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ISC Class XII Board Exam 2014 : Geography (Model Answers, Marking Scheme & Examiner Comments)

19 pages, 54 questions, 29 questions with responses, 30 total responses,

ISC 12th
Indian School Certificate Examination (ISC), New Delhi

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GEOGRAPHY A. STATISTICS AT A GLANCE Total number of students taking the examination Highest marks obtained Lowest marks obtained Mean marks obtained 3,171 97 16 66.21 Percentage of candidates according to marks obtained Mark Range 21-40 41-60 0-20 Number of candidates Percentage of candidates Cumulative Number Cumulative Percentage 61-80 81-100 2 37 1147 1558 427 0.06 2 0.06 1.17 39 1.23 36.17 1186 37.40 49.13 2744 86.53 13.47 3171 100 45 B. ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE PART I (30 Marks) Answer all questions. Section A Question 1 [10 (i) Mention the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India. (ii) (iii) What is a subcontinent? Why is India referred to as an Indian subcontinent? Explain the term braided river. Give an example. (iv) What is meant by Break in Monsoons? Why does it occur? (v) Mention any two problems caused due to the growth of large cities. (vi) (vii) Why is watershed management important? Name the water harvesting programme implemented in Andhra Pradesh. Name any two narrow gauge railway lines present in the Himalayan region. (viii) (ix) Name any two important means of mass communication. Name the largest coalfield of Chhattisgarh. State its importance. (x) Study the Temperature-Rainfall graph of station X below and answer the questions that follow: 35 700 25 TEMPERATURE oC 600 500 20 400 15 300 10 200 05 RAINFALL IN MILLIMETRES TEMPERATURE oC 30 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D MONTHS (a) Is the location of station X Inland or coastal? Give a reason for your answer. (b) Which branch of the South West Monsoon brings rain from the month of June to September? 46 2] Comments of Examiners (i) Many candidates failed to mention units such as, (degrees) or extensions like N (north) and E (east); some also wrote 8.4 instead of 8 4 N. (ii) Most candidates failed to define subcontinent. In some cases, candidates mentioned diversities but specifications regarding the diversities with respect to relief, physical features, climate or population were not mentioned. As a consequence, the second part of the answer became erroneous. (iii) Candidates scored marks in this part. (iv) This question was answered reasonably well, through a number of candidates confused burst of the monsoons with break in monsoons. While mentioning the reasons behind it, some candidates mentioned movement of the ITCZ, instead of dislocation of the ITCZ. (v) Most candidate handled this question well. (vi) Candidates were able to score marks in this part. (vii) Many candidates failed to mention the Himalayan Railway Lines. Candidates named narrow gauge railway routes all over the plains, over the desert of Rajasthan, Western Ghats and the coastal plains, instead of the Himalayan Region. (viii) This part was answered correctly by most candidates. However, some candidates mentioned telegraph which is now obsolete; a few used the term media without indicating whether it is the print media or the electronic media. (ix) The name Korba was misspelt and distorted by a large number of candidates as Kolaba , Kopra while others named Jharia and Raniganj in Chhattisgarh. Many were unable to write how the coal is utilised they merely said it is used for burning. (x) Many candidates mentioned the station s coastal location correctly but the reason they gave was that it enjoyed a maritime climate they failed to correlate it and explain low annual range of temperature . A few candidates made mistakes in naming the branch of the south west monsoons. 47 Suggestions for teachers Emphasize on writing the correct figure for the extent of India ; stress upon writing (degree) and (minutes) as well as N,S,E or W. Explain to candidates that the size i.e. vastness needs to be mentioned for depicting India as a subcontinent. All technical terms must be explained. Teachers need to make candidates understand that urbanisation has many problems which is not to be confused with depletion of natural resources in general. Real examples can be given. While teaching in class, make candidates understand the correlation between slope and gauge of railway track. Stress upon reading the question paper carefully - hurried work leads to unnecessary loss of marks. Help candidates prepare a list of correct names of industrial centres/places and their uses. Instruct candidates to give precise answers vague, generalised answer will not suffice. Give more practice in temperature-rainfall graphs. Explain to candidates the parameters based on which climatic conditions and location of a station are identified-e.g.