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ICSE Class X Notes 2025 : Geography (Topology)

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Navneet Kapoor
St. Xavier's Institution (SXI), Panihati, Kolkata

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Toposheet-Related Terms: Definitions & Significance M A' AM 1. Contour Definition: A line on a topographic map that joins points of equal elevation. Significance: Helps in understanding the relief and slope of the land. Closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes, while widely spaced contours suggest gentle slopes. 2. Form Line Definition: A dashed or dotted line used to indicate approximate elevation where precise contour lines are unavailable. Significance: Helps in representing terrain features in areas where accurate survey data is missing. 3. Brackish Definition: Water that is saltier than freshwater but not as salty as seawater, often found in estuaries or coastal regions. Significance: Indicates areas where saline intrusion is present, important for agriculture and ecology. 4. Barren Land Definition: Land that is unable to support vegetation due to rocky, sandy, or infertile soil conditions. Significance: Shows unproductive regions on a toposheet, helping in land-use planning. 5. Open Jungle Definition: A forest with scattered trees and low vegetation cover, allowing sunlight to penetrate. Significance: Often used for grazing or agriculture, and is distinct from dense forests. 6. Dense Jungle Definition: A thick, impenetrable forest with a dense canopy. Significance: Represents areas with high biodiversity, important for wildlife conservation. 7. Mixed Jungle Definition: A forest comprising a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. Significance: Indicates diverse vegetation and habitat types. 8. Broken Ground Definition: Land with irregular, uneven surfaces due to erosion, landslides, or other geological processes. Significance: Important in identifying unstable or hazardous areas. 9. Depression Definition: A low-lying area on a map, sometimes marked with hachure lines inside a contour. Significance: Indicates areas prone to water accumulation, swamps, or basins. 10. Sand Dune Definition: A mound or ridge of sand formed by wind action in desert or coastal regions. Significance: Important for studying desertification and coastal dynamics. A' AM 11. Sheet Rock Definition: A large, flat, exposed rock surface. Significance: Indicates areas with little soil cover, often unsuitable for agriculture. 12. Rocky Knob Definition: A small, rounded hill composed of rock. Significance: Helps in identifying geological formations and topography. 13. Khera Definition: A small, elevated piece of land, often used for settlement. Significance: Indicates human habitation or historical settlements. 14. Dungar Definition: A local term for a hill or elevated terrain. Significance: Important for navigation and terrain analysis. 15. Scale Definition: The ratio between a distance on the map and the actual ground distance. Significance: Helps in measuring real-world distances accurately. 16. Representative Fraction (RF) Definition: A numerical ratio (e.g., 1:50,000) that expresses the scale of a map. Significance: Provides a precise understanding of scale for calculations. 17. Statement Scale Definition: A verbal description of the scale, such as "1 cm = 500 m". Significance: Makes scale easier to understand for general users. 18. Linear Scale Definition: A graphical scale represented as a line with marked distances. Significance: Allows direct measurement of distances on a map. 19. Knoll Definition: A small, rounded hill or mound. Significance: Identifies minor elevations in a terrain. Other Important Toposheet Terms M 20. Escarpment A steep slope or cliff formed due to erosion or faulting. 21. Mesa A flat-topped elevated landform with steep sides. 22. Butte Similar to a mesa but smaller in size. 23. Cliff A steep vertical or nearly vertical rock face. 24. Gorge A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, often carved by a river. 25. Ridge A long, narrow elevated landform. 26. Valley A low-lying area between hills or mountains, often with a river. 27. Waterbody Symbols Represent lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and marshes. 28. Bench Mark (BM) A point with a known elevation used for surveying. 29. Spot Height A point marked with its exact elevation above sea level. 