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ICSE Class IX Sample / Model Paper 2024 : History and Civics : history

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1. When was the first battle of panipat fought? Among whom the battle was fought. A. The First Battle of Panipat was fought in the year (1526) . It was fought between Babur and Sultan Ibrahim Lodi who died on the battlefield. 1. For how many years the mughals ruled India? A. The Mughals started to rule and continued with a short break of 15 years in the early part for another 300 years. 2. Who are the most remarkable rulers of Mughal dynasty ? A. Mughal dynasty had a series of remarkable rulers starting with Babur, followed by Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. 3. What does the word Mughal mean? A. The word 'Mughal' means Mongol in Persian. 4. Who were Mongols? Describe about the Mongol rule in central Asia before Babur founded Mughal rule in India. A. The Mongols were Central Asian people. The most famous Mongol ruler was Chengiz Khan. His son and successor Chagatai had inherited his father's kingdom. The kingdom split into two one ruled by the Chagatai Turks and the other by the Tartars. The most famous Tartar ruler was Timur Beg. Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India was fifth in line from the family of Timur. On his mother's side, he was related to Chengiz Khan. 5. What are the archeological sources of information about Mughal rule? A. Monuments such as Humayun's tomb, Buland Darwaza, Jama Masjid, the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, the Taj Mahal and Red Fort and coins are the most important archeological sources of information about Mughal rule. 6. What informations we get from the monuments and coins of Mughal age? A. The monuments have important writings that help in reconstructing the history of this period. Out of these, the Taj Mahal is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. The Coins are an important source of information. There were more than 200 mints in different parts of the Mughal Empire. They indicate a lot about their economy and trade. 7. Which architectural specialty is found in mughal age monuments? A. The architecture reflects the blend of Indo-Persian style in the arches, burj, minars, gateways and domes of the monuments. 8. Which Mughal emperor did not make any monuments in his reign? A. Aurangzeb. 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 10. Which language has been used in historical writings and vernacular literature of Mughal age? A. Persian. 11. What are the LITERARY SOURCES of Mughal dynasty? A. # Autobiographies by Babur, Jahangir and biographies of Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. # The daily newsletters relating to the events of the reign of Aurangzeb and his successors. # The valuable accounts of foreign travellers, missionaries and merchants who came from the time of Akbar till the period of Later Mughals. # The writings of eminent scholars, historians and poets existed during this period. 12. Write a short note on Abul Fazl ibn Mubarak? A. Abul Fazl was the second son of Sheikh Mubarak who ran a 'madarsa' in Agra. His eldest son was Faizi. Both Faizi and Abul Fazl came to Akbar's court in about 1575. Both were influential in making Akbar's religious views more liberal. Both the brothers were Sufis having inherited the liberal principles from their father. They became two of the Nine Jewels in Akbar's court. Abul Fazl also led the Mughal army in its Deccan wars. 13. Write a short note on Ain-i-Akbari? A. Ain-i-Akbari and Akbarnama-Written in Persian, the 'Ain-i-Akbari' (Constitution of Akbar) is a detailed account of the administration of Emperor Akbar's empire. It was written by his court historian Abul Fazl ibn Mubarak. The Ain-i-Akbari is the third volume of the 'Akbarnama' written by Abul Fazl. It deals with different topics. It is divided into five books. The first book is about the imperial household. The second deals with the Emperor's servants, the civil and military services. The third book tells us about the imperial administration, containing regulations for the executive and judicial departments. The fourth book has information about Hindu philosophy, science, literature and social customs. The fifth book is about the sayings of Akbar, his ancestry and the author's autobiography. MUGHAL DYNASTY 1. What causes the conquest of India by Babur? Who invited Babur to attack Sultan Ibrahim Lodi? A. The confusing political situation of India was ideal for Babur's conquest. He was invited by the governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodi to attack Sultan Ibrahim Lodi. 2. What was the significance of First Battle of Panipat? A. # With the first battle of Panipat the Delhi Sultanate came to an end and the foundation of the Mughal Empire was laid. # Babur's victory at Panipat (1526) alarmed the Rajput kings under Rana Sanga of Mewar. They were dreaming of the empire of Northern India. Rana Sanga allied with the son of Ibrahim Lodi. Soon, the Mewati chief and other Rajput rulers joined them. 3. A. 4. A. 5. A. 6. A. 7. A. When and among whom the battle of Khanwa was Fought? What was the significance of Battle of Khanwa? In the year 1527 at Khanwa the battle was fought between armies of Babur and alliance force of son of Ibrahim Lodi, Rana Sanga, the Mewati chief and other Rajput rulers. This victory at Khanwa ensured the permanence of Babur's conquest of Northern India. Describe the conquest of Babur in Eastern india? Babur defeated the ruler of Chanderi, Medini Rai. The Sultan of Bengal, Nusrat Shah tried to organize the Afghan chiefs of Bihar and U.P. under his leadership. Babur defeated the Sultan in the Battle of Ghaggar (1529). Nusrat Shah was forced to give up some parts of Bihar to Babur. Write down the extension of Babur s territory. Babur established a territory extending from Punjab to the borders of Bengal. When was Bubur Died? Babur died in 1530. Write down the name of autobiography of Babur? What is the importance of it? Tuzuk-i-Babari. Where he wrote of his conquests and other events of his life. It was an important work in Turkish language and later translated into Persian. It was an important work of literature informing us of the conditions of Central Asia, Afghanistan and India during that time. Babur was very biased against India. He had nothing good to speak except that India had plenty of gold and silver and a large force of workers. He has written-'Hindustan is a country that has few pleasures to recommend to it.' 8. A. Among whom the second battle of Panipat was fought? What was the result of it? the Second Battle of Panipat was fought between Hemu, the Hindu general of Muhammad Adil Shah and armies of Akbar. Akbar defeated and killed Hemu and recovered Delhi and Agra. 9. When was Akbar crowned as the emperor? A. Only thirteen years old at the time of his accession, Akbar was crowned the Emperor (Padshah) by his guardian Bairam Khan in Punjab while fighting in the Second Battle of Panipat against Hemu, the Hindu general of Muhammad Adil Shah. 10. Which events led to temporary end of The Afghan challenge to the Mughals? A. With Babur s victory in second battle of Panipat and conquest of Jaunpur and Gwalior extended his territory from Kabul to Jaunpur. Which led to an end of the Afghan challenge to the Mughals for the time being. 11. A. Mention the important features of Akbar s Rajput policy. Why did he adopt this policy and what were its results? What was the result of his Rajput Policy? # The important features of Akbar s rajput policy were- Akbar offered his hand of friendship to Rajputs. He treated them with respect. He showed religious tolerance towards them. He appointed them to high posts of trust and responsibility. He strengthened the friendship by marriage alliances. He abolished certain oppressive taxes like jaziya, Hindu pilgrimage, etc. # The reason behind adopting such policy were The Afghans were still powerful in certain parts of India. The Rajputs were warlike people and leaders of the Hindus. If Akbar could win their loyalty, he could win their support. Which in turn would form the backbone of a strong and stable empire? # As a result of his policy the Rajput ruler Raja Bihari Mal of Amber first accepted Akbar's supremacy and married off his daughter, Jodha Bai, to the Emperor. Other Rajput states like Bundi, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Ranthambore and Kalinjar submitted to him. 12. Write a short note on Maharana Uday Singh. A. Maharana Uday Singh was the Rajput emperor of Mewar. He refused to submit to Akbar and chose to fight. The only, Chittor was captured in 1567-1568. Nevertheless, Maharana Pratap, the son and successor of Maharana Uday Pratap continued to resist the Mughals. Finally, he was defeated at the Battle of Haldighati (1576). Uday Pratap could not get back Chittor, but he recovered some of his forts. 