-a station on the west coast receives rain only during the summer monsoon June September; a station on the Coromandal (east) coast receives rain from the tropical cyclones in Oct- Nov and again from the NE monsoon in winter Dec-Feb. Both stations will have a low range of temperature. MARKING SCHEME Question 1. (i) India s latitudinal extent is 8o4 N 37o6 N and longitudinal extent is 68o7 E 97o25 E. (ii) (iv) A large landmass with diversities in relief, climate, population, etc. / though it is a part of a larger landmass, is well separated by physical features Due to its vastness / and diversities, India is considered to be a subcontinent. When the South West monsoon fails to bring rainfall / for two or more weeks and there is a dry period in the rainy season, it is termed as Break in monsoon. It occurs due to: Over the West coast dry spells occur when winds blow parallel to the coast. Western part of Rajasthan, inversion of temperature prevents rain bearing winds from rising up and dry spell is experienced. Due to continuous rainfall, LP trough changes to HP, monsoon trough is dislocated and rain bearing winds change their direction. (any one point) Unemployment Growth of slums and squatter colonies Urban sprawl Traffic congestion Pollution Shortage of water (vi) Dislocation of the monsoon through / ITCZ over North India. (v) Failure of tropical depressions. Lack of sanitation, contamination and back siphonage. Spread of contagious diseases. It is important as: (any two) Increase agricultural production (vii) It is a device to conserve water resource. Stop ecological degradation Improve the living conditions of the people Neeru Meeru programme. Two narrow gauge railway lines in Himalayan region are: Kalka - Shimla Siliguri Darjeeling (any two) Pathankot Kangra (any two) 48 (viii) Two important means of communication are: Television Cinema Press & Print media / newspapers , periodicals) (ix) Radio electronic media Satellites. Electronic media /computers Korba. The coal mined from here is utilised in: (x) (any two) Bhilai Steel Plant Korba thermal plant (any one) (a) Coastal. There is LAR = low annual range of temperature. OR The minimum temperature is 24oC and maximum temperature is 30oC. The annual range of Temperature = 6oC. (b) The rainfall is received from the Arabian Sea branch of South West monsoon. / as the rainfall amount is more than 600cms. Section B Question 2 [10] On the outline map of India provided: (a) Mark the Cardamom Hills. (b) Mark the Bomdi La Pass. (c) Shade a drought-prone area in Western India. (d) Shade a region along the Eastern coast where deltaic forests are found. (e) Mark and name a coalfield in Jharkhand. (f) Mark and name the city where Hindalco is located. (g) Trace the course and name the river on which Bhakra-Nangal Hydro-electric power station is set up. (h) Shade and name the state where Tank irrigation is mainly practised. (i) Mark the port of Marmagao. (j) Trace the route of National Highway 2. Name any one of its terminal towns. Note: All the map work, including legend (Index) should be done on the map sheet only. 49 Comments of Examiners (a) Cardamom hills were marked all over India by candidates or shown as a continuation of the Western Ghats. Some marked the range as a peak. (b) Hardly any candidate marked this in the correct place the candidates did not seem to know the border between India and Bhutan. (c) The drought prone area was extended to over the Arabian sea, to far north as Punjab and H.P; most candidates failed to mark the vital area, i.e. the Thar desert. (d) Most candidates marked it correctly. (e) Most candidates failed to mark any one of the four coal mining centres correctly. (f) Most candidates did not know that the city to be marked was Renukoot. Some avoided this part. (g) Some candidates marked only a part of the river. The entry and exit points on the border were incorrect. (h) Candidates were expected to shade Andhra Pradesh or Tamil Nadu. They either reduced the area on extended it. (i) Port Marmagao was marked as a dot in the Arabian Sea or too far inland. (j) Many candidates were unable to locate the terminal town-i.e. Delhi and Kolkata correctly. The road too was incorrectly drawn, either near the foot hills or too far south, passing through the plateau. Suggestions for teachers Explain the colours used, the symbols used and the necessity of an index/legend. Practice should be given in proper labelling & shading and drawing of a legend or key. The latitudes and longitudes are indicated along the margin of the map. Teachers need to encourage candidates to join these points with a pencil, sector the map in order to get the right location. Encourage students to use an atlas