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ICSE Class X Notes 2025 : Geography (Ummat Public School, Andaman)

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Industries NotesQ) India has made significant progress in Industrial development? Ans) India possesses all the necessary conditions for industrial development. Along with its vast and diverse natural resources and large population for labour as well as huge market for manufacture goods. 1. 2. 3. Need for rapid industrialization in India To provide support and strength to our agricultural bases To develop goods and equipment required for our defense To make India self-reliant and independent of all its needs Factors affecting location of industries 1)Geographical factors Raw materials- Location of an industry is dependent on the raw materials in that area as it reduces the cost of transportation. GR) Sugar mills are found in areas of sugarcane production because the perishable raw materials must be processed without loss of time before manufacturing. Water Supply- Water is required for cleaning, cooling, washing etc. in industries Energy-Energy is required to process the raw materials into goods Transport-To carry raw materials to industries and finished products to market. Labour- Both skilled and unskilled manpower is essential for growing industries. Market-Market are essential to sell the goods made in industries. Climate-The type of climate in a region also influences the industries especially the agro-based industries. GR) Cotton textile industries are located in Maharashtra as its moist climate and black soil favors the growth of cotton 2) Commercial Factors Role of government- It sets up big industries with huge capital and decides the rules and regulations of these industries and provide electricity land water etc. Capital- It is required at every stage to set up an industry GR) Most of the major cities are industrial centers as these cities have good credit and banking system require to set up large-scale industries. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES On the basis of Raw Material Agro Based Mineral Based Animal Based Forest Based Depends on raw materials produced by agricultural sector. Use minerals both metallic and nonmetallic as raw materials. Uses raw materials provided by animals like wool, silk, dairy etc. Uses forest products as raw materials like wood, rubber etc. On the basis of nature of product Heavy Industries Produce capital goods which are bulky. Requires huge capital, raw materials, labour Light Industries Produce goods which are light in weight Requires less capital, raw materials and labour On the basis of Investment and Turnover (MSMEs) Micro Enterprise Small Enterprise Medium Enterprise Investment-not Investment-not Investment-not exceed 1 cr exceed 10 cr exceed 50 cr Annual Turnover- not Annual Turnover- not Annual Turnover- not exceed 5 cr exceed 50 cr exceed 250 cr On the basis of ownership Public Sector Private Sector Joint Sector Co-operative Sector Either managed by Central or State government Owned and managed by individual or group of individuals Owned by group of people with limited resources Eg- BHEL, GAIL, SAIL Eg- Reliance India Limited, Wipro Owned and controlled by private entrepreneur and government Eg- Automobile Corporation of Goa Ltd and Ipitata Sponge Iron Ltd Eg- Anand Cooperative Society in Gujrat On the basis of Location and Market Village Industries All its requirements are met within the village Cottage Industries Organized by individuals with private resources and help of members of household. On the basis of Finished Products or functions Basic Forms the core of industries on which other industries depend Secondary They process basic raw materials into primary goods for direct use Eg- Iron and steel Eg- Textile, sugar, industries paper making etc. Tertiary They provide public utilitybased service Eg- Railways, transport, banking etc. Only read Major Industrial Regions Ancillary They manufacture components, tools, subassemblies, and machines of big industries Eg- Tyers, batteries, brakes , headlights etc. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY 1) Sugar Industries Second largest organized industry in India after cotton textile. Products- Sugarcane is used as raw material to make sugar. A large amount of it is also used to make gur and khandsari By-products- Besides sugar, gur and khandsari it also supplies molasses, press mud and Bagasse Molasses is formed by crystallization and centrifugation during manufacture of sugar and is used in distillation of liquor, power alcohol, produce certain chemical etc. Bagasse is the leftover cane and after crushing is used as steam and used to make cardboard, paper etc. Press mud is used in making wax, carbon paper etc. Distribution Maharashtra- Leading producer of sugar in India. Main sugar producing area is in a narrow belt extending from Manmad in the north to Kolhapur in the south. Northern India- UP is the second largest producer of sugar in India. Sugar factories are located in two belts- The Ganga-Yamuna doab and the Terai belt. GR) UP, formerly the largest producer has been relegated to second place because of old mills, management and labour problems and shorter crushing period. Peninsular India- GR) Tamil Nadu has higher output of sugar because of high per hectare yield of sugarcane, higher sucrose content and longer crushing season. Tendency of the Industry to migrate in the south 1) There is maritime climate seen in south India which makes it suitable for growing superior variety of cane 2) The black soil in south is more fertile than alluvial soil in north. 3) The cane is of superior quality with higher yield Problems of the sugar industries 1) The sugarcane cultivated in India is of poor-quality low yield per hectare and low sucrose content 2) Old and obsolete machinery used in sugar industry should be replaced in new technology and new machinery 3) In rural areas the demand for gur and khandsari is more than that of sugar 2) Cotton Textile India is one of the largest cotton textile manufacturing countries in the world. Mumbai- cottonpolis of India, Lancashire of India[Largest cotton manufacturing city] Ahmedabad- Manchester of India[ Second largest cotton manufacturing city] Reasons for Mumbai and Ahmedabad being important cotton manufacturing centers 1) Proximity of Raw Material- It gets supply of raw cotton from the cotton producing area in Deccan Plateau 2) Climatic conditions- The humid coastal climate is suitable for growth of cotton. 