Divya jyothi − Profile

Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party. 3 Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.

The story of the Ho Chi Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the US. It symbolised how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage.           

1. The trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south during Vietnamese war. From 1967 about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail which had support bases and hospitals along the way.                             2. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs, or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.                    3. Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnam.                4. The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. 

After an industrial activity starts in a town, urbanisation follows. Industry provides employment to the people of the area. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs, Housing and transport facilities are developed to accommodate these people. Other infrastructural developments take place leading to growth and development of the town into a city. Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities. Cities provide markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry. Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.

Pipeline transport network is the new mode of transport these days. In the past, pipelines were used to transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. 

Merits –

1. Useful in transporting liquids and solid slurry from far away locations.                           2. Subsequent running costs after laying down the network are minimal.                       3. It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.

Demerits –                                                      1. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high.          2. Pipelines can burst or can have leakage leading to wastage of valuable resource like water, mineral oil etc

Gandhi ji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages –

1 st Stage - Surrender of titles that the government awarded

2nd Stage - Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative, councils, schools, and foreign goods

3 rd Stage - Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. 

1. The colonial economy in Vietnam was, however, primarily based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the French and a small Vietnamese elite.

2. Rail and port facilities were set up to service this sector. Indentured Vietnamese labour was widely used in the rubber plantations.

3. The French, contrary to what Bernard would have liked, did little to industrialise the economy. In the rural areas landlordism spread and the standard of living declined.

He is investing his money with a hope of earning profits from these assets. 

1. Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines and construction time is also comparatively less.

2. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography which is a limitation in case of railways.

3. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains like the Himalayas, whereas the mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. Likewise, it is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plains in the deserts, swampy or forested tracks.

4. Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances whereas railways are suitable for transportation of large number of people and goods in bulk, especially over long distances.

5. Roadways provide door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower but railways have not reached everywhere, still there are places which are yet to be connected with the railways. 

1. Women as Warriors

2. Women as workers

3. Women as volunteers in the resistance movement

4. Women in times of peace

(All the points with explanation and examples)

Dhananjay will be able to get loan from a formal source.

Arguments: Banks are not present everywhere in rural India. Even when they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from informal sources. Bank loans require proper documents and collateral. Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans. Informal lenders such as moneylenders, on the other hand, know the borrowers personally and hence are often willing to give a loan without collateral.