while studying. Tell students that the entire course of a river needs to be marked, not just a part of it. Adequate practice must be given in map work. As soon as a chapter in a unit is completed, map work should be done. It should not be left for the end of the year. MARKING SCHEME Question 2. Candidates were required to give a correctly labelled map showing the exact location of the regions/places asked for. 50 PART II (40 Marks) Answer any four questions. Question 3 (a) Explain the formation of Himalayas with reference to the theory of Plate Tectonics. (b) State two differences between Himalayan and Peninsular river systems. List three measures undertaken by the government to conserve and develop forestry in (c) India. (d) Write any two objectives of urban forestry. Comments of Examiners (a) Very few candidates answered the questions correctly. They got confused between Plate Tectonics theory and the Geo-synclinal theory and used them interchangeably. Candidates were unable to mention the names of the plates and Tethys sea; in some cases, Eurasian plate was spelt incorrectly. (b) In many cases, the points of differences given by candidates did not match. (c) Most candidates answered this part correctly. Others were not clear about the measures undertaken. The same points were repeated in different ways. (d) Objectives of urban forestry were confused with Q3(c) by some candidates. Several candidates wrote only about that urban forestry supplies firewood. [3] [2] [3] [2] Suggestions for teachers Concepts must be explained clearly and thoroughly, with the help of sketches and diagrams. Candidates should be taught to answer such questions - i.e. difference, in a tabular form. Definition and objectives of different types of social forestry need to be clarified. pollution. A few candidates mentioned MARKING SCHEME Question 3. (a) According to the Plate Tectonic theory Himalayan ranges were formed when the Indian Plate was driven northwards and pushed beneath the Eurasian Plate. With the advance of the Indian Plate towards the north, the Tethys started contracting about 75 70 million years ago. About 30 60 million ago, the two plates came closer and Tethys sea crust began to fracture into thrust edges. About 20 30 million years ago, the Himalayan ranges started emerging. OR Himalayan ranges were formed with the movement of the Indian Plate towards the Eurasian Plate / this lead to the contraction of the Tethys sea / and the present Himalayas. 20- 30 million years ago. OR A diagrammatic explanation labelled correctly. 51 (b) Himalayan river systems Some of the longest rivers belong to the Himalayan river system. The catchment areas and basins of the Himalayan rivers are very large. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Himalayan rivers are larger in number. The Himalayan rivers originate from the snow covered areas and receive water from snow melt. Therefore they are perennial. They form deep gorges. They form river meanders and often change the courses. They are useful for irrigation and navigation. These rivers flow across the young fold mountains and are still in a youthful stage. They represent antecedent drainage. They form big deltas. Peninsular river systems Peninsular rivers are not as long as the Himalayan rivers. The catchment areas and basins of the Peninsular rivers are of comparatively smaller in size. Peninsular rivers are smaller in number. The Peninsular rivers depend entirely upon rain water and are seasonal. They flow in shallow valleys. They flow more or less in straight courses and do not change their course. They are not much suited for irrigation and navigation. They flow over one of the oldest plateau of the world and have reached maturity. They represent consequent drainage. They form comparatively small deltas (any two) (c) Check indiscriminate deforestation and diversion of forest areas to non-forest areas. The plantation programme such as Van-Mahotsava every year to be practised for preservation of forests/beautifications of parks. Many forest research institutes have been established to promote the best management of forests and conducting research in forestry resources. Social forestry programmes were launched to reduce the pressure on the traditional forest areas by planting of more fuel wood, fodder and grasses in rural areas. Weaning the primitive people from the baneful practice of shifting cultivation. Increasing the efficiency of forest administration by having adequate forest laws. Giving requisite training to all staff. Control grazing in the forest/preventing overgrazing. Promoting welfare of the people. A forest policy to maintain environmental stability through preservation and restoration of ecological balance / check on soil erosion and denudation in catchment areas of rivers / check