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Chapter 2.1 - Fuels and Combustion

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1. Fuels and Combustion 1. FUELS AND COMBUSTION Syllabus Introduction to Fuels, Properties of Fuel oil, Coal and Gas, Storage, handling and preparation of fuels, Principles of Combustion, Combustion of Oil, Coal, and Gas This chapter is a prelude to boilers and furnaces 1.1 Introduction to Fuels The various types of fuels like liquid, solid and gaseous fuels are available for firing in boilers, furnaces and other combustion equipments. The selection of right type of fuel depends on various factors such as availability, storage, handling, pollution and landed cost of fuel. The knowledge of the fuel properties helps in selecting the right fuel for the right purpose and efficient use of the fuel. The following characteristics, determined by laboratory tests, are generally used for assessing the nature and quality of fuels. 1.2 Properties of Liquid Fuels Liquid fuels like furnace oil and LSHS are predominantly used in industrial application. The various properties of liquid fuels are given below. Density This is defined as the ratio of the mass of the fuel to the volume of the fuel at a reference temperature of 15 C. Density is measured by an instrument called hydrometer. The knowledge of density is useful for quantity calculations and assessing ignition quality. The unit of density is kg/m3. Specific gravity This is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of oil to the weight of the same volume of water at a given temperature. The density of fuel, relative to water, is called specific gravity. The specific gravity of water is defined as 1. Since specific gravity is a ratio, it has no units. The measurement of specific gravity is generally made by a hydrometer. Specific gravity is used in calculations involving weights and volumes. The specific gravity of various fuel oils are given in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Specific Gravity of Various Fuel Oils Fuel Oil Furnace oil L.D.O Light Diesel Oil Specific Gravity Bureau of Energy Efficiency 0.85-0.87 Low Sulphur Heavy Stock 0.89-0.95 1 L.S.H.S 0.88-0.98

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