymph nodes in the grain or armpit region. PREVENTION Killing of rats Making a house rat proof Immunization when a plagues outbreak is suspected. AMOEBIASIS (AMOEBIC DYSENTERY) Amoebiasis is a condition in which your gut (intestines) becomes infected with the parasite E.histolytica. Entamoebae are a group of single celled parasites (living things that live in, or on, other living organisms) that can infect both humans and some animals. CAUSING AGENT It is caused by a parasite called Entamoebahistolytica. SYMPTOMS Abdominal discomfort Diarrhoea that may include blood or mucus with periods of constipation. Nausea Weight loss Fever Chills TREATMENT Administration of antibiotic medicines such as Fumagillin, Terramycin, Aureomycin in severe infections. Wash hands before meals. Protection of food and water from flies. Purification of drinking water. Proper disposal of sewage. Chemical treatment of human faeces. FILARIASIS Filariasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by blood feeding arthropods, mainly black flies and mosquitoes. CAUSING AGENTS It is caused by thread like filarial nematode worms in the super family Filarioidea, also known as filariae . SYMPTOMS The pathogenic effect is produced by the adult worm living or dead. The living adult causes mechanical irritation and deposit metabolites as a result lymph vessel gets obstructed. The dead worm also blocks the lymph vessels. All these irritate proliferation of endothelial cells of lymph vessels leading to inflammatory thickening of the wall of the lymphatic vessels. As a result periodic attacks of fever occur and the tissue surrounding the lymph nodes and other organs of reticuloendothelial system such as liver, spleen, scrotum, vulva, legs and grains become enlarged producing tumour like solidity. This condition is known as elephantiasis. MODE OF TRANSMISSION The disease is transmitted by culex mosquito which carries the third stage larva called micro filariae. When an infected mosquito bites a person the micro filariae are deposited on the skin near the wounds These enter the body either through the puncture or penetrate through the skin in the body, then these move into the lymphatic channels and metamorphose into the adults. TREATMENT On adult worms-an arsenical preparation and M.S.Z. On micro filariae-Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrozin), Notezine, Borocide On infective larva and immature adult- paramelaminylphenylstibonate PROPHYLAXIS Destruction of mosquitoes Protection against mosquito bites Treatment of carriers by using hetrazan. Catergory Cause Examples 1.Parasitic diseases Bacteria T.B., Typhoid, Dipthheria, Common cold ,Whooping cough , Syphilis, Pneumonia, Plague. Viruses Measles, Rubella, Influenza, Poliomyelitis. Protozoa Malaria, Amoebiasis, Sleeping sickness. Worms Tapeworm, Ascariasia. Fungi Ringworm, Athlete s foot,Thrush, Infection of the jaw, Large intestine, etc. 2.Ageing and Degeneration Deficiency of Nutrients Arthritis, Heat disease, Thrombosis, Strokes and High pressure of nervous system, sensitivity. 3.Carcinogenic diseases Abnormal growth of cells Lung, Bone, Brain, Throat cancer, etc. 4.Deficiency diseases Lack of vitamin Scurvy, beri-beri Lack of minerals Goiter, anaemia Lack of proteins Kwarshiorkar 5.Genetic and Congenital Genes Disorder Down s syndrome, Haemophilia. 6.Diseases due to induced particles Pollutants Respiratory disorder, Induced Drug abuse Lead, asbestos, Silicosis alcoholism. Age Vaccine Birth BCG, OPV, Hepatitis B 6 week DTP, OPV+IPV, Hepatitis B, Hib, PCV 10 weeks DTP, OPV+IPV, Hib, PCV 14 weeks DTP, OPV+IPV, Hepatitis B, Hib, PCV 9 months Measels 1 year Varicella 15 months MMR, PCV Booster 16 months Hib booster 18 months DTP booster, OPV+IPV booster 2 years Typhoid 2 years 1 month Hepatitis A 2 years 7 months Hepatitis A 5 years DTP booster, OPV+IPV booster, Typhoid 10 years Tdap, HPV Vaccine Diseases BCG Tuberculosis( Bacillus Calmette Guerin) OPV Oral Polis Vaccine Hepatitis B Hepatitis B DTP Dipthheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Pneumonia, Meningitis, Bacteremia (Haemophilus Influenza Type B) Hib Masles MMR Typhoid Td PCV Varicella Hib Pneumonia,Meningitis, Bacteremia (Haemophilus Influenza Type B) Measles Measles, Mumps, Rubella Typhoid Teatanus Bacterial disease causing Pneumonia, eningitis etc.,(Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine) Hepatitis A Chicken Pox HPV Hepatitis A Rotavirus Human Papilloma Virus Causing cervical cancer) Rotavirus Immunization against Immunization against When to give Method and dose 1.Tuberculosis BCG Vaccine At birth or early childhood Intra-dermal, Preferably in the left arm 2.Smallpox Dried vaccine 2-3 months (a)Starch, (b)Rotating lancet. 