on extension of sand dunes or along coastal areas. (any three) 52 Reduction of environmental pollution. Improving aesthetic values by the creation of parks, lining roads. (d) Recreation visit to parks, etc. (any two) Question 4 (a) State any two factors responsible for isolated settlement in the North Eastern States of India. [2] (b) Give three reasons for the large scale migration from rural to urban areas. [3] (c) Define the term sex ratio. Mention any two reasons for the low sex ratio in India. [3] (d) What are the two negative impacts of the high percentage of non-working population on the Indian economy? [2] Comments of Examiners (a) This part was answered correctly by most candidates. Suggestions for teachers (b) A number of candidates gave generalised answers such Students should be trained to as, availability of many facilities or repeated the write a reasoned answer. Text facilities. Candidates were required to spell out the must be read thoroughly. different facilities and give a reasoned explanation. Ask students to learn complete (c) Many candidates, instead of stating per 1000 males definitions, with the key words. gave numbers such as, 10 or 100, clearly indicating that they were not sure and had resorted to guess work. (d) Answer given were vague and generalised. Candidates generally wrote about poverty and the low economic progress, instead of the effect/impact of the high percentage of non-working population. MARKING SCHEME Question 4. (a) Undulating surface of hills. Cultivable land not available in large area Settlement is in isolated pockets due to lack of perennial water resources. Rich forested slopes. Swift flowing small streams. (any two) (b) Employment availability Marriage Availability of educational facilities Security Better quality of life 53 High rates of pay scale in job Entertainment facilities Health care facility. (any three) (c) Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. Reasons: The male child receives a preferential treatment while the female child is neglected. Many women die at the time of giving birth to child and this risk to most women remains high throughout the reproductive age. There has been a steady rise in dowry deaths in the recent past. With small family norms, many young couples do not go for a second child if the first child happens to be a male. The craze for the male child is reflected in the increasing number of sex determination tests and the abortions carried out in the recent past if the child is female. Neglect of the status, health and education of females after their birth. (d) For reasons still unknown, the number of males at birth is larger than the number of females. (any two) Two negative impacts are: Low economic progress - due to a large number of people being unemployed, there is poverty and low standard of living. Poor social welfare it corresponds to a high burden of youth dependency on Indian economy. Question 5 (a) Mention any two geographical conditions required for the setting up of tanks. (i) What is meant by Net sown area? (ii) State the significance of Net sown area in India. (iii) (c) State two reasons for the rapid reduction in area irrigated by tanks in India. (ii) (b) (i) What are the two adverse effects of small and fragmented farm holdings on the agricultural productivity? [4] [4] Enumerate any two important aspects of environmental management. 54 [2] Comments of Examiners (a)(i) This part was answered correctly by majority of candidates. A few candidates were unable to explain the popularity of modern means of irrigation and hence the shrinking area under tank irrigation. (ii) Several candidates mixed up undulating relief with rugged terrain ; instead of adequate rainfall requirement , some candidates substituted the answer with, plenty of water in rivers . (b) (i) Majority of candidates were unable to provide a correct comprehensive definition - keyword like: total was left out. (ii) Majority of the candidates were unable to link the total area under cultivation with agriculture produce for a rapidly increasing population. (iii)Some candidates were unable to write the particular effect in full - loss of agricultural land was mentioned, but it was not explained how/why. Vague answers such as, waste of time were given. (c) Candidates seemed to have confused environmental management with the definition of sustainability . Suggestions for teachers Explain to students the fact that tanks are a primitive method of irrigation and also tell them the advantages of the modern means. Types of irrigation needs to be taught under the following headings: conditions, advantages and disadvantages. Important concepts must be explained in a simple and lucid manner. Students should be made aware of concepts such as, productivity and total production; teachers