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Appendices 215 Appendix I Definitions of the SI Base Units Metre (m): The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit ms-1, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency. Kilogram (k): The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the planck constant h to be 6.62607015 10 34 when expressed in the unit Js, which is equal to kgm2s-1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and Vcs. Second (s): The symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency Vcs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s 1. Ampere (A): The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634 10 19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of. Kelvin (K): The Kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant K to be 1.380649 10 23 when expressed in the unit JK 1, which is equal to kgm2s 2K 1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and Vcs. Mole (mol): The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol 1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. Candela (cd): The candela, symbol cd is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W 1, which is equal to cd sr W 1, or cd sr kg 1m 2s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and Vcs. (The symbols listed here are internationally agreed and should not be changed in other languages and scripts. 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 215 8/24/2022 12:32:22 216 chemistry Appendix II Elements, their Atomic Number and Molar Mass Element Symbol Atomic Molar Number mass/ (g mol 1) Actinium Aluminium Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Caesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitneium Mendelevium Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Cs Ca Cf C Ce Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 55 20 98 6 58 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 227.03 26.98 (243) 121.75 39.95 74.92 210 137.34 (247) 9.01 208.98 (264) 10.81 79.91 112.40 132.91 40.08 251.08 12.01 140.12 35.45 52.00 58.93 63.54 247.07 (263) 162.50 (252) 167.26 151.96 (257.10) 19.00 (223) 157.25 69.72 72.61 196.97 178.49 (269) 4.00 164.93 1.0079 114.82 126.90 192.2 55.85 83.80 138.91 (262.1) 207.19 6.94 174.96 24.31 54.94 (268) 258.10 Element Symbol Atomic Molar Number mass/ (g mol 1) Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununnilium Unununium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Uub Uun Uuu U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 112 110 111 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 200.59 95.94 144.24 20.18 (237.05) 58.71 92.91 14.0067 (259) 190.2 16.00 106.4 30.97 195.09 (244) 210 39.10 140.91 (145) 231.04 (226) (222) 186.2 102.91 85.47 101.07 (261) 150.35 44.96 (266) 78.96 28.08 107.87 22.99 87.62 32.06 180.95 (98.91) 127.60 158.92 204.37 232.04 168.93 118.69 47.88 183.85 (277) (269) (272) 238.03 50.94 131.30 173.04 88.91 65.37 91.22 The value given in parenthesis is the molar mass of the isotope of largest known half-life. 