3.Pertussis Pertussis Vaccine 3 months 3 does at monthly interval 4.Teatnus Toxoid Any time if combined at 3rd month 2 does at monthly interval 5.Diptheria Toxoid 3-5 months 3 does at month s interval 6.Poliomyelitis (i) Salk Vaccine 6 months- 1 year 3 injections at monthly interval (ii) Sabin oral polyvale nt tokitone 3rd month onward by month, 2 doses at monthly interval,3 doses for infants 7.Cholera Cholera vaccine One year two doses At monthly intervals 8. Plague Plague vaccine One year three doses At monthly intervals 9. Typhoid TAB Vaccine One year three doses At monthly intervals 10. Typhus Virus Vaccine One year adults 1 c.c. Children proportionate 2 doses at monthly interval. 11. Yellow fever Special vaccine International interval 1 c.c. to all Types of Bronchitis Acute Bronchitis: It is a shorter illness that commonly follows a cold or viral infection, such as the flu. It generally consists of a cough with green serum, chest discomfort or soreness, fever, and sometimes shortness of breath. Acute bronchitis usually lasts a few days or weeks. Chronic Bronchitis: It may be defined as excessive mucus secretion in the bronchi. Sometimes the repeated bouts of acute bronchitis can also cause chronic bronchitis. People with chronic bronchitis have varying degrees of breathing difficulties. The people who have chronic bronchitis are more susceptible to bacterial infections of the airway and the lungs such as pneumonia. Causes of Bronchitis It may be caused by bacteria, smoking or inhalation of pollutants or dust. The most common viruses that cause bronchitis are influenza A and B. Swelling of wind pipes to the lungs. Swelling of the lining of the membrane. Symptoms Signs and symptoms for both acute and chronic bronchitis include: Inflammation or swelling of the bronchi Coughing Production of clear, white, yellow, gray, or green mucus(sputum) Shortness of breath Wheezing Fatigue Fever and chills Chest pain or discomfort Blocked or running nose. Treatment The best treatment is to take rest, and eat easily digestible food Don t smoke, and avoid contact with people who have cold or bronchitis Stay indoors during high air pollution Use face masks if an individual is working with chemical, dust or other lung irritants. VENERAL DISEASES (V.D.) A disease that is contracted and transmitted by sexual contact, caused by microorganisms that survive on the skin or mucus membranes, or that are transmitted via semen, vaginal secretions, or blood during intercourse. Because the genitals areas provide a moist, warm environment that is especially conductive to the proliferation of bacteria, viruses, and yeasts, a great many diseases can be transmitted this way. Veneral diseases are also called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Morbus Venereus. The common venereal diseases are: (a) Chlamydia (b)AIDS/HIV (d) Gonorrhea (e) Syphilis (c) Trichomonas Vaginalis Chlamydia It is a common sexually transmitted disease in a human being caused by chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. It is a major cause of infection of human genitals and eye diseases. It can be passed from an infectedmother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Symptoms of Chlamydia It causes white discharge from the penis in male with or without pain during urination. It may also cause trachoma, which is the common cause of the blindness. AIDS/HIV The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) basically provokes an infection which destroys the body s immune system, whereas, AIDS (Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome ) is the advanced stage of this diseases, when the immune system becomes damaged. Modes of transmission HIV is mainly transmitted by sex canal,oral or vaginal sex with an infected partner. By sharing contaminated needles for drug use of accidental piercing with a contaminated needle. From an infected mother to child through pregnancy or breastfeeding. By having sex with more than one person without precaution. Symptoms Loss of appetite Weight loss. Prolonged fatigue. Shortness of breath and tumours Mild flu and swollen glamds can be observed in early stages Skin rashes and memory lapses. Prevention and treatment for AIDS Homosexual relations must be avoided. HIV positive women should not breastfreed her baby. For blood transfusion, use disposable syringes and needles. Ensure you get blood that is certified as HIV-free. It can be prevented, if proper precautions are taken and greater awareness can help to those who are ignorant of this virus and its effects on human beings. Anti retrovial drug treatment is the main type of treatment for HIV/AIDS. It is not a cure but it can stop people from getting ill for many years. The main years. The aim of this treatment is to keep the amount of HIV in the body at low level. Trichomonas Vaginalis These protozoa cause acute vulvovaginitis. It s usually sexually transmitted and is commonly present in women with gonorrhea. Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is a disease which causes pain in the sexual organ and which can be transferred from one person to another during sex. It is an infectious disease. This disease spreads by germs called Gonococcus (Gonorrhea Bacteria or Neisseria gonorrhea). If this disease is left untreated,it may spread throughout the body. After that, it may affect the joints and even the heart valves. Its incubation period is 2-6 days. Symptons of Gonorrhea There is yellowish discharge from the penis. Frequent urination and pain while urinating. It may lead to infertility in women Infected females, the vulva swells up and pus comes out of it. Consult a well qualified doctor. Sulphonamide and antibiotics are usefull against it. Take in Cibazol tablets. Administer penicillin injections. Syphilis This disease is caused during sexual activity with an infected person, which spreads slowly from the sex organs to all the parts of the body. Causes of Syphilis Its caused by a germ or corkscrew-like bacterium known as Spirochaete or Treponema pallidum present in the semen of males, seminal discharge of female, and also in the wounds of patients. If its untreated, it may damage the heart, aorta, brain, eyes and bones. Symptoms In males, small red pimples (ulcers after some days) appear on the external genital organs. In females, these red pimples appear on the vulva and inside the vagina. Persistent itching on the pimples. There maybe pus in the pimples. o Incubation Period: It s the period between infection and the appearance of symptoms of the diseases. It may vary in different diseases. But in this disease, it is generally 10-18 days but may sometimes extend to 3 months even. o Prevention and treatment Administering injection: The first attack of the disease can be prevented by administering injection or other treatment before the onset of disease. Patience: Treatment of this disease requires patience as magic results cannot be expected. Effect of heredity: This disease is hereditary and therefore the parents should undergo proper treatment otherwise their children will inherit syphilis by birth. Transmission modes of the venereal diseases By having sexual contact with someone who already has the infection. V.D. are spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex or during genital touching. Bacteria causing gonorrhea spread by direct contact. Prevention of Venereal diseases Imparting sex education. Avoiding illicit sexual contacts. Treatment of patients by specialist doctor or at least M.B.B.S. doctor. FOOTBALL PROCEDURE OF KICK-OFF After a team scores a goal, the kick-off is taken by the other team. All the players must be in their own half of the field of play. The opponents of the team taking the kick-off are at least 9.15 m away from the ball until it is in play. The ball must be stationary on the centre mark. The referee gives a signal. The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves forward. The kicker must not touch the ball a second until it has touched another player. PROCEDURE OF DROPPED BALL The referee drops the ball at the place where it was located when play was stopped unless play was stopped inside the goal area in this case the referee drops the ball on the goal area line parallel to the goal line at the point nearest to where the ball was located when play was stopped. Play restarts when the ball touches the ground. POSITION OF THE BALL AND PLAYERS The ball is placed on the penalty mark. The player taking the penalty kick is properly identified. The defending goalkeeper remains on the goal line, facing the kicker, between the goalposts until the ball has been kicked. THE PLAYERS OTHER THAN THE KICKER ARE LOCATED Inside the field of play Outside the penalty area Behind the penalty mark At least 9.15 from the penalty mark. PROCEDURE OF PENALTY KICK After the players have taken positions in accordance with this Law, the referee signals for the penalty kick to be taken. The player taking the penalty kick must kick the ball forward. He must not play the ball again until it has touched another player. The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves forward. NOTE: A defence player intentionally handles the ball in the penalty area, and then the decision of the referee would be to award a penalty kick. During a penalty kick the ball rebounds from the crossbar and the same player kicks in the ball to score a goal, then the decision of the referee would be that it is a goal. PROCEDURE OF THROW-IN All opponents must stand no less than 2m from the point at which the throw-in is taken. The ball is in play when it enters the field of play. After delivering the ball, the thrower must not fetch the ball again until it has been touched by another player. PROCEDURE OF GOAL KICK The ball is kicked