3) Capital- They have easy access to capital and financial resources Problems of Textile Industries 1) Shortage of Raw Materials- Shortage of long staple cotton in India which is fulfilled by importing in from Pakistan, USA, Egypt etc. 2) Sick industrial units- Cotton industries face constant threat of sickness and consequent closure because-(i) Uncertainty of Raw Material, (ii) Lack of modernization and (iii) Management problems 3) Shortage of Power- Supply of coal difficult to obtain and frequent power cuts in electricity 3) Silk Textile Four varieties of silk found in India- Mulberry, Muga, Tasar and Eri Assam-World Monopoly of golden-yellow Muga Sericulture- Rearing of silkworm for silk production First modern silk textile industry in India- started by EIC at Howrah in 1832 GR) Karnataka contributes to 70% of the total mulberry silk output because it has favorable climate for rearing silkworms along with nurseries, silk farms and licensed seed distributor Bihar and Jharkhand- largest Tasar producing states Assam- Only Muga producing state in India Problems of Silk Industries 1) Competition from artificial silk which is cheaper and better in quality than normal silk 2) Majorly silk in India is imported from China which is cheaper and better quality 3) Industries need modern loom for increasing production MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES Mineral based industries are those industries which use minerals as raw material and are major components for growth and industrial development MCQ) The first attempt to produce iron and steel was made in 1830 in Porto Novo (Tamil Nadu). However, this mill closed in 1830 MCQ) The first unit, which was able to produce pig iron was at Kulti in 1874 and was named as BENGAL IRON WORK COMPANY MCQ) India is the fifth largest crude steel producing country in the world GR) Steel products needs to be galvanized to make them rust free. This is done by Galvanizing iron with chromium, nickel and tungsten STEEL MAKING 1. Ore reduction- Iron ore ko coal ke sath blast furnace me dalte hai and uske sath limestone ya dolomite bhi dalte hai taki wo impurities ke sath combine kre and slag banaye. Ye slag molten iron ke upar float krta hai and isko nikalte hai. Jo bachta hai wo pig iron hota hai 2. Steel making Furnaces- Pig iron ko steel banane ke liye hame uske andar ki thodi impurities nikalni hogi jo bachi hai. Uske liye hum deoxidation process krte hai pig iron pr and carbon add krte hai taki steel hard ho. 3. Rolling mills- Wo steel jo mila use ingots me banate hai and different sizes me roll krte hai. Integrated Steel Plant- It is one in which all the processes from providing raw materials, basic fuels, water supply, etc., to the conversion to steel, rolling, etc., all done in one place MCQ) Steel Authority of India(SAIL) is the largest steel making company in public sector. It produces iron and steel at 5 integrated plants Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro, Burnpur and 3 special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur, and Bhadravati. MCQ) SAIL owns a Ferro Alloy plant at Chandrapur Maharashtra. Basis of Comparison Year & Location Tata Iron and Steel Company 1907/ Jamshedpur in Singhbum Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant 1953/ Durg (Chhattisgarh)in collaboration with USSR Availability of Raw Materials Iron- Gurumahisani mines in Mayurbhanj(Odisha) And Noamudi mines in Singhbum(Jharkhand) Manganese- Joda in Keonjhar Iron-Dalli Rajhara mines 80km from plant ManganeseDistrict of Balaghat LimestoneQuarries of Rourkela Steel Plant 1959/ Sundargarh (Odisha) At the confluence of two rivers (Sankha and Koel) Corporation from German firm (Krupps and Demag) Iron-Reserves of Keonjhar and Sundargarh(Odisha) ManganeseBarajmda(Jharkhand) LimestoneBhirmitrapura(Odisha) Visakhapatnam Steel Plant -/ Vishakhapatnam in Andra Pradesh IronBaildila(Chhattisgarh) Limestone- Mines of AP and Odisha Manganese- Mines of AP and Odisha Power Supply LimestoneSundargarh(Odisha) Coal- Jharia and Bokaro coalfields Water Supply Transport Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers Eastern Railway and Kolkata port Labour Bihar, WB, UP Products Carbon steel, alloy steel to make bulletproof armor plates Nandini, 19km from Bhilai Coal- Bokaro, Kargati, Jharia in (Jharkhand) and Korba ( Chhattisgarh) Reservoirs at Tendula MumbaiNagpur-Kolkata rail Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh Heavy rails, structural, beams, rolled wire, (NH4)2SO4 , Benzol, Coal Tar Coal- Jharia, Korba and Talcher fields Electricity- Hirakund Dam Coal- Coalfields of Damodar Valley Mandira Dam and Mahanadi river Kolkata-Nagpur Rail ------ Bihar, WB, Jharkhand, Odisha ------- ------ Hot rolled sheets, cold Liquid steel and rolled sheets, saleable steel galvanized sheets and electrical plates Mini steel Plant Government Promoting Development of Mini Steel plants due to following Reasons 1. They use scrap iron which is cheap and available 2. Dependent of electric power and therefore not cause pollution 3. Not require heavy installment Problems faced in Iron and Steel Industries 1. Capital intensive- Requires large capital 2. Limited Availability of Coking Coal- India has less reserves of highgrade coking coal for smelting the Iron 3. Heavy Demand- Due to increasing Demand iron and steel has to be imported readily PETROCHEMICALS They are organic chemicals derived from petroleum products, LPG and coal Petrochemical industries produce 1. Fertilizer and Insecticides 2. Resins, adhesives for Industries 3. Carbon Black Advantages of Petrochemicals 1. Cost effective 2. Economically stable 3. Cheaper 4. Its raw materials are easily available and not dependent on agricultural raw materials After this only read page 219, 220,221

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