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ISC Class XII Notes 2024 : Sociology

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JAJMANI SYSTEM Jajmani system is considered to be the backbone of rural economy and social order. It is a system of traditional occupational obligations associated with the Hindu caste system. Relationships of production among villagers until very recently were mainly within their villages. All over India these relationships were more or less regulated and given sacred sanctions by what anthropologists call the Jajmani System. These were systems of exchange within villages whereby landholding families received from families of occupational specialists and others (potters and labourers) certain specified services and remunerated them with cash and/or ind (grains or portions of land). These are called Jajmani relations. The various castes into which the Indian society was divided were independent because of the existence of the principle of give and take, the exchange of goods and services between them. There was an element of mutual reciprocity, despite social inequality. The traditional jajmani relations are more conspicuous in village life because they entail ritual matters and social support as well as economic exchanges. The term jajmani refers to the whole relationship. The supplier of the goods and services is called kamin , parjan and pardhan . Jajamani relations were durable because they were inherited in the male like. In the jajamani ideal, the potter s ancestors would have supplied pots to his jajaman s ancestors, and the descendants would follow the system. The jajami relationship tended to be a multiple bond in which two families did share a long series of rights and obligations. They would share in ceremonial as well as economic exchange. Today the jajmani systems have been largely dismantled. In many villages all over India by the onslaught of modernity upon village life like increasing use of money in village economy and market transactions made more feasible by modern transport, opportunities to work outside, technology and Green Revolution led to the disintegration of the system. However, villages in many parts of India have been found to continue with at least some jajmani like relations. AGRARIAN SOCIETY Land Relations Agrarian societies are those settlements and groupings of people where livelihood is primarily earned by cultivating land and by carrying related activities like animal husbandry. Agricultural production or cultivation is an economic activity, however, like all other activities agricultural production is caried out in a framework of social relationships. The agrarian structure and the land ownership patterns in a given society evolved historically over a long period of time. Those who owned land invariably commanded a considerable degree of power and prestige in rural society. These sets of relationships among the owners of land and labourers could be described as the agrarian class structure. Traditional Indian society was organised around the caste system. The agrarian relations governed by the caste norms came to be known as jajmani systems. However, the jajmani relations began to disintegrate after the colonial rulers introduced changes in Indian agriculture. Amongst the earliest attempt to categorise the Indian aggraded population into a framework of social classes was that of a well-known economist Daniel Thorne. He suggested that one could divide the agrarian population of the India into different class categories by adopting the following three criteria: 1) Type of Income Earned from the land (for example; Rent, Fruits of own cultivation, wages). 2) The nature of the rights held in land (proprietary, tenancy, or sharecropping, or no rights at all). 3) The extent of field work actually performed. On the basis of this, he suggested the following model: 1) Maliks (owners) whose income is derived primarily from prosperity rights in the soil and whose common interest is to keep the level of rent up while keeping the wages down. They collect rent from tenants, subtenants, and sharecroppers. Types of Maliks: i) Big Landlords holding rights over large tracts extending over several villages. ii) Rich landowners/proprietors with considerable holding but usually in the same village. 2) Kisans Kisans are the working peasants who own small plots of land and work mostly with their own labour and that of their family members. They own much less land than that of the maliks. Types of Kissans: i) Small Landowners Having holdings sufficient enough to support their family. ii) Substantial tenants May not hold any land but cultivate a large enough holding to help them support their families without having to work as wage labourers. 3) Mazdoors They do not own any land themselves and earn their livelihoods primarily by working as wage labourers and sharecroppers. Agrarian Structure in Pre British India It is generally held that the basic feature of Pre-British Indian rural society was a self-sufficient village community based on agriculture. Agriculture and other activities were carried out with primitive tools and handicrafts. Village as a self-sufficient basic economic unit had enlisted for centuries in India. The village population was mainly composed of frames, during the period of Hindu rulers, the land belonged to the village community and was never regarded as the property of the king. In Indian villages the structure of agricultural production remained unchanged for centuries. The king of his intermediaries claimed only a part of the procedure of the land. The village population, besides the farmers included industrial workers such as a smith, carpenters, washerman, potter, etc. They all provided their services almost exclusively to the village population.

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