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 216 8/24/2022 12:32:22 Appendices 217 Appendix III A. Specific and Molar Heat Capacities for Some Substances at 298 K and one Atmospheric Pressure Substance Specific Heat Capacity (J/g) air water (liquid) ammonia (gas) hydrogen chloride hydrogen bromide ammonia (liquid) ethyl alcohol (liquid) ethylene glycol (liquid) water (solid) carbon tetrachloride (liquid) chlorofluorocarbon (CCl2F2) ozone neon chlorine bromine iron copper aluminium gold graphite Molar Heat Capacity (J/mol) 0.720 4.184 2.06 0.797 0.360 4.70 2.46 2.42 2.06 0.861 0.5980 0.817 1.03 0.477 0.473 0.460 0.385 0.902 0.128 0.720 20.8 75.4 35.1 29.1 29.1 79.9 113.16 152.52 37.08 132.59 72.35 39.2 20.7 33.8 75.6 25.1 24.7 24.35 25.2 8.65 B. Molar Heat Capacities for Some Gases (J/mol) Gas C v Cp Cp - C v Cp / C v Monatomic* helium 20.9 12.8 8.28 1.63 argon 20.8 12.5 8.33 1.66 iodine 20.9 12.6 8.37 1.66 mercury 20.8 12.5 8.33 1.66 Diatomic hydrogen 28.6 20.2 8.33 1.41 oxygen 29.1 20.8 8.33 1.39 nitrogen 29.0 20.7 8.30 1.40 hydrogen chloride 29.6 21.0 8.60 1.39 carbon monoxide 29.0 21.0 8.00 1.41 Triatomic nitrous oxide 39.0 30.5 8.50 1.28 carbon dioxide 37.5 29.0 8.50 1.29 Polyatomic ethane 53.2 44.6 8.60 1.19 *Translational kinetic energy only. Translational, vibrational and rotational energy. 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 217 8/24/2022 12:32:22 218 chemistry Appendix IV Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Traditional Units Acceleration of gravity g Atomic mass unit (1/12 amu or u the mass of 12C atom) Avogadro constant NA Bohr radius ao Boltzmann constant k Charge-to-mass e/m ratio of electron Electronic charge e Electron rest mass me Faraday constant F Gas constant R SI Units 980.6 cm/s 1.6606 10-24 g 9.806 m/s 1.6606 10-27 kg 6.022 1023 particles/mol 0.52918 5.2918 10-9 cm 1.3807 10-16 erg/K 1.758820 l08 coulomb/g 6.022 1023 particles/mol 5.2918 10-11 m 1.602176 10-19 coulomb 4.8033 10-19 esu 9.109382 10-28 g 0.00054859 u 96,487 coulombs/eq 23.06 kcal/volt. eq 0.8206 L atm mol K 1.3807 10-23 J/K 1.7588 1011 C/kg 1.60219 10-19 C 9.10952 10-31 kg 96,487 C/mol e96,487 J/V.mol e8.3145 kPa dm 3 mol K cal 1.987 8.3145 J/mol.K Molar volume (STP) Vm 22.710981 L/mol 1.674927 10-24 g Neutron rest mass mn 1.008665 u Planck constant h 6.6262 10-27 ergs 1.6726216 10-24 g Proton rest mass mp 1.007277 u 3.289 1015 cycles/s Rydberg constant R 2.1799 10-11 erg Speed of light c 2.9979 1010 cm/s (in a vacuum) (186,281 miles/second) 22.710981 10-3 m3/mol 22.710981 dm3/mol 1.67495 10-27 kg mol K 6.6262 10-34 J s 1.6726 10-27 kg 1.0974 107 m-1 2.1799 10-18 J 2.9979 108 m/s = 3.1416 2.303 R = 4.576 cal/mol K = 19.15 J/mol K e = 2.71828 