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ICSE Class X Board Exam 2024 : Chemistry

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2 CHAPTER Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry MATTER A substance which occupies space, possesses mass and can be felt by any one or more of the five senses is called matter. Physical Classification of Matter It is based on physical state under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. (a) Solid: A substance is said to be solid if it possesses a definite volume and a definite shape, e.g. sugar, iron, gold, wood etc. (b) Liquid: A substance is said to be liquid if it possesses a definite volume but not definite shape. They take up the shape of the container, e.g. water, milk, oil, mercury, alcohol etc. (c) Gas: A substance is said to be gas if it neither possesses a definite volume nor a definite shape. This is because they fill up the whole container, e.g. Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Carbon dioxide (CO2) etc. Chemical Classification of Matter (a) Pure Substance: A material containing only one type of substance. Pure Substance can not be separated into simpler substance by physical method. e.g.: Element = Na, Mg, Ca ............................ etc. Compound = HCl, H2O, CO2, HNO3 ..........etc. Pure substance is classified into two types: (I) Element (II) Compound (I) Element: The pure substance containing only one kind of atoms. It is classified into 3 types (i) Metal Zn, Cu, Hg, Ac, Sn, Pb etc. (ii) Non-metal N2, O2, Cl2, Br2, F2, P4, S8 etc. (iii) Metalloids B, Si, As, Te etc. (II) Compound: It is defined as pure substance containing more than one kind of elements or atoms which are combined together in a fixed proportion by weight and which can be decomposed into simpler substance by the suitable chemical method. The properties of a compound are completely different from those of its constituent element, e.g. HCl, H2O, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3 etc. (b) Mixture: A material which contain more than one type of substances and which are mixed in any ratio by weight is called as mixture. The property of the mixture is the property of its components. The mixture can be separated by simple physical method. Classification of Mixture (i) Homogeneous mixture: The mixture, in which all the components are present uniformly is called as homogeneous mixture. Components of mixture are present in a single phase, e.g. Water + Salt, Water + Sugar, Water + alcohol. Homogeneous substances are of two types: (a) Pure substances: Substances which have definite and constant chemical composition are known as pure substances. For example, all elements and compounds are pure substances. (b) Solutions: A homogenous mixture of two or more pure substances is known as a solution. For example, air, a mixture of NaCl and water, alcohol and water, etc. A solution does not have a definite composition. (ii) Heterogeneous mixture: The mixture in which all the components are present non-uniformly, e.g. Water + Sand, Water + Oil, blood, petrol etc. ATOMS AND MOLECULES Atom: The term atom was introduced by Dalton. Atom is the smallest particle of matter that takes part in a chemical reaction. Atom is also defined as the smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of an element. Molecule: The term molecule was introduced by Avogadro. Molecule is the smallest particle of matter that exists independently and is formed by the combination of atoms. Molecule is also defined as the smallest particle of matter that can exist and retains all the properties of that substance. Physical and Chemical Properties: (a) Physical Property: The property which can be measured without changing the chemical composition of the substance is known as physical property like mass, volume, density, refractive index etc.

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