from any point within the goal area by a player of the defending team. Opponents remain outside the penalty area until the ball is in play. The kicker must not play the ball again until it has touched another player. The ball is in play when it is kicked directly out of the penalty area. PROCEDURE OF CORNER KICKS The ball must be placed inside the corner arc near to the point where the ball crossed the goal line. The corner flag post must not be moved. Opponents must remain at least 9.15m from the corner arc until the ball is in play. The ball must be kicked by a player of the attacking team. The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves. The kicker must not play the ball again until it has touched another player. OFFSIDE An offender is said to be offside when he is moving towards the goal line of an opponent without a ball in the absence of at least two opponents. OFFSIDE POSITION: It is not an offence in itself to be in an offside position. A player is in an offside position if he is: Nearer to his opponent s goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent. A PLAYER IS NOT IN AN OFFSIDE POSITION IF: He is in his own half of the field of play or He is level with the second last opponent or He is level with the last two opponents. OFFSIDE OFFENSE A player is an offside position if only penalized (by showing yellow card) if at the moment the ball touches or is played by one of his team, he is, in the opinion of the referee involved in active play by: Interfering with play. Interfering with an opponent. Gaining an advantage by being in an off side position. THE OTHER OFFSIDE OFFENCES ARE: If you are in the opponents half. If you are in the front of the ball. If you are in front of the second last defender. At the moment when the ball is passed by your teammate. NO OFFENCE OR EXCEPTIONS There is no offside offence, if a player receives the ball directly from: A goal kick A throw kick or dropped by the referee. A corner kick Being in an offside position. THE TECHNICAL AREA Technical areas may vary between stadia, for example in size or location and the following notes are issued for general guidance. The technical area extends 1m on either side of the designated seated area and extends forward upto a distance of 1m from the touch line. It is recommended that markings are used to define this area. The number of persons permitted to occupy the technical area is defined by the competition rules. The occupants of the technical area are identified before the beginning of the match in accordance with the competition rules. Only one person at a time is authorized to convey tactical instructions and he must return to his position after giving these instructions. The coach and other officials must remain within the confines of the technical area except in special circumstances for example, a doctor entering the field of play with the referee s permission to assess an injured player. The coach and other occupants of the technical area must behave in a responsible manner. CAUTIONABLE OFFENCES A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following seven offences: Unsporting behaviour. Dissent by word or action. Delaying the restart of play. Failure to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick, free kick or throw-in. Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee s permission. Deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee s permission. SENDING-OFF OFFENSES A player, substitute or substituted player is sent off and shown the red card if he commits any of the following seven offenses and the player who has been sent off must leave the vicinity of the field of play and the technical area: Serious foul play: A player is guilty of serious foul playif he uses excessive force of brutality against an opponent when challenging for the ball (from the front, from the side or from the behind using one or both legs) when it is in play. Violent conduct: Violent conduct may occur either on the field of play or outside its boundaries, whether the ball is in play or not. A player is guilty of violent conduct if he uses excessive force or brutality against an opponent, a teammate or any other person, when not challenging for the ball. DENYING THE OPPOSING TEAM A GOAL OR AN OBVIOUS GOALSCORING OPPORTUNITY BY DELIBERATELY HANDLING THE BALL (THIS DOES NOT APPLY TO GOALKEEPER WITHIN HIS OWN PENALTY AREA): Referees are reminded that deliberately handling the ball is normally punished only by a direct free kick or penalty kick if the offence occurred in the penalty area. This punishment arises not from the act of the player deliberately handling the ball but from the unacceptable and unfair intervention that prevented a goal from being scored. Spitting at an opponent or any other person. Denying an obvious goal scoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player s goal by an offence punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick. Using offensive insulting or abusive language or gestures. Receiving a second caution in the same match OFFENSES AGAINST GOALKEEPERS Referees are reminded that: It is an offense for a player to prevent a goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his hands. A player must be penalized for playing in a dangerous manner, if he kicks or attempts to kick the ball when the goalkeeper is in the process of releasing it. It is an offence to restrict the movement of the goalkeeper by unfairly impending him at the taking of a corner kick. DELAYING THE RESTART OF PLAY Referees must caution players who delay the restart of play by tactics such as: Taking a free kick from the wrong position with the sole intention of forcing the referee to order a retake. Appearing to take a throw in but suddenly leaving it to one of his teammates to throw in. Kicking the ball away or carrying it away with the hands after the referee has stopped play. Excessively delaying the taking of a throw in or a free kick. Delaying leaving the field when being submitted. Provoking a confrontation by deliberately touching the ball after the referee has stopped the play. CELEBRATION OF A GOAL: A player must be cautioned when: In the opinion of the referee, he makes gestures which are proactive, derisory or inflammatory. He climbs on to a perimeter fence to celebrate a goal being scored. He removes his shirt over his head or covers his head with his shirt. Leaving the field to celebrate a goal is not a caution able offence in itself but it is essential that the players return to the field as soon as possible. DUTIES OF REFEREE BEFORE THE MATCH He ensures that the player s equipment meets the requirements of Law 4. He ensures that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2. He ensures that no unauthorised persons enter the field of play. DUTIES OF LINESMAN Lineman straddles the line of scrimmage near the side-line, he is watching for running back on his side of the field. Lineman and the referee are responsible for keeping track of the number of downs of the offensive team. Lineman is responsible for calling both offensive and defensive pass interference on his side of the field. HEADING It means clearing the ball with the head. An attacker heads the ball to redirect the ball towards the net. A defender heads the ball to deflect it way from the goal. CRICKET IN WHAT OCCASIONS THE GAME CAN BE SUSPENDED: Due to bad weather Misconduct by player Terrorist attack Due to interference from outside people THE VARIOUS INTERVALS Interval for drinks Interval for meals (lunch and tea) Intervals between innings Injury time New batsman in SCORING RUNS FOUR RUNS: If a batsman hits the ball over the boundary fence, he scores 4 runs without actually having to run them. SIX RUNS: If a batsman hits the ball over the boundary on the full, he scores 6 runs. If a four or six is scored, the ball is completed and the batsman cannot be run out. A CENTURY: It means a batsman scores 100 runs individually without getting out. OVERTHROWS: It is an extra run scored by a batsman as a result of the ball not being collected by a fielder near the pitch area and the ball continues into the outfield again, the batsman may take more runs. If the ball reaches the boundary on an overthrow, four runs are scored in addition to the runs taken before the overthrow occurred. NO BALL The bowler must bowl each ball with part of his front most foot behind the popping crease. If he oversteps this mark, he has bowled no ball. If the ball bounces more than twice or rolls along the ground before it reaches the popping crease. If the ball comes to rest in front of the striker s wicket, without having touched the bat or the striker. When a batsman tries to complete a run on a no ball and the fielding player destroys the bails before the batsman returns to the crease, he will be declared out. WIDE If the bowler bowls the ball far to one side or over the head of the batsman so making it impossible to score, the umpire will signal the ball as a wide. This gives the batting team one run and the bowler must rebowl the ball. The striker may not be out hit wicket off a wide ball. BOWLING STYLES FAST BOWLING: Also known as pace bowling. Pace or fast bowler rely on speed to get a batsman out. FAST OR PACE BOWLER OR PACE MEN: They create difficulties for the batsman to hit the ball cleanly. They are bowling the ball as fast as practicable, attempting to defeat the batsman with its pace. If the ball also swings in the air, or seams, it can be very difficult to play. Fast bowlers generally bowl with a new ball. SWING BOWLER: They will hold the seam of the ball at a certain angle and attempt to release the ball so that it spins