13. Why did Akbar wanted to expand his emperor? A. Abul Fazl remarks that Akbar's policy of expansion was to bring peace and prosperity to the people. However, we find Akbar himself declaring, "A monarch should be ever intent on conquest otherwise neighbours rise in arms against him." Therefore, his method of imperial expansion and his judgement of reality forced him to widen the Empire. He realized the safety and security of the Empire needed expansion and subjugation. 14. Describe Akbar s conquest during his reign? A. Akbar s initial conquests included the conquest of Gondwana. Then he turned to Rajputana. From Rajputana, Akbar turned his attention to the rich province of Gujarat. He conquered it followed by the conquest of Bihar and Bengal (1574-1576). The next area of Akbar's expansion was the North-West. In 1581, Kabul surrendered followed by the annexation of Kashmir, Sind, Baluchistan and Kandahar. In between, he had conquered Orissa and a part of Khandesh. His authority extended from the Himalayas in the North to the Godavari in the South, from Kabul in the North-West to Chatgaon (Chittagong) in the East. 15. Akbar's ReligiousPolicy Akbar was born to a Sunni father and Shia mother. His guardian was also a Shia. His most famous tutor, Abdul Latif, taught him the principle of Sulh-i-kul (Peace with all) which Akbar always acted upon. He abolished the jaziya, which marked an important change in the religious policy as followed by previous Muslim rulers. He desired to understand his own religion. Hence, he built the Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri. In the beginning, only Muslim scholars and priests attended the debates. Akbar also invited scholars of other faiths such as Hindus, Jains, Christians and Zoroastrians (Parsees). Akbar came under the influence of liberal Sufi doctrines as explained by Sheikh Mubarak. In 1579, Akbar issued the Infallibility Decree by which Akbar's decision on any religious question should be binding upon all Muslims. This decree was issued to restrict the undue influence of the Ulemas (Muslim priests) on the people. In 1582, Akbar tried to bring about a synthesis of various religions known to him. He called it Din-i- Ilahi or Tawahid-i-Ilahi (Divine Monotheism). It was a socio-religious order, planned to bring the different communities together. It was based on universal toleration and consisted of the good features of the religions enquired by the Emperor himself. It believed in one God and included some important Hindu, Jain and Parsee doctrines. This order had a few thousand members. Birbal was the only courtier to accept it. Din-i-Ilahi perished with Akbar's death. It had characteristics of all the religions. The Emperor's court was adorned with Nine Gems (Navaratnas). They included Faizi, Abul Fazl, Raja Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Mirza Aziz Koka, Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana, Birbal, Tansen and Fakir Aziao Din. AURANGZEB (1658-1707) On 31 July 1658, Aurangzeb became the last great Mughal ruler. He took the title of 'Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir Padshah Ghazi'. First of all, the new emperor established peace and order in the Empire. He brought the governors and other high officials under his strict control. Next, he abolished many taxes that gave relief to the people. As a strict Sunni Muslim, Aurangzeb issued strict rules of conduct for all sections of the population. RELIGIOUS POLICY To fulfil his aim of making his empire a Muslim state, Aurangzeb did not follow Akbar's religious policy of tolerance. He made Islam the official religion. He banned music, dancing and painting. The Persian 'Navroj' ceremony was stopped. No public drinking of wine and bhang was allowed. The Hindu practice of Jharokha darshan' was discontinued. The Kalma was no longer written on the coins. Censors of Public Morals (Muhtasibs) were appointed to enforce the laws of Islam. His personal life was so strict and simple that he was regarded as 'Zinda Pir'. His religious policy made enemies of the Shia Persians who formed the backbone of his government. The Hindus were alienated. He lost their support. RAJPUT POLICY Akbar's great-grandson changed his ancestor's wise Rajput policy and forced the Rajputs to rebel against the Mughal Empire. He could not tolerate the brave Rajputs and considered them as 'kafirs. He took many steps to end the influence of the powerful Rajputs. He removed them from all high posts. Next, Jaziya was reimposed on them. They could not celebrate their festivals, especially Holi and Diwali. They were not allowed to ride good horses or dress in finery. Their temples were demolished. Rajputs were not given preference. in trade and commerce. The most offensive act was Aurangzeb's attempt to annex Marwar