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ISC Class XII Sample / Model Paper 2025 : Biology : Bio

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Ashoke Routh
Young Horizons School, Kolkata
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BIOLOGY (863) CLASS XII Paper II: Practical: There will be two papers in the subject: 3 hours ... 15 marks Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks Project Work 10 marks . Practical File 5 marks PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks S. No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE 1. Reproduction 16 Marks 2. Genetics and Evolution 15 Marks 3. Biology and Human Welfare 14 Marks 4. Biotechnology and its Applications 10 Marks 5. Ecology and Environment 15 Marks TOTAL (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 70 Marks 1 Post-fertilisation events - embryo formation (monocot and dicot); types of endosperm (cellular, nuclear and helobial); definition of perisperm. PAPER I THEORY 70 Marks All structures (internal and external) are required to be taught along with diagrams. 1. Reproduction (ii) Human Reproduction (i) Sexual reproduction in flowering plants Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. Organs of male and female reproductive system and their functions; internal structure of testis and ovary to be taught with the help of diagrams; gametogenesisspermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis and spermiation) oogenesis; hormonal control of gametogenesis, structure of sperm and mature ovum, menstrual cycle - different phases and hormone action, differences between oestrous and menstrual cycle, menarche and menopause, physico-chemical events during fertilisation, implantation, embryonic development up to blastocyst formation, important features of human embryonic development (formation of heart, limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head, eyelashes, separation of eye lids, external genital organs and first movement of foetus with reference to time period) placenta and its functions. Parturition; lactation hormonal control and importance. Pre-fertilisation structures and events. Structure of microsporangium, T.S. of anther, microsporogenesis, structure and development of pollen grain, viability of pollen grain, economic importance of pollen grain. Pistil structure of megasporangium (L.S. of anatropous ovule), megasporogenesis, structure and development of female gametophyte. Types of pollination (autogamy, chasmogamy, cleistogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy), adaptations in flowers pollinated by wind, water and insects. Advantages of self and cross-pollination. Contrivances for prevention of selfpollination. Pollen-pistil interaction in terms of incompatibility/compatibility, events leading to fertilisation, definition of triple fusion and double fertilization, changes in the ovary and ovule for seed and fruit formation. Significance of double fertilization. Apomixis, polyembryony, parthenocarpy to be explained briefly. Fruits to be classified into true and false, structure (L.S) of a typical fruit (mango and coconut); Internal structure of dicot (bean) and monocot (maize) seeds; definition, differences and examples of albuminous and non-albuminous seeds. Significance of seed and fruit formation. Significance of dispersal of seeds. (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) (iii) Reproductive Health Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies. Definition of reproductive health, programs of reproductive health (family planning, RCH), population explosion - role of government in controlling the population, contraceptives methods and their methods of action (natural-periodic abstinence, 2 Phenylketonuria (PKU) in human beings and starch synthesis in pea seeds. Chromosomal theory of inheritance; sex determination in humans, birds, honey bees and grasshopper, sex-linked inheritance - with reference to Drosophila (colour of body-yellow and brown; and colour of eyes-red and white), and man (haemophilia and colour blindness), definition and significance of linkage and crossing over. Chromosomal aberration: euploidy and aneuploidy; human genetic disorders: phenylketonuria, thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia; chromosomal disorders: Down s syndrome, Klinefelter s syndrome, Turner s syndrome. withdrawal or coitus interruptus, lactational amenorrhea; artificial barriers, spermicidal agents, IUDs, oral pills, implants and surgical methods, definition of medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) and reasons for it; causes of infertility. Amniocentesis and its role in detecting genetic defects. Assisted reproductive technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT, ICSI, GIFT, AI, IUI. - definition and application only for general awareness. Causes, symptoms and methods of prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis- B, AIDS, gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydiasis, trichomoniasis). 2. Genetics and Evolution (ii) Molecular basis of Inheritance Chromosomes and genes; Search for genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging: central dogma; DNA replication; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon; human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting. (i) Principles of inheritance and variation Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory of inheritance; sex determination, linkage and crossing over; sex l i n k e d inheritance; Mendelian disorders in humans; chromosomal disorders in humans. Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes with reference to nucleosome; properties of genes such as ability to replicate, chemical stability, mutability and inheritability. Search for DNA as genetic material - Griffith s experiment, Hershey and Chase s experiment, Avery, McLeod and McCarty s experiment; double helical model of DNA (contributions of Miescher, Watson and Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and Chargaff); Differences between DNA and RNA; types of RNA (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and hnRNA); central dogma concept only; reverse transcription (basic idea only), Meselson and Stahl s experiment, replication of DNA (role of enzymes, namely DNA polymerase and ligase), transcription, posttranscriptional processing in eukaryotes (splicing, capping and tailing). Intron, exon, cistron, recon, muton (definitions only). Discovery and essential features of genetic code. Definition of codon. Protein synthesis translation in prokaryotes. Gene expression in prokaryotes; lac operon in E. coli. Explanation of the terms heredity and variation; Mendel's Principles of inheritance; reasons for Mendel's success; definition of homologous chromosomes, autosomes and sex chromosomes; alleles dominant and recessive; phenotype; genotype; homozygous; heterozygous, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; back cross and test cross, definitions to be taught with simple examples using Punnett square. Incomplete dominance with examples from plants (snapdragon - Antirrhinum) and co-dominance in human blood group, multiple alleles e.g. blood groups, polygenic inheritance with one example of inheritance of skin colour in humans (students should be taught examples from human genetics through pedigree charts. They should be able to interpret the patterns of inheritance by analysis of pedigree chart). Biological importance of Mendelism. Pleiotropy with reference to the example of (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 3 resistance of mosquitoes to DDT and resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, Lederberg s replica plating experiment, types of natural selection (directional, disruptive, and stabilizing). Neo-Darwinism (Modern Synthetic Theory); Variation - causes of variation, Hugo de Vries theory of mutation role of mutation in evolution; Mutation: spontaneous, induced, gene (point transition, transversion and frame-shift); Hardy Weinberg s principle (numericals on Hardy Weinberg s equilibrium) , factors affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium: gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift (Founder s effect, bottle-neck effect), mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection. Evolution of man - three features of each of the ancestors: Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Cromagnon man leading to man of today (Homo sapiens sapiens). Human Genome Project: goal; methodologies [Expressed Sequence Tags (EST), Sequence Annotation (only the definitions of the methodologies)], salient features and applications. Rice Genome Project (salient features and applications). DNA finger printing technique, application and ethical issues to be discussed briefly. (iii) Evolution Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. Origin of life - abiogenesis and biogenesis, effect of oxygen on origin of life to show that reducing atmosphere is essential for abiotic synthesis. Important views on the origin of life (panspermia, spontaneous generation), modern concept of origin of life, Oparin Haldane theory (definition of protobionts, coacervates), Miller and Urey experiment. Evidences of evolution: morphological evidences, definition and differences between homologous and analogous organs (two examples each from plants and animals), vestigial organs. Embryological evidences theory of recapitulation, definition and differences between ontogeny and phylogeny. Palaeontological evidence definition of fossils and