with the seam at the constant angle. With one side of the ball polished and the other side rough, differential air pressure will cause it to swing in the air. SEAM BOWLER: Their attempts to keep the seam vertical, so that the ball hits the seam when it bounces on the pitch and deflects in its path either to the left or right. SPIN BOWLING: A spin bowler has a more ambling run up and uses wrist or finger motion to impart a spin to the ball. The ball then spins to one side when it bounces on the pitch thus also hopefully causing it to be hard to hit. Spin bowlers get more spin with a worn ball. TWO TYPES OF SPIN BOWLING: OFF-SPIN: The off-spinner spins the ball from the off side to the leg side, supposing that the bowler is right-handed and the batsman is also the same. They twist their hand in a clockwise direction before release. The off-spin delivery itself is called an off spinner or off break. LEG-SPIN: They twist the ball anti-clockwise and try to get the ball moving from the leg-side to the off-side against a right-handed batter. Right arm wrist spinners are also known as leg spinners or leg break. BATSMAN S SHOTS HIT: All action of batsman which direct the ball towards the boundary with the height and length. BLOCK: A defensive shot played with the bat vertical and angled down at the front, intended to stop the ball and drop it quickly on to the pitch in front of the batsman. DRIVE: An offensive shot played with the bat sweeping down through the vertical. The ball travels swiftly long the ground in front of the striker. CUT: A shot played with the bat close to horizontal, which hits the ball somewhere in the arc between cover and gully. EDGE OR GLANCE: A shot played off the bat at a glancing angle, through the slips area. PULL: A horizontal bat shot which pulls the bat around the batsman into the square leg area. SWEEP: Like a pull shot except, played with the backmost knee on the ground, so as to hit balls which bounce low. HOOK: Like a pull shot, but played to a bouncer and intended to hit the ball high in the air over square let, hopefully for 6 runs. FRENCH CUT: An attempt at a cut shot which hits the bottom edge of the bat and goes into the area behind square leg. REVERSE SWEEP: A sweep with the bat reversed, into the point area. HOIK: A wild swing intended only to hit the ball as hard and as far as possible, usually with little or no control. AGRICULTURAL SHOT: Any shot played with very little skill. OFFICIALS LOCAL MATCHES: (1) Umpire-2 (2) Scorer-1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MATCHES: (1) Umpire-2 referee-1 (4) Third umpire (2) Scorer-2 (3) Match POWER PLAY A power play is a feature introduced into ONE DAY INTERNATIONAL CRICKET in 1991. In a power play restrictions are applied on the fielding team: only 2 or 3 players are allowed outside the 30 yard circle. There are two power plays in the ODI cricket innings starting from October 30, 2012. A FERRET: He is an extremely poor batsman. QUICK SINGLE MEAN: When two batsmen run very quickly between the wickets to score a run. KINGS PAIR: The score of zero runs, having been out on the first ball faced in each innings of a two innings match. DANGER AREA: A rectangular protected area of the pitch on which bowlers may not run in their follow through so as to avoid damage. TIE BREAKING: If a game end in tie, each team nominates three batsmen and a bowler for super overs or one per side eliminator. The two teams come to the crease. For one over (6 balls) the first team bowls and fields while second team bats. Then, the second team bowls an over and the first team bats. The team that scores the most runs wins the match. A STANCE: The way in which the batsman positions himself as he prepares to face the incoming bowler. Normally batsmen place their feet 6-8 inches apart, on either side of the popping crease, with their weight distributed evenly for good balance and mobility. BOWLING STYLES FAST OR PACE BOWLING: They create difficulties for the batsman to hit the ball cleanly. They are bowling the ball as fast as practicable, attempting to defeat the batsman with its pace. If the ball also swings in the air, or seams (move sideways) off the pitch because of bouncing on the seam, it can very difficult to play. Fast bowlers are generally bowl with a new ball. SWING BOWLING: They will hold the seam of the ball at a certain angle and attempt to release the ball so that its spins with the seam at a constant angle. With one side of the ball polished and other rough, differential air pressure will cause it to swing in the air. SEAM BOWLING: Their attempts to keep the seam vertical, so that the ball hits the seam when it bounces on the pitch and deflects in its path either to the right or left. SPIN BOWLING: A spin bowler has a more ambling run-up and uses wrist or fingers motion to impact a spin