30. Triangulation Point A surveyed point used for mapping accuracy. Permanent Hut Symbol: A small black square. Significance: Indicates a durable dwelling or structure. Temporary Hut Symbol: A small black triangle. Significance: Represents provisional or non-permanent shelters. International Boundary Symbol: A bold black line with alternating crosses. Significance: Denotes the border between two countries. State Boundary (Demarcated) Symbol: A dashed black line. Significance: Shows the officially surveyed boundary between states. State Boundary (Undemarcated) District Boundary AM Symbol: A dotted black line. Significance: Indicates a state boundary that hasn't been precisely surveyed. Symbol: A dash-dot black line. Significance: Marks the administrative division between districts. Forest Boundary A' Symbol: A series of black dots and dashes. Significance: Outlines the extent of designated forest areas. Railway Line (Single Track) Symbol: A solid black line with perpendicular ticks at intervals. Significance: Represents a single-track railway. M Railway Line (Double Track) Symbol: Two parallel solid black lines with perpendicular ticks. Significance: Indicates a double-track railway. Metalled Road Symbol: A solid red line. Significance: Denotes a paved road suitable for all-weather conditions. Unmetalled Road Symbol: A dashed red line. Significance: Represents an unpaved road, possibly unsuitable during adverse weather. Cart Track Symbol: A series of red dots. Significance: Indicates a path or trail primarily used by carts or pedestrians. Footpath Symbol: A dashed black line. Significance: Marks a narrow path intended for pedestrian use. Causeway Symbol: A solid black line with transverse ticks. Significance: Indicates a raised road or path across wet ground or shallow water. Bridge Embankment AM Symbol: Two parallel lines with transverse lines connecting them. Significance: Represents a structure carrying a road or path over an obstacle like a river. Symbol: A line with short perpendicular lines on one side. Significance: Denotes a raised structure to prevent flooding or to support a roadway. Tunnel A' Symbol: A dashed line with the label 'Tunnel'. Significance: Indicates an underground passageway for roads or railways. Post Office Symbol: 'PO' in black lettering. Significance: Marks the location of a postal service facility. M Police Station Symbol: 'PS' in black lettering. Significance: Indicates the presence of law enforcement services. Rest House Symbol: 'RH' in black lettering. Significance: Denotes accommodations available for travelers. Temple Symbol: A small black square with a flag. Significance: Represents a place of worship, specifically a temple. Mosque Symbol: A small black square with a dome. Significance: Indicates a Muslim place of worship. Church Symbol: A small black cross. Significance: Marks a Christian place of worship. Fort Symbol: A black square with crenellations. Significance: Denotes a fortified structure or historic military building. Graveyard Vegetation (Scrub) AM Symbol: A black rectangle with crosses. Significance: Indicates a burial ground. Symbol: Green dots scattered. Significance: Represents areas with low, shrubby vegetation. Vegetation (Woodland) M A' Symbol: Green clustered tree symbols. Significance: Denotes areas covered with trees. Perennial River Symbol: A continuous blue line. Significance: Represents a river that flows throughout the year. 30. Non-Perennial River Symbol: A broken blue line. Significance: Indicates a seasonal river that dries up in certain months. 31. Canal Symbol: A blue line with parallel dashes. Significance: Represents an artificial water channel for irrigation or navigation. 32. Well (Lined/Unlined) Symbol: A small blue circle, sometimes with a dot inside. Significance: Shows locations of water wells used for drinking or irrigation. 33. Tank (With Water/Without Water) Symbol: A blue polygon (with or without water lines inside). Significance: Represents an artificial reservoir or pond. 34. Spring Symbol: A blue circle with outward radial lines. Significance: Denotes a natural water source emerging from the ground. 35. Marsh/Swamp Symbol: A cluster of blue irregular shapes with dots. Significance: Represents a wetland area with stagnant water. 36. Dam Symbol: A thick black line across a river. Significance: Represents a barrier built to control water flow. Relief and Landforms M A' AM 37. Escarpment Symbol: A thick black line with hachures (small inward lines). Significance: Represents a steep slope or cliff. 38. Gorge Symbol: Contour lines very close together along a river. Significance: Denotes a deep valley with steep sides, often created by a river. 39. Cliff Symbol: A solid black line with tick marks on the lower side. Significance: Represents a steep rock face or drop. 40. Plateau Symbol: Contour lines enclosing a large flat area at high elevation. Significance: A highland with relatively flat terrain. 41. Pass (Col or Saddle) Symbol: A dip between two peaks in contour lines. Significance: Represents a low point in a mountain range used for travel. 