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ICSE Class X Notes 2020 : Chemistry

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Ranjit Singh
Yadavindra Public School (YPS), SAS Nagar, Mohali

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Organic Chemistry History: Vital Force Theory: organic molecules can only be created by living organisms. In 1828, Professor W hler was finishing up his post-doctoral work as a student. While working the laboratory, he succeeded in synthesizing an organic compound, urea, previously observed only in living tissue. W hler, pictured below, made this organic compound from a non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Organic Chemistry has undergone a substantial change since then. There are well over a million synthetic organic compounds. Organic Chemistry is defined as the Chemistry of Carbon and its compounds. Carbon is a Lego like element. These atoms tend to form bonds with themselves creating different shapes. Like the two below, octane on the left and a steroid precursor on the right. The shapes are created by the chemical property of carbon to form 4 bonds. Hybridization: The 4 bonds carbon forms is explained by Linus Pauling s theory of hybridization. Carbon atoms have an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p2 This configuration corresponds to the following energy level diagram. 2p 2s 1s From the looks of this diagram, carbon might form 3 bonds as appears to be nowhere for a 4th bond to form. Linus theorized that the two sublevels, s and p, in the second energy level formed a hybrid sublevel. 1

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