to the ball. The ball then spins to one side when it bounces on the pitch, thus also hopefully causing it to be hard to hit. Spin bowlers get more spin with a worn ball. OFF SPIN: The off spinner spins the ball from the off side to the leg side (left to right) supposing that the bowler is right handed and the batsman too is right handed. They wrist their hand in a clockwise direction before release. The off spin delivery itself is called either an off-spinner can be bowled as an Arm Ball (slider) and the Doosra. FIRST AID Extra notes INJURIES An injury is a physical harm or damage to any part of the body which results in loss of function or lack of performance in an activity. Every player or sportsman at some time or the other suffers injuries in one game or the other. These are known as sports injuries or injuries to the players. These are of many types but those most often observed are given below: Haemorrhage Fracture Drowning Burns Sprain Dislocation Wounds/cuts Strain Stitch Bruises THE CAUSES OF SPORT INJURY ARE: When a muscle gets pulled or there is a sprain because connective tissues are torn. Cramps when there is vigorous exercise or depletion of sodium salts, water, etc. Bleeding from nose or ear when there is a blow to the skull. Fractures or broken bones when there are severe blows. THE PREVENTIVE STEPS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID ACCIDENTS RELATED TO SPORTS ACTIVITIES Be in proper physical condition to play a sport. Know and abide by the rules of the sport. Wear appropriate protective gear and equipment. Maintain proper hydration and wear appropriate clothing. Always warm up before playing. Avoid overtraining. IMPORTANCE OF FIRST AID Basic first aid plays a crucial role. Everyone should have basic knowledge of first aid because: It gives you the ability to respond to emergencies such as natural disasters, accidents, ingestion of hazardous substances, and health related issues such as heart attacks. Its ability to clean and dress a wound so that infections are reduced, it can save a person s time, medication and a lot of pain. It reduces the chance of permanent damage, for example, rapid flushing of the eyes with water after a chemical splash can prevent blindness. It helps to prevent an injury from becoming more serious, for example, cleaning and bandaging a cut can help prevent infection and further problems. It minimises the length and extent of the medical treatment. TREATMENT OF CUTS Wash and dry your hands properly. Clean the woundunder running tap water but don t use any antiseptic because it may damage the tissues and slow down healing. Dry the affected area with clean cotton. Apply adhesive dressing as a plaster. Keep the dressing clean by changing it as often as often as necessary. If the wound is painful, take any painkiller. If you are not sure about the severity of the wound then consults with the doctor. TREATMENT OF EXTENSIVE AND DEEP CUTS Try to stop the blood applying gentle pressure directly to the wound with your hands. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing. Try to raise the injured area above the level of the heart. Don t remove the existing bleeding dressing, if it becomes saturated with blood. Consult a doctor immediately because such wounds may require stitches and Tetanus Toxoid. TREATMENT OF ABRASION Cleanse the abraded area with soap and water. Protect the affected area against further abrasion. Apply petroleum based medicated ointment to keep the abraded surface moist. Place non-adhesive sterile pad over the ointment. Cover the wound lightly during the day but leave it open to the air at night. Take anti-tetanus injection after the injury, only on a doctor s prescription. Approach the doctor in case infection begins to surface. PREVENTIVE OF ABRASION Some of the preventive measures to avoid abrasion are that one must wear protective clothing/uniform including long sleeves, high socks, elbow and knee pads and specially designed uniform for a particular sport/game. One must also wear good quality and well fitted footwear to help avoid falls and prevent abrasion. Irritating fabric and poorly placed seams in uniforms or sports clothes should be avoided. A combination of cotton and synthetic sports clothing is recommended. THOMAS SPLINT It is a leg splint consisting of two rigid rods attached to a void ring that fits round the thigh; it can be combined with the other apparatus to provide traction. It is named after the famous doctor H.O.Thomas. It is used in the process of joining broken thigh and leg bones. IT IS USED IN THE FOLLOWING CASES Fracture of thigh except when there is a big wound on the thigh or buttock which makes the use of the splint painful. Fracture of bone near the knee and leg. Many big wounds are there at the fleshy portion of the leg and thigh NOTE: The proper