42. Ridge Symbol: Contour lines forming an elongated elevation. Significance: Represents a long, narrow elevated landform. 43. Valley Symbol: U-shaped or V-shaped contours pointing uphill. Significance: Denotes a low area between hills or mountains, often with a river. 44. Spot Height Symbol: A dot with a number next to it (e.g., 450). Significance: Indicates exact elevation above sea level. 45. Triangulation Point Symbol: A small triangle with an altitude label. Significance: A reference point for land surveying. Man-Made Features 46. Temple (With Tower/Without Tower) Symbol: A small black square with a flag (for towered temples). Significance: Represents Hindu religious sites. 47. Mosque Symbol: A small black rectangle with a dome. Significance: Marks Islamic places of worship. 48. Church Symbol: A black cross. Significance: Represents Christian religious buildings. 49. Railway Station Symbol: A black square near railway tracks with a label. Significance: Indicates a train stop. 50. Aerodrome (Airport) Vegetation Features AM Symbol: A black airplane symbol. Significance: Shows the location of an airport. 51. Lighthouse Symbol: A small black circle with beams. Significance: Represents a structure guiding ships. 52. Quarry (Stone Quarry/Sand Quarry) Symbol: A black symbol resembling an excavation mark. Significance: Indicates areas where minerals or stones are extracted. 53. Mine (Coal Mine/Iron Ore Mine, etc.) Symbol: A crossed hammer and pickaxe symbol. Significance: Shows locations of mineral extraction. 54. Embankment (Railway or Road) Symbol: A black line with perpendicular tick marks on one side. Significance: Represents raised land supporting transport routes. 55. Cutting (Railway or Road) Symbol: A black line with tick marks on both sides. Significance: Shows an area where land has been cut to make way for roads or railways. M A' 56. Scrub Land Symbol: Scattered green dots. Significance: Represents land covered with bushes or small trees. 57. Orchard Symbol: Small green circles in rows. Significance: Denotes an area with fruit-bearing trees. 58. Mangrove Swamp Symbol: Green tree symbols with blue patches. Significance: Represents coastal forests found in saline waters. 59. Grassland (Pasture) Symbol: Green patches with scattered dots. Significance: Shows open land used for grazing. Miscellaneous Symbols 60. Cairn Symbol: A black dot with a label. Significance: Represents a pile of stones used as a marker. 61. Fence (Wire or Stone Wall) Symbol: A black dashed line with dots. Significance: Marks enclosed land areas. 62. Fire Line Symbol: A thick red line. Significance: Represents a cleared strip of land preventing forest fires from spreading. 63. Survey Tree Symbol: A small black triangle. Significance: Indicates a tree used for geodetic measurements. 64. Salt Pan Symbol: A series of small blue or black rectangles. Significance: Represents areas where salt is harvested. 65. Oil Well Symbol: A small black dot with a circle around it. Dendritic Drainage Pattern Appearance: Resembles the branching of a tree. Formation: Develops on homogeneous rock structures with minimal structural control. AM Radial Drainage Pattern Appearance: Streams radiate outward from a central point, like spokes on a wheel. Formation: Occurs around a central peak, dome, or volcano. Trellis Drainage Pattern Appearance: Parallel streams with short tributaries joining at right angles, resembling a garden trellis. Formation: Found in regions with alternating layers of resistant and weak rock, typically in folded mountain terrains. A' Waterfall A waterfall is a steep drop of water from a height, where a river or stream flows over a vertical edge. It forms due to differences in rock resistance, erosion, or geological activities like faulting. M Protected Forest A protected forest is a designated area where conservation is prioritized, but some human activities may be allowed under government regulation. It is managed for ecological balance and biodiversity preservation. Reserve Forest A reserve forest is a highly protected area where activities like hunting, grazing, and tree cutting are strictly restricted unless permitted by authorities. It receives the highest level of protection among forest categories to conserve flora and fauna. Rock Outcrop A rock outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient geological formations on the Earth s surface. It occurs due to erosion, weathering, or tectonic activities that remove the overlying soil and sediments. Meander A meander is a broad, looping bend in a river's course, typically found in the middle and lower stages of a river. It forms due to lateral erosion and deposition, creating a winding path. River Island A river island is a landmass formed within a river channel, created by sediment