should also explain how important it is to study in a cause- effect manner. MARKING SCHEME Question 5. (a) (i) Due to increase in canal and well irrigation (ii) It is a seasonal irrigation method. Silting is the serious problem. Occupies a large surface area which could have been cultivated. Geographical conditions for tank irrigation are: (b) (i) (ii) Undulating relief Presence of hard rock Adequate supply of rain water. Net sown area is the total area of land under cultivation. Its significance is: Agricultural produce of the country depends on it. (iii) (any two) The means to meet the food and other requirements of the rapidly increasing population in India. (any one) Adverse effects are: Low agricultural productivity. Irrigation and modern application becomes almost impossible. 55 (c) A lot of fertile land is wasted in providing boundaries. The valuable time and labour gets wasted. The important aspects of environmental management are: (any two) To create a pollution free environment. To protect men and animals from pollution To protect biodiversity of the world. To establish coordination between government and non-governmental organisations in protecting the environment. To analyse the impact of developmental plans on environment. To help in formulating national and regional environmental policies. To monitor the organising plans for the quality of environment. To educate people at all levels. To develop long-term and short-term plans for the conservation of environment. To examine the efforts made under Environment management and its results and to fix responsibility for non-implementation, if any. To encourage research in the various fields of environment. To suggest guidelines to the government for the improvement of the quality of environment. (any two) Question 6 What are the two climatic conditions required for the cultivation of ground-nuts in (a) India? (b) Give three reasons for the high Jute production in India and Bangladesh. (c) Discuss any three problems associated with the use of thermal power. (d) Name any two river valleys responsible for the bulk production of coal in India. [2] [3] [3] [2] Comments of Examiners (a) Some candidates gave generalised answers, e.g. - hot, wet, etc. In other cases, correct climate conditions were given but the unit of measurement was not stated. (b) Many candidates misunderstood the question and instead, mentioned the factors for the location of the jute industry; in some cases, the unit of measurement was not mentioned. (c) A number of candidates were not able to answer this part correctly. (d) A number of candidates did not attempt this part correctly. 56 Suggestions for teachers Stress upon writing the correct units. Students should be made to understand that the word fertile is not the name of a soil type. The specific soil type needs to be mentioned, otherwise the answer remains vague. Ask students to learn at least two examples. Selective study should be discouraged. MARKING SCHEME Question 6. (a) Climatic conditions: 20oC to 30oC temperature 50 75 cm rainfall OR Dry winter at the time of ripening, frost free, drought/flood free conditions (b) Three reasons: Rainfall over 150cm. (c) Hot and humid climate-24 C- 35 C; relative Humidity- 90%. Well drained alluvial loamy soils of Ganga Brahmaputra Delta. Three problems of Thermal Power: Water pollution. Fly ash Global warming / increase in temperature. (d) (any three) Expensive (any three) River valleys for coal: Damodar Mahanadi Son Godavari Wardha Indravati Narmada Koel Panch Kanhan (any two) 57 Question 7 (a) Briefly explain the three advantages of using roadways in comparison to railways. (b) (c) (d) [3] Mention any two products which are transported through a pipeline. State any one advantage of this method of transportation. Name any two major ports located on the Western Coast of India. [3] Discuss the role of communication as an infrastructural resource in the country s development. [2] [2] Comments of Examiners (a) This question was answered well by most candidates Suggestions for teachers Some seemed to know the advantages of roads (or Explain to students that railway) and merely listed them out - there was no comparison involves explanation comparison; in other cases, they were unable to use of both - factors and advantages key words such as, flexible/sharp bends/cheap to of one type must be explained in construct/feeders/accessibility, to link the points of relation to factors and advantages difference. of the other type. (b) Several candidates confused pipeline with tunnel Make a list of ports on the east and wrote answers such as, cars/buses/trains/etc. for coast and the west coast. products which can be transported by pipelines. There Give real life examples to help was lack of understanding of the term slurry . students