application of Thomas Splint requires complete training and practice. PARTS OF THE THOMAS SPLINT A padded metal oval ring with soft leather set at an angle of 120 degrees to the inner bar. Two sidebars-one inner and the outer bars of equal length. They bisect the oval ring. Distal end- where the two sidebars are joined in the form of a W . The outer side bar is angled 2 inches below the padded ring to clear the prominent greater trochanter. SPRAINS A sprain is an injury to a ligament caused by tearing of the fibres of the ligament or due to over stretching. The ligament can have a partial tear, or it can be completely torn apart. THE TYPES OF SPRAINS ARE: FIRST DEGREE (mild sprain) In mild sprain, the force of the injury tears a few fibres of the ligament. In such sprain, there is a mild pain and swelling which usually subside within a few days. SECOND DEGREE (moderate sprain) In moderate sprain, a violent injury may tear some fibres of ligament or muscle. There is moderate pain, swelling and bruising. THIRD DEGREE (severe sprain) In a severe sprain, a more violent injury may completely tear a ligament or muscle and involve bone damage such as a dislocation of joint or fracture. Such sprain may require medical attention. COMMON SITES OF SPRAIN Generally in the joints, particularly in the inner ligaments of the knee out ligaments of the ankle, supraspinal ligaments of the spine, lateral ligaments of wrist and ligament of joints of fingers. SYMPTOMS Joint pain or muscle pain around the joint, swelling, decreased ability to move the joint, joint stiffness and difficulty in using the affected extremity. CAUSES Taking part in the game without properly warming up. Very hard playground or runway. Taking longer steps than the normal steps. Sudden twist or sudden jerks. PREVENTION Have adequate active warming up before practice or competition of the event. Wear protective footwear for activities that place stress on your ankle and other joints. Play on appropriate field surfaces, not hard, undulated and badly maintained ones. Wear a brace, elastic support, tape or wrap your joints before doing any vigorous physical activity. TREATMENT OF CRAMPS Soft massage over the cramped muscle. Drink a lot of water or juices during prolonged activity. Victim can do stretching exercises which improves superficial blood circulation and make muscles more flexible. Apply ice or cold compression if pain is more. FRACTURES A fracture is an injury to a bone when the tissue of the bone is broken. A break can be in the bone, cartilage, tooth or other rigid body tissue. A fracture can be partial or complete breakage of a bone. CAUSES Violence, fatigue and disease (pathological fracture) SYMPTOMS OF BONE INJURY Loss of power and movement Pains tenderness over the injured part Swelling There can be crackling sound between broken bone fragments. TREATMENT The first aider should warn the patient not to move and no bystanders should try to move him. If there is severe bleeding then it should be stopped at once. Any open wounds should be dressed without elevating a bleeding limb. It is useful to apply a cloth, dipped in iced water or cold water to the injured joint. A doctor or an ambulance should be summoned at once. THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION It is an emergency procedure performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example, agonal respirations. THE APPLICATION OF CPR INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING STEPS Check the victim s breathing and blood circulation. If there is no blood circulation and breathing, go to next step. Tilt the head back and again check the breathing then start mouth to mouth respiration. It means blowing air into his mouth and notice if chest rises. If so give two breaths, each lasting one second. If the victim s still not breathing normally, begin chest compressions by placing your palms on a line running from nipple to nipple in the centre of the chest. The chest must depress at least1.5 to 2 inches. Compress the chest at the rate of 100 per minute. Continue with two breaths and 30 compressions until help arrives. ABC(Airway, Breathing and Circulation) This means that when providing first air, the airway of the injured person must be checked first, then the breathing and after that, the circulation, to see that the heart is beating or not. THE METHOD OF ABC Lay the victim on his back, tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway. Look at the victim s chest for signs of breathing. If the victim s not breathing, pinch the nose shut and keep the chin tilted. Seal your mouth over the victim s and give 2 breaths. Place interlocked hands on the victim s breastbone, press down. Then release. Alternate 15 chest compressions with 2 rescue breaths.
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