deposition over time. It may be temporary or permanent, depending on water flow and sediment accumulation. AM Pylon A pylon is a tall metal or concrete structure that supports high-voltage power lines. It helps maintain the proper height and distance of power lines to ensure safe electricity transmission. Pole A' A pole is a vertical structure, usually made of wood, metal, or concrete, used to support lower-voltage electrical wires, telephone cables, or streetlights. It is commonly used for power distribution in urban and rural areas. Rest House M A rest house is a building or shelter provided for temporary accommodation, mainly for travelers, tourists, or government officials. It offers basic facilities like lodging and sometimes food, often maintained by government or private organizations. Inspection Bungalow An inspection bungalow is a government-maintained guest house used by officials during field visits or inspections. It is typically located in remote areas, near project sites, forests, or administrative zones, providing accommodation and workspaces for officials on duty. A hospital is a medical institution that provides treatment, diagnosis, and care for illnesses and injuries. It is equipped with doctors, nurses, medical staff, and advanced facilities to handle emergencies, surgeries, and specialized healthcare services. Ayurvedic Hospital An Ayurvedic hospital is a healthcare center based on Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. It offers herbal treatments, Panchakarma therapies, and natural healing methods, focusing on holistic well-being and long-term health. Dispensary A dispensary is a small healthcare facility where basic medical treatment and medicines are provided, usually for minor illnesses and first aid. It may be run by the government, NGOs, or private organizations and serves local communities with essential healthcare services. Scattered Settlement AM A clustered settlement is a type of human habitation where houses and buildings are closely packed together in a compact area. It is commonly found in fertile plains, river valleys, or regions with high population density where people live close to each other for social, economic, or security reasons. A scattered settlement consists of houses and buildings spread out over a large area, with significant distances between them. It is typically found in hilly regions, forests, deserts, or agricultural lands where people live far apart due to geographical conditions or the need for large landholdings. A' Brick Kiln A brick kiln is a type of furnace used for baking and hardening bricks by exposing them to high temperatures. It is an essential part of brick-making industries, where clay bricks are fired to gain strength and durability. M Lime Kiln A lime kiln is a furnace used to produce quicklime (calcium oxide) from limestone through a heating process called calcination. It is widely used in industries like construction, agriculture, and chemical manufacturing. Limestone Quarrying Limestone quarrying is the process of extracting limestone from open-pit mines or quarries. Limestone is used in construction, cement production, and as a raw material for lime manufacturing. Marble Quarrying Marble quarrying involves cutting and extracting marble blocks from natural rock formations. Marble is a metamorphic rock used in architecture, sculptures, flooring, and decorative purposes due to its beauty and durability. Chhatri A Chhatri is a dome-shaped pavilion or structure, commonly found in Indian architecture. It is often built as a memorial, cenotaph, or decorative element in palaces, forts, and tombs. Chhatris symbolize honor and heritage and are commonly seen in Rajasthan and Mughal architecture. Temple A temple is a religious structure where devotees worship deities. It is an important place in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and other religions. Temples feature idols, shrines, and sacred rituals, often built with intricate carvings and unique architectural styles based on cultural traditions. AM Spot Height It represents the exact elevation of a specific point on a map. Usually shown with a dot and a number indicating the height in meters or feet. Used in topographic maps to indicate land elevation at irregular points. Triangulated Station A' A fixed survey point whose height and position are precisely measured using triangulation. Marked on maps with a small triangle and height value. Used in geodetic and land surveys for accurate mapping. Bench Mark (BM) A permanently fixed reference point with a known elevation. Used as a standard reference for surveying and construction projects. Marked with "BM" and an elevation value. M Contour Height The elevation value assigned to a contour line on a topographic