after Rana Jaswant Singh's death in the Afghan war . He brought the two widows and infant son Ajit Singh to Delhi. He wanted to bring up the infant as a Muslim in his harem. Mewar came to the help of Marwar. Aurangzeb was forced to make peace with Mewar while Marwar continued resistance. Aurangzeb lost the invaluable support of the Rajputs in his Deccan campaigns and in the North-West frontier wars. NORTH-WEST FRONTIER POLICY The hardy Afghan tribes in the North-West were a permanent source of trouble to the Mughals. Aurangzeb did not try to recover Kandahar. He himself went to the frontier and by the clever use of diplomacy, bribe, gifts, offices, jagirs and the use of arms managed to end the frontier war started by the Yusufzai and the Afridi tribes, followed by the Ghorai, Gilzani and Shirani tribes. However, this costly war drained the imperial treasury. It also diverted the best Mughal soldiers from the Deccan where Shivaji took advantage and conquered many territories in Karnataka unchecked by the Mughals. NORTH INDIA POLICY The most successful enemy of Aurangzeb in Northern India was Chhatrasal, the Bundela ruler of Orchha. He captured Kalinjar and Aurangzeb was forced to make peace with him in 1705. The king was appointed a mansabdar of 4,000 and given a post in the Deccan army. In Bengal, the governor Shaista Khan subdued the Portuguese and Arakanese pirates. However, the Ahoms could not be held for long in the North-East. DECCAN POLICY From 1682 till his death in 1707, Aurangzeb remained in the Deccan. He was determined to end the independent Shia states of Bijapur and Golconda. He wanted to finish off the growing Maratha power under Shivaji and his son Sambhaji. He decided to capture his rebellious son, Prince Akbar, who had taken shelter in the Maratha court. He suspected treachery on the part of his officers for not being successful in the Deccan. Lastly, his imperialistic feeling was to extend his southern frontier. Aurangzeb managed to conquer Bijapur in 1686 and Golconda in 1687. Aurangzeb fought with Shivaji from 1662 to 1680. Once, he managed to trick Shivaji and make him and his son prisoners at Agra from where they escaped. Till his death in 1680, Shivaji continued to harass Aurangzeb. Even then, Aurangzeb could not suppress the Marathas, because of their guerrilla methods of warfare. It is said the Deccan ulcer ruined Aurangzeb. He neglected the imperial government in the north. The army became weak. The treasury became empty. The Sikhs, Jats and Rajputs continued to trouble him. The governors tried to declare independence and some did. There was general lawlessness, which affected trade and commerce. The Mughal Empire, became too large and unmanageable for a single ruler. Aurangzeb's death in March 1707 was followed by a civil war among his three sons. His eldest son Muazzam was victorious. He took the title of Bahadur Shah and crowned himself in May 1707 at Shah-Duala near Lahore. ADMINISTRATION IN MUGHALI PERIOD THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Akbar's government was a centralised monarchy but an enlightened one. He was the supreme head of state in civil, military, judicial and later in religious affairs. He supervised every branch of government and worked hard for the welfare of the people. He held an open court to listen to complaints and tried to solve them. The Emperor was helped by several ministers. The most important ministers were the Prime Minister (Vakil), Finance Minister (Diwan), Pay Master General (Mir Bakhshi) and Chief Sadr (Sadr-i-Sudur) and Imperial Storekeeper (Mir Saman). The Vakil had general control of all the departments and was the chief adviser of the Emperor. The Diwan was in charge of finance and revenue. The Mir Bakhshi maintained records of mansabdars and payments of high officials. The Sadr-i-Sudr looked after religious donations and royal charities. The Mir Saman looked after the purchase and maintenance of stores and private purchases of the Imperial family. THE PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION Akbar set up a well coordinated system in which the different parts of the Empire worked effectively. He divided the Empire into 15 provinces (Subahs). Each province was headed by a governor (Subedar), who was usually a member of the Imperial Family or a faithful noble. Like the Emperor, he was in charge of all the departments. The Subedar was aided by several honest and efficient officers like a Diwan, Bakshi, Sadr, Qazi (Kazi), Kotwal, Mir Bahr and Waqa-i-Navis. The Kazi was the head of justice in the province. He supervised