understand the role of (c) Candidates were not conversant with the names of communication. important ports e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru port was shortened to Lal port or Nehru port. Some mentioned ports on the east coast instead of the west coast, as asked for. (d) Most candidates mentioned one reason only, instead of the two as asked for. Points were not explained and linked to the role of communication. Many candidates could not comprehend how communication was related to or affected or how it was considered an infrastructure resource. Some wrote about awareness of advertisements, women s issues, etc. A few candidates wrote about transport and its role, instead of communication. MARKING SCHEME Question 7. (a) Advantages of roadways over railways: Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium distances. Perishable commodities like milk, fish, vegetables and fruits are transported more easily. Roads are more flexible than the railway transport; buses and trucks can be stopped at any time for loading or unloading goods and passengers whereas, trains stop only at particular station. Roads can be constructed in the high mountain region but railway cannot negotiate sharp bends in the high mountains. 58 Roads are feeders to railways. Without good and sufficient roads, railways cannot collect sufficient products to make their operation possible. (b) It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads Roads provide door to door services unlike railways. (any three) Two products for transport through pipelines: Petroleum Petroleum products Natural gas Water Milk Slurry form food products (any two) Advantages of transportation through pipelines: They are ideally suited to transport liquids and gases. They can be laid through difficult terrains as well as under water It involves very low energy consumption It needs very little maintenance. They are environment friendly. (c) Two major ports on the West Coast of India are: Mumbai Jawaharlal Nehru Port Kandla Marmagao New Mangalore (d) (any one) Kochi Role of communication: It involves spread of message and ideas/Globalisation of ideas. It contributes to the development of the economy, social relationships and also helps in promoting cultural unity. In the event of any impending calamity, accident or emergency, instant means of communication are helpful to flash the news and to rush relief to the spot immediately. (any two) 59 Question 8 (a) Discuss the two ways in which cement industry is important for the growth of a country. (b) State any two factors that determine the location of the ready-made garment industry in India. (c) State any three advantages of setting up Mini steel plants. (d) Name the following: (i) A pilgrimage centre in Himachal Pradesh. (ii) A historic place in Rajasthan. (iii) An important hill resort of West Bengal. [2] [2] [3] [3] Comments of Examiners (a) Most candidates were able to answer this part correctly. Suggestions for teachers (b) Many candidates used the term foot loose industry but Make a special mentioned of the could not relate a foot loose industry with the key words while teaching. Each ready-made garment industry. While mentioning labour industry, factory, is identified by as a factor, some candidates failed to mention the key some special feature- these must word skilled . be highlighted. (c) The answer was managed well by a large number of Candidates must be instructed to candidates. However, several candidates gave give specific answers. Marks are incomplete points/reasons- e.g. they use electric arc lost for vague generalised furnace------ but did not mention that it helps reduce answers. the consumption of coal. Some omitted writing that Tell students that thorough map mini-steel plants use scrap iron. Instead of writing that reading is a must, as a lot of mini steel plants can be set up in urban areas with low information is available from capital investment, a few candidates wrote that they can maps, diagram, sketches and be set up in rural/far flung areas. tables. Map study should always (d) (i) Several candidates mentioned places in be correlated with text. Uttarakhand, and Rajasthan instead of Himachal Provide a list of popular tourist Pradesh. sports in different states/parts of (ii) This question was answered well. However, some India. candidates mentioned ancient monument/palaces instead of the town where they are located - e.g. Chittor palace instead of Chittorgarh. (iii) This part was generally answered well except for a few who named a hill resort in states other than West Bengal. MARKING SCHEME Question 8. (a) Importance of cement industry: For building and construction work (buildings, ports, factories, etc.) In overall economic growth. It indicates (per-capita consumption) the well-being of the people. It provides employment opportunities. 