map. It indicates the constant height above sea level for all points along that line. Index Contour A bold or thick contour line drawn at regular elevation intervals. Helps in easily identifying elevation changes on maps. Usually labeled with height values for quick reference. Relative Height The difference in height between two points. Often used for measuring the elevation of hills, cliffs, or river banks relative to their surroundings. Relative Depth Relative depth refers to the difference in depth between two points, usually measured from a reference level. It is commonly used in rivers, lakes, oceans, and mining to compare depths at different locations. Benefits and Limits of Statement Scale A Statement Scale expresses the scale in words, such as "1 cm = 1 km". Benefits: Limits: AM Simple and easy to understand. Does not require special calculations. Becomes inaccurate if the map is resized. Cannot be used for precise measurements. Linear Scale A' A line divided into equal segments representing real-world distances. Allows users to measure distances directly with a ruler. Useful because it remains accurate even if the map size changes. RF (Representative Fraction) Scale M Expressed as a ratio or fraction, such as 1:50,000 (1 unit on the map equals 50,000 units on the ground). More precise and universally understood, but requires calculations for real-world measurements. The Universal Scale: Representative Fraction (RF) Scale The Representative Fraction (RF) Scale is called the universal scale because: 1. It is independent of units The ratio (e.g., 1:50,000) applies to any measurement system (cm, inches, meters, etc.). 2. It is precise and accurate Unlike statement or linear scales, it does not change meaning if the map is resized. 3. It is widely used in cartography and surveying RF scale is used in topographic, military, and scientific maps worldwide. Causeway A causeway is a raised road or pathway built across wetlands, rivers, or low-lying areas to allow passage during floods or high water levels. It is commonly constructed with stone, concrete, or earth to ensure durability and stability. Stony Waste Stony waste refers to land covered with scattered rocks, pebbles, or debris, making it unsuitable for farming or construction. Found in deserts, dry riverbeds, and rocky terrains, often resulting from natural erosion or weathering. QS (Quadrilateral Surveyed) AM Represents an area that has been surveyed using a quadrilateral method, covering 100 grids on the toposheet. Ensures accurate mapping of terrain, landforms, and features. QD (Quadrilateral Diagram) Represents detailed survey data within the mapped quadrilateral. Used for precise measurements and calculations in cartography. QC (Quadrantal Control or Quadrilateral Checked) Magri A' Represents an area where survey measurements have been checked for accuracy using quadrantal control methods. Ensures precision in mapping and survey data verification. M Magri refers to a hill or elevated landform in Rajasthan and other arid regions. It is generally a small plateau or ridge, often found in desert or semi-arid landscapes. Syphon (Siphon) A syphon in irrigation is a structure that allows water to pass under an obstacle, like a road or another canal, using gravity and pressure differences. It is used to transport water without needing pumps, commonly seen in canals and drainage systems. Aqueduct An aqueduct is a man-made structure designed to carry water across valleys, roads, or dry areas. It can be an elevated bridge, underground tunnel, or canal, historically used by civilizations like the Romans and still in use today for water supply and irrigation. Magra Magra refers to hilly or elevated landforms found mainly in Rajasthan. Unlike a plateau, it has rugged terrain with rocky surfaces and is often seen in semi-arid and desert regions. Example: Found in the Aravalli Hills region. Toll A toll is a fee charged for using certain roads, bridges, or highways. It is collected to maintain and improve infrastructure. Toll plazas are set up at specific points where vehicles must pay before passing. Cave Dwelling Police Chauki AM A cave dwelling is a natural or man-made shelter inside a cave, used as a home or refuge. Historically, early humans lived in caves for protection and survival. A Police Chauki (or Police Outpost) is a small police station set up for local law enforcement and security. It is usually found in villages, remote areas, or busy urban locations where quick police response is needed. A' Sluice M A sluice is a water control structure, such as a gate or channel, used to regulate water flow in canals, rivers, or reservoirs. It helps in irrigation, flood control, and drainage systems.

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