the Kazis in towns and districts. The kotwal looked after law and order, and carried out police duties. The Mir Bahr was in charge of customs, ferry taxes and port duties. The Waqa-i-Navis reported everything about the provincial government to the central government. LOWER LEVEL ADMINISTRATION The provinces were divided into districts (sarkars) and sarkars were divided into a group of villages (parganas). A Faujdar was the head of a sarkar. He maintained law and order in his area. He was helped by a number of officials. A pargana was headed by a Shiqdar whose function was the same as Faujdar. Each village in a pargana had officials like Muqadam, Patwari and Chowkidar who worked with the help of the village Panchayat. MILITARY ADMINISTRATION The main support of Akbar's government, both civil and military, was the mansabdari system. A mansab meant a rank. A mansabdar was an official, who out of his pay had to provide soldiers to the Mughal army. There were 33 grades ranging from 10 to 10,000. The three highest grades were for Imperial Family members. They worked directly under the Emperor who promoted, degraded or dismissed them at his will. They were paid in cash. They were often transferred to weaken their influence in any particular area. They also had to perform civilian duties. Spies kept the Emperor informed of their activities. Besides the mansabdars, Akbar had a permanent army consisting of foot soldiers, horse soldiers, gunners, elephants and navy. The cavalry (horse soldiers) was the most important wing. LAND REVENUE POLICY Since land revenue was the chief source of Government income, Akbar specially attended to this department. He appointed Raja Todar Mal, who had been Sher Shah's Revenue Minister. As Revenue Minister, he measured all land properly and cultivable land was divided into four divisions-polaj, parauti, chachar and banjar. One-third of the total produce was fixed as the land revenue, payable in cash or in kind. Loans were given to improve production. Revenue collectors were asked to be kind and friendly. The annual settlement was later made for 10 years. JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION Before the reign of Akbar, all cases were decided according to Islamic law. Akbar introduced Hindu law to deal with cases involving Hindus. Along with Kazis, there were also Hindu judges. The Emperor was the supreme judge and the highest court of appeal. Capital punishment was given only by the Emperor in extreme cases. Prisoners were well cared for in those times. Many features of Akbar's government were continued by his successors, including the Later Mughals. The East India Company as well as the British government adopted many features of Akbar's government to rule India. Examples are in provincial government, land revenue, judiciary. Many Europeans and Asians, such as-the English, the Portuguese, the Chinese, the Jews and the Parsees travelled to India during the time of Akbar, and settled in India as traders, professionals, missionaries and workmen. By the mid 17th century, a number of colonies were there in India (See Map No. 9.5). ARCHITECTURE IN MUGHAL PERIOD Architecture of Mughal period is a very important feature of Indian heritage and integral part of its social-cultural legacy. Some features of Mughal architecture are purely Persian, while some are examples of blend of Indian and Persian style. Humayun's Tomb, Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikri and Agra Fort are some monuments that not only represent Mughal architectural style but their richness in detailing as well. grandest gate is Delhi Gate. Akbar Gate has been renamed as Amar Singh Gate by the British. A blend of Hindu and Islamic architecture is found in this Fort. In fact, we find prominent display of some non Islamic images such as elephants, birds and dragons along with Islamic calligraphy. The site is very important in terms of architectural history. Abul Fazl records 500 buildings in beautiful designs of Bengali and Gujarati architecture. Out of these buildings of Akbar only the Delhi gate, Akbar (Amar Singh) Gate and Bengali Mahal remains. THE TAJ MAHAL A UNESCO World Heritage Site the Taj Mahal is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. It is the finest example of Mughal architecture a blend of Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian styles. It was designed in white marble by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. In 1631, the grief stricken Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the monument in memory of his beloved