60 (any two) (b) Two factors: (c) Availability of skilled labour Availability of Power Presence of market for ethnic designs and colour combinations (any two) Advantages of Mini Steel Plants are: They utilise the waste product of large steel plants as raw materials that help in recycling of iron waste. They can be set up in urban areas with low capital investment. It does not create pollution. Goods for the local market can be produced according to the demand. Regional Development/Economic Development (d) They use electric furnace that reduce the consumption of coal. Variety of products- stainless steel, alloy steel, mild steel. (i) (ii) (iii) (any three) Dharamshala, Shimla, Lahaul, Spiti, Paonta Sahib, Kangra, Kullu-Manikaran, Chamba, Kasauli (any one) Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Mount Abu, Chittaurgarh, Pushkar, Ajmer. (any one) Darjeeling, Mirik, Kalimpong (any one) Question 9 (a) With reference to Haldia Port, answer the following questions: (i) At the confluence of which two rivers is it located? (ii) [3] Why was the port developed? (b) What is a micro region? Give an example of it. [2] (c) Which river drains into the Chhattisgarh basin? What is the predominant crop of this region? [2] (d) Why does the need for the development of a region arise? Give any three points in support of your answer. [3] 61 Comments of Examiners (a) (i) Many candidates made basic errors such as writing HALDIA River instead of HALDI River. (ii) Some candidates were unable to use the phrase to release congestion , instead they wrote, to release pressure , which was rather vague. Some explained why large ships could not enter Kolkata port, which was not required. (b) Many candidates did not give complete definitions. Some merely wrote that it is a small area - but did not mention that a micro region is the smallest of all planning regions. (c) Most of the candidates answered this part correctly. A few candidates could not name the river correctly. (d) Most candidates failed to score in this part. The reasons given by many were incomplete. They failed to strategies/points that development could be related to. Suggestions for teachers Insist on writing correct names and spellings during school/internal examinations. Ask students to give specific answers. Definitions of terms/concepts need to be learnt thoroughly along with examples. Familiarity with the text is a must. Candidates must learn reasons fully and completely. relate the need for development with MARKING SCHEME Question 9. (a) (i) Hugli and Haldi rivers (ii) To release congestion at Kolkata port Micro region is the smallest of all planning regions - and has the potential for developing at (b) least one specialisation of production cycle of great significance. OR It is a region that possesses great potentialities for development and production of any single specialisation. e.g. Agriculture in Punjab H E P in Himachal Pradesh Tourism in J & K, etc. (any one) (c) Mahanadi (d) Rice Three concepts: Rapidly increasing population and pressure on physical resources Growing demand for food and other necessities of life Quest for improving the general standards of living of the people especially in the less developed parts of the world. Decolonisation of large number of countries and their consequent emergence as independent countries. Reconstruction of former colonies that have become now independent sovereign state. Regional disparities at the national and international levels. 62 (any three) GENERAL COMMENTS (a) Topics found difficult and confusing by candidates: India as a subcontinent Questions based on climate of India - high annual range & low annual range; break in the monsoon. Plate tectonic theory Sex ratio The negative impact of a non-working population Aspects of environmental management. Need for development Net sown area and how it is different from total cropped area. Confusion over measure undertaken by the government relating to the conservation of forests and objectives of urban forestry Confusion over role of communication and the role of transport (b) Suggestions for candidates: Make a list of terms topic-wise and learn definition accordingly, with the key words. Try to correlate topics - physical features with the development of cultural landscape. Develop your power of reasoning and analysis by working out more application based questions. Examples should always be mentioned. Instead of learning paragraphs by rote- mark out/number out points. Write answers in point form. Give comparable differences Map practice is a must-it should be done regularly. Draw important lines of latitudes and longitudes with a pencil and then accurate location of features and places. 63

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