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Chapter 1.4 - Material and Energy Balance

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4. Material and Energy Balance 4. MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE Syllabus Material and Energy balance: Facility as an energy system, Methods for preparing process flow, Material and energy balance diagrams. Material quantities, as they pass through processing operations, can be described by material balances. Such balances are statements on the conservation of mass. Similarly, energy quantities can be described by energy balances, which are statements on the conservation of energy. If there is no accumulation, what goes into a process must come out. This is true for batch operation. It is equally true for continuous operation over any chosen time interval. Material and energy balances are very important in an industry. Material balances are fundamental to the control of processing, particularly in the control of yields of the products. The first material balances are determined in the exploratory stages of a new process, improved during pilot plant experiments when the process is being planned and tested, checked out when the plant is commissioned and then refined and maintained as a control instrument as production continues. When any changes occur in the process, the material balances need to be determined again. The increasing cost of energy has caused the industries to examine means of reducing energy consumption in processing. Energy balances are used in the examination of the various stages of a process, over the whole process and even extending over the total production system from the raw material to the finished product. Material and energy balances can be simple, at times they can be very complicated, but the basic approach is general. Experience in working with the simpler systems such as individual unit operations will develop the facility to extend the methods to the more complicated situations, which do arise. The increasing availability of computers has meant that very complex mass and energy balances can be set up and manipulated quite readily and therefore used in everyday process management to maximise product yields and minimise costs. 4.1 Basic Principles If the unit operation, whatever its nature is seen as a whole it may be represented diagrammatically as a box, as shown in Figure. 4. 1. The mass and energy going into the box must balance with the mass and energy coming out. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Bureau of Energy Efficiency 82

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