third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The large white marble structure stands on a square platform. The tomb is in the centre. Four minarets frame the tomb, one at each corner. The actual graves are at a lower level. The onion shaped dome has a top with a lotus design. Four smaller domes (kiosks) are at its corners. The main dome was originally made of gold. The four minarets have small kiosks with a lotus on the top of each. The exterior is decorated with paint, stone inlay, calligraphy, abstract figures, flower, fruit or vine motifs. The inlay work is a decoration of precious and semi-precious stones and calligraphy panels. THE JAMA MASJID Masjid-i-Johan-Nama or the Jama Masjid in Old Delhi is the largest mosque in India. Ordered by Emperor Shah Jahan, its construction began in 1650 and completed in 1656. The masjid has three gates, four towers and two high minarets built of strips of red sandstone and white marble. It has three domes. Jama Masjid's floor plan is similar to Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri. The courtyard can be reached from the east, north and south by three flights of steps built of red sandstone. These steps used to have food stalls, shops and street entertainers. In the morning, the eastern side of the mosque would become a bazaar for poultry and birds. The roof has three domes in alternate stripes of black and white marble with the topmost parts in gold. On either side of the domes are minarets striped with white marble and red sandstone. Under the dome is a hall with seven arched entrances all facing west. Beyond this is the prayer hall with eleven arched entrances. The central arch is a huge gateway with slim minarets in each corner. The floor is covered with white and black marble to imitate the Muslim prayer mats. THE RED FORT (LAL QILA) This large fort complex was the residence of the Mughal emperors for more than 200 years until 1857. This largest monument in Delhi was built as the fortified palace of Shahjahanabad, the capital of Shah Jahan in 1648. Adjacent to it is the Salimgarh Fort built by Sher Shah Suri's successor Islam Shah Suri in 1548. Both the forts are a part of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2007. The Imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions connected by a water channel known as the Stream of Paradise. The palace was planned according to the Islamic model but each pavilion is a fusion of Timurid, Persian and Hindu traditions. The Imperial Residence was called Qila-i-Mubarak (Blessed Fort). Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Fort when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. The architect was Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. Unlike the other Mughal forts, the Red Fort is not symmetrical because it includes the Salimgarh Fort. The marble floral decorations and the double dome are examples of later Mughal architecture. The synthesis of European, Persian and Indian art resulted in unique Shahjahani style, rich in form, expression and colour. The fort can be entered by Lahori Gate and Delhi Gate which were meant for public use. The Khizrabad Gate was for the emperor. The Lahori Gate leads to a domed shopping area called 'Chhatta Chowk?' Main structures inside the Fort are: 1. Lahori Gate-It was named so for facing the city of Lahore. 2. Delhi Gate-Structures of two life-sized elephants on either side of the gate face each other. 3. Chhatta Chowk-Silk, jewellery and other articles for the imperial household were sold here. 4. Naubat Khana-This was House of Drums. 5. Diwan-i-Aam-Hall of Public Audience. 6. Diwan-i-Khas-The Peacock Throne was placed here. The hall was of white marble inlaid with precious stones. The silver ceiling has now been replaced by wood. An inscription by Amir Khusro, the Persian poet, is over the two outer arches. 7. Nahr-i-Behisht-It was "The Stream of Paradise" connecting the Imperial apartments. 8. Mumtaz Mahal-Two southernmost pavilions for women, it now houses the Archaeological Museum. 9. Rang Mahal-'Palace of colours' was for the Emperor's wives and mistresses. 10. Khan Mahal-The Emperor's Palace 11. Hammam-Imperial Bath 12. Hira Mahal-Destroyed by the British after 1857 13. Shahi Burj The Emperor's main study 14. Hayat Baksh Bagh-'Life estowing Garden in the North-Eastern part of the Fort 15. Princes' Quarters-Most of it destroyed by the British after 1857. On August 15, every year, India's Prime Minister addresses the nation from its rampart to celebrate Independence Day.

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