2.303 RT (at 25 C) = 1364 cal/mol = 5709 J/mol ln X = 2.303 log X 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 218 8/24/2022 12:32:23 Appendices 219 Appendix V Some Useful Conversion Factors Common Unit of Mass and Weight 1 pound = 453.59 grams Common Units of Length 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (exactly) 1 pound = 453.59 grams = 0.45359 kilogram 1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.205 pounds 1 gram = 10 decigrams = 100 centigrams = 1000 milligrams 1 gram = 6.022 1023 atomic mass units or u 1 atomic mass unit = 1.6606 10 24 gram 1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms = 2205 pounds 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 kilometres 1 yard = 36 inches = 0.9144 metre 1 metre = 100 centimetres = 39.37 inches = 3.281 feet = 1.094 yards 1 kilometre = 1000 metres = 1094 yards = 0.6215 mile 1 Angstrom = 1.0 10 8 centimetre = 0.10 nanometre = 1.0 10 10 metre = 3.937 10 9 inch Common Unit of Volume 1 quart = 0.9463 litre 1 litre = 1.056 quarts 1 litre = 1 cubic decimetre = 1000 cubic centimetres = 0.001 cubic metre 1 millilitre = 1 cubic centimetre = 0.001 litre = 1.056 10-3 quart 1 cubic foot = 28.316 litres = 29.902 quarts = 7.475 gallons Common Units of Energy 1 joule = 1 107 ergs 1 thermochemical calorie** = 4.184 joules = 4.184 107 ergs = 4.129 10 2 litre-atmospheres = 2.612 1019 electron volts 1 ergs = 1 10 7 joule = 2.3901 10 8 calorie 1 electron volt = 1.6022 10 19 joule = 1.6022 10 12 erg = 96.487 kJ/mol 1 litre-atmosphere = 24.217 calories = 101.32 joules = 1.0132 109 ergs 1 British thermal unit = 1055.06 joules = 1.05506 1010 ergs = 252.2 calories Common Units of Force* and Pressure 1 atmosphere = 760 millimetres of mercury = 1.013 105 pascals = 14.70 pounds per square inch 1 bar = 105 pascals 1 torr = 1 millimetre of mercury 1 pascal = 1 kg/ms2 = 1 N/m2 Temperature SI Base Unit: Kelvin (K) K = -273.15 C K = C + 273.15 F = 1.8( C) + 32 * Force: 1 newton (N) = 1 kg m/s2, i.e., the force that, when applied for 1 second, gives a 1-kilogram mass a velocity of 1 metre per second. ** The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.50C to 15.50C. Note that the other units are per particle and must be multiplied by 6.022 1023 to be strictly comparable. 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 219 8/24/2022 12:32:23 220 chemistry Appendix VI Thermodynamic Data at 298 K INORGANIC SUBSTANCES Substance Enthalpy of formation, fH / (kJ mol 1) Gibbs Energy of formation, fG / (kJ mol 1) Entropy,* S /(J K 1 mol 1) Aluminium Al(s) Al3+(aq) Al2O3(s) Al(OH)3(s) AlCl3(s) 0 524.7 1675.7 1276 704.2 0 481.2 1582.3 628.8 28.33 321.7 50.92 110.67 Antimony SbH3(g) SbCl3(g) SbCl5(g) 145.11 313.8 394.34 147.75 301.2 334.29 232.78 337.80 401.94 0 169.0 888.14 0 168.6 648.41 0 537.64 553.5 1216.3 1214.78 0 560.77 525.1 1137.6 1088.59 62.8 9.6 70.42 112.1 47.3 0 1272.8 1137.0 0 1193.7 1120.3 5.86 53.97 254.12 Arsenic As(s), gray As2S3(s) AsO43 (aq) 35.1 163.6 162.8 Barium Ba(s) Ba2+(aq) BaO(s) BaCO3(s) BaCO3(aq) Boron B(s) B2O3(s) BF3(g) Bromine Br2(l) Br2(g) Br(g) Br (aq) HBr(g) BrF3(g) 0 30.91 111.88 121.55 36.40 255.60 0 3.11 82.40 103.96 53.45 229.43 152.23 245.46 175.02 82.4 198.70 292.53 0 178.2 542.83 0 144.3 553.58 41.42 154.88 53.1 Calcium Ca(s) Ca(g) Ca2+(aq) (continued) 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 220 8/24/2022 12:32:23 Appendices Substance 221 Enthalpy of formation, fH / (kJ mol 1) Gibbs Energy of formation, fG / (kJ mol 1) Entropy,* S /(J K 1 mol 1) Calcium (continued) CaO(s) Ca(OH)2(s) Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s), calcite CaCO3(s), aragonite CaCO3(aq) CaF2(s) CaF2(aq) CaCl2(s) CaCl2(aq) CaBr2(s) CaC2(s) CaS(s) CaSO4(s) CaSO4(aq) 635.09 986.09 1002.82 1206.92 1207.1 1219.97 1219.6 1208.09 795.8 877.1 682.8 59.8 482.4 1434.11 1452.10 604.03 898.49 868.07 1128.8 1127.8 1081.39 1167.3 1111.15 748.1 816.0 663.6 64.9 477.4 1321.79 1298.10 39.75 83.39 74.5 92.9 88.7 110.0 68.87 80.8 104.6 59.8 130 69.96 56.5 106.7 33.1 Carbon** C(s), graphite C(s), diamond C(g) CO(g) CO2(g) CO32 (aq) CCl4(l) CS2(l) HCN(g) HCN(l) 0 1.895 716.68 110.53 393.51 677.14 135.44 89.70 135.1 108.87 0 2.900 671.26 137.17 394.36 527.81 65.21 65.27 124.7 124.97 5.740 2.377 158.10 197.67 213.74 56.9 216.40 151.34 201.78 112.84 0 696.2 537.2 0 672.0 503.8 0 121.68 167.16 92.31 167.16 0 105.68 131.23 95.30 131.23 223.07 165.20 56.5 186.91 56.5 0 71.67 64.77 168.6 157.3 771.36 2279.7 0 49.98 65.49 146.0 129.7 661.8 1879.7 33.15 40.6 99.6 93.14 42.63 109 300.4 Cerium Ce(s) Ce3+(aq) Ce4+(aq) 72.0 205 301 Chlorine Cl2(g) Cl(g) Cl (aq) HCl(g) HCl(aq) Copper Cu(s) Cu+(aq) Cu2+(aq) Cu2O(aq) CuO(s) CuSO4(s) CuSO4.5H2O(s) ** For organic compounds, a separate table is provided in continuation. (continued) 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 221 8/24/2022 12:32:23 222 Substance chemistry Enthalpy of formation, fH / (kJ mol 1) Gibbs Energy of formation, fG / (kJ mol 1) Entropy,* S /(J K 1 mol 1) Deuterium D2(g) D2O(g) D2O(l) 0 249.20 294.60 0 234.54 243.44 144.96 198.34 75.94 Fluorine F2(g) F (aq) HF(g) HF(aq) 0 332.63 271.1 332.63 0 278.79 273.2 278.79 202.78 13.8 173.78 13.8 Hydrogen (see also Deuterium) H2(g) 0 H(g) 217.97 H+(aq) 0 H2O(l) 285.83 241.82 H2O(g) H2O2(l) 187.78 191.17 H2O2(aq) 0 203.25 0 237.13 228.57 120.35 134.03 130.68 114.71 0 69.91 188.83 109.6 143.9 0 19.33 51.57 1.70 116.14 260.69 111.3 206.59 0 78.90 4.7 1015.4 742.2 100.4 6.9 166.9 27.28 137.7 315.9 146.4 87.40 60.29 52.93 0 1.7 277.4 919.94 278.7 244.8 0 24.43 217.33 813.14 261.92 232.34 64.81 10.5 68.6 148.57 161.5 175.3 0 147.70 466.85 601.70 1095.8 524.3 0 113.10 454.8 569.43 1012.1 503.8 32.68 148.65 138.1 26.94 65.7 117.2 Iodine I2(s) I2(g) I (aq) HI(g) Iron Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) Fe3O4(s), magnetite Fe2O3(s), haematite FeS(s, ) FeS(aq) FeS2(s) 0 62.44 55.19 26.48 0 89.1 48.5 1118.4 824.2 100.0 178.2 Lead Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) PbO2(s) PbSO4(s) PbBr2(s) PbBr2(aq) Magnesium Mg(s) Mg(g) Mg2+(aq) MgO(s) MgCO3(s) MgBr2(s) (continued) 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 222 8/24/2022 12:32:23 Appendices Substance 223 Enthalpy of formation, fH / (kJ mol 1) Gibbs Energy of formation, fG / (kJ mol 1) Entropy,* S /(J K 1 mol 1) Mercury Hg(1) Hg(g) HgO(s) Hg2Cl2(s) 0 61.32 90.83 265.22 0 31.82 58.54 210.75 76.02 174.96 70.29 192.5 0 90.25 82.05 33.18 9.16 174.10 207.36 205.0 46.11 80.29 132.51 114.2 294.1 50.63 365.56 314.43 295.31 0 86.55 104.20 51.31 97.89 80.71 111.25 108.74 16.45 26.50 79.31 328.1 149.34 183.87 202.87 88.75 191.61 210.76 219.85 240.06 304.29 155.60 146.4 146.4 192.45 111.3 113.4 238.97 121.21 151.08 94.6 186.2 0 142.7 229.99 0 163.2 157.24 205.14 238.93 10.75 0 58.91 5.4 2984.0 964.8 1266.9 1277.4 319.7 287.0 374.9 0 24.44 13.4 2697.0 1018.7 272.3 267.8 305.0 41.09 279.98 210.23 228.86 217.18 311.78 364.6 0 89.24 252.38 424.76 482.37 567.27 0 60.59 283.27 379.08 440.50 537.75 64.18 160.34 102.5 78.9 91.6 66.57 Nitrogen N2(g) NO(g) N2O(g) NO2(g) N2O4(g) HNO3(1) HNO3(aq) NO3 (aq) NH3(g) NH3(aq) NH+4 (aq) NH2OH(s) HN3(g) N2H4(1) NH4NO3(s) NH4Cl(s) NH4ClO4(s) Oxygen O2(g) O3(g) OH (aq) Phosphorus P(s), white P4(g) PH3(g) P4O10(s) H3PO3(aq) H3PO4(1) H3PO4(aq) PCl3(1) PCl3(g) PCl5(g) Potassium K(s) K(g) K+(aq) KOH(s) KOH(aq) KF(s) (continued) 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 223 8/24/2022 12:32:23 224 Substance chemistry Enthalpy of formation, fH / (kJ mol 1) Gibbs Energy of formation, fG / (kJ mol 1) Entropy,* S /(J K 1 mol 1) Potassium (continued) KCl(s) KBr(s) KI(s) KClO3(s) KClO4(s) K2S(s) K2S(aq) 436.75 393.80 327.90 397.73 432.75 380.7 471.5 409.14 380.66 324.89 296.25 303.09 364.0 480.7 82.59 95.90 106.32 143.1 151.0 105 190.4 Si(s) SiO2(s, ) 0 910.94 0 856.64 18.83 41.84 Silver Ag(s) Ag+(aq) Ag2O(s) AgBr(s) AgBr(aq) AgCl(s) AgCl(aq) AgI(s) AgI(aq) AgNO3(s) 0 105.58 31.05 100.37 15.98 127.07 61.58 61.84 50.38 124.39 0 77.11 11.20 96.90 26.86 109.79 54.12 66.19 25.52 33.41 42.55 72.68 121.3 107.1 155.2 96.2 129.3 115.5 184.1 140.92 0 107.32 240.12 425.61 470.11 411.15 407.3 361.06 287.78 947.7 1130.9 0 76.76 261.91 379.49 419.15 384.14 393.1 348.98 286.06 851.9 1047.7 51.21 153.71 59.0 64.46 48.1 72.13 115.5 86.82 98.53 102.1 136.0 0 0.33 33.1 296.83 395.72 813.99 909.27 909.27 20.63 39.7 1209 0 0.1 85.8 300.19 371.06 690.00 744.53 744.53 33.56 27.83 1105.3 31.80 32.6 14.6 248.22 256.76 156.90 20.1 20.1 205.79 121 291.82 Silicon Sodium Na(s) Na(g) Na+(aq) NaOH(s) NaOH(aq) NaCl(s) NaCl(aq) NaBr(s) NaI(s) NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) Sulphur S(s), rhombic S(s), monoclinic S2 (aq) SO2(g) SO3(g) H2SO4(l) H2SO4(aq) SO42 (aq) H2S(g) H2S(aq) SF6(g) (continued) 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 224 8/24/2022 12:32:23 Appendices Substance 225 Enthalpy of formation, fH / (kJ mol 1) Gibbs Energy of formation, fG / (kJ mol 1) Entropy,* S /(J K 1 mol 1) Tin Sn(s), white Sn(s), gray SnO(s) SnO2(s) 0 2.09 285.8 580.7 0 0.13 256.9 519.6 51.55 44.14 56.5 52.3 0 153.89 348.28 +130.73 0 147.06 318.30 +95.14 41.63 112.1 43.64 160.93 Zinc Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) ZnO(s) Zn(g) *The entropies of individual ions in solution are determined by setting the entropy of H+ in water equal to 0 and then defining the entropies of all other ions relative to this value; hence a negative entropy is one that is lower than the entropy of H+ in water. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Substance Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Gibbs Energy of combustion, formation, formation, Entropy, cH / (kJ mol 1) fH / (kJ mol 1) fG / (kJ mol 1) S /(J K 1 mol 1) Hydrocarbons CH4(g), methane C2H2(g), ethyne (acetylene) C2H4(g), ethene(ethylene) C2H6(g), ethane C3H6(g), propene (propylene) C3H6(g), cyclopropane C3H8(g), propane C4H10(g), butane C5H12(g), pentane C6H6(l), benzene C6H6(g) C7H8(l), toluene C7H8(g) C6H12(l), cyclohexane C6H12(g), C8H18(l), octane 890 1300 1411 1560 2058 2091 2220 2878 3537 3268 3302 3910 3953 3920 3953 5471 74.81 226.73 52.26 84.68 20.42 53.30 103.85 126.15 146.44 49.0 12.0 156.4 249.9 50.72 209.20 68.15 32.82 62.78 104.45 23.49 17.03 8.20 124.3 113.8 26.7 6.4 186.26 200.94 219.56 229.60 266.6 237.4 270.2 310.1 349 173.3 221.0 204.4 358 Alcohols and phenols CH3OH(l), methanol CH3OH(g) C2H5OH(l), ethanol C2H5OH(g) C6H5OH(s), phenol 726 764 1368 1409 3054 238.86 200.66 277.69 235.10 164.6 166.27 161.96 174.78 168.49 50.42 126.8 239.81 160.7 282.70 144.0 (continued) 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 225 8/24/2022 12:32:23 226 Substance chemistry Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Gibbs Energy of combustion, formation, formation, Entropy, cH / (kJ mol 1) fH / (kJ mol 1) fG / (kJ mol 1) S /(J K 1 mol 1) Carboxylic acid HCOOH(l), formic acid CH3COOH(l), acetic acid CH3COOH (aq) (COOH)2(s), oxalic acid C6H5COOH(s), benzoic acid 255 875 254 3227 424.72 484.5 485.76 827.2 385.1 361.35 389.9 396.64 697.9 245.3 128.95 159.8 86.6 120 167.6 571 108.57 102.53 218.77 1166 192.30 128.12 160.2 1192 1790 166.19 248.1 128.86 155.4 250.3 200 Aldehydes and ketones HCHO(g), methanal (formaldehyde) CH3CHO(l), ethanal (acetaldehyde) CH3CHO(g) CH3COCH3(l), propanone (acetone) Sugars C6H12O6(s), glucose C6H12O6(aq) C6H12O6(s), fructose C12H22O11(s), sucrose 2808 2810 5645 1268 1266 2222 910 917 1545 212 360 Nitrogen compounds CO(NH2)2(s), urea C6H5NH2(l), aniline 632 333.51 197.33 3393 31.6 149.1 NH2CH2COOH(s), glycine 969 532.9 373.4 CH3NH2(g), methylamine 1085 22.97 32.16 104.60 191.3 103.51 243.41 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 226 8/24/2022 12:32:23 Appendices 227 Appendix VII Standard potentials at 298 K in electrochemical order Reduction half-reaction E /V H4XeO6 + 2H+ + 2e XeO3 + 3H2O +3.0 F2 + 2e 2F +2.87 + O3 + 2H + 2e O2 + H2O +2.07 2 S2O2 +2.05 8 + 2e 2SO4 Ag+ + e Ag+ +1.98 Co3+ + e Co2+ +1.81 + H2O2 + 2H + 2e 2H2O +1.78 Au+ + e Au +1.69 Pb4+ + 2e Pb2+ +1.67 2HClO + 2H+ + 2e Cl2 + 2H2O +1.63 Ce4+ + e Ce3+ +1.61 2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e Br2 + 2H2O +1.60 MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.51 Mn3+ + e Mn2+ +1.51 3+ Au + 3e Au +1.40 Cl2 + 2e 2Cl +1.36 + 3+ Cr2O2 + 7H2O +1.33 7 + 14H + 6e 2Cr O3 + H2O + 2e O2 + 2OH +1.24 + O2 + 4H + 4e 2H2O +1.23 ClO 4 + 2H+ +2e ClO 3 + 2H2O +1.23 MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23 Pt2+ + 2e Pt +1.20 Br2 + 2e 2Br +1.09 Pu4+ + e Pu3+ +0.97 NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e NO + 2H2O +0.96 2Hg2+ + 2e Hg 2+ +0.92 2 ClO + H2O + 2e Cl + 2OH +0.89 Hg2+ + 2e Hg +0.86 NO 3 + 2H+ + e NO2 + H2O +0.80 Ag+ + e Ag +0.80 2+ Hg 2 +2e 2Hg +0.79 Fe3+ + e Fe2+ +0.77 BrO + H2O + 2e Br + 2OH +0.76 Hg2SO4 +2e 2Hg + SO42 +0.62 2 MnO4 + 2H2O + 2e MnO2 + 4OH +0.60 MnO 4 + e MnO42 +0.56 I2 + 2e 2I +0.54 I 3 + 2e 3I +0.53 Reduction half-reaction E /V Cu+ + e Cu NiOOH + H2O + e Ni(OH)2 + OH Ag2CrO4 + 2e 2Ag + CrO42 O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH ClO 4 + H2O + 2e ClO 3 + 2OH [Fe(CN)6]3 + e [Fe(CN)6]4 Cu2+ + 2e Cu Hg2Cl2 + 2e 2Hg + 2Cl AgCl + e Ag + Cl Bi3+ + 3e Bi SO42 + 4H+ + 2e H2SO3 + H2O Cu2+ + e Cu+ Sn4+ + 2e Sn2+ AgBr + e Ag + Br Ti4+ + e Ti3+ 2H+ + 2e H2 Fe3+ + 3e Fe O2 + H2O + 2e HO 2 + OH Pb2+ + 2e Pb In+ + e In Sn2+ + 2e Sn AgI + e Ag + I Ni2+ + 2e Ni V3+ + e V2+ Co2+ + 2e Co In3+ + 3e In Tl+ + e Tl PbSO4 + 2e Pb + SO2 4 Ti3+ + e Ti2+ Cd2+ + 2e Cd In2+ + e In+ Cr3+ + e Cr2+ Fe2+ + 2e Fe In3+ + 2e In+ S + 2e S2 In3+ + e In2+ U4+ + e U3+ Cr3+ + 3e Cr Zn2+ + 2e Zn +0.52 +0.49 +0.45 +0.40 +0.36 +0.36 +0.34 +0.27 +0.27 +0.20 +0.17 +0.16 +0.15 +0.07 0.00 0.0 by definition 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.48 0.49 0.61 0.74 0.76 (continued) 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 227 8/24/2022 12:32:23 228 chemistry Appendix continued Reduction half-reaction E /V Reduction half-reaction E /V Cd(OH)2 + 2e Cd + 2OH 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH Cr2+ + 2e Cr Mn2+ + 2e Mn V2+ + 2e V Ti2+ + 2e Ti Al3+ + 3e Al U3+ + 3e U Sc3+ + 3e Sc Mg2+ + 2e Mg Ce3+ + 3e Ce 0.81 0.83 0.91 1.18 1.19 1.63 1.66 1.79 2.09 2.36 2.48 La3+ + 3e La Na+ + e Na Ca2+ + 2e Ca Sr2+ + 2e Sr Ba2+ + 2e Ba Ra2+ + 2e Ra Cs+ + e Cs Rb+ + e Rb K+ +e K Li+ + e Li 2.52 2.71 2.87 2.89 2.91 2.92 2.92 2.93 2.93 3.05 2024-25 Appendix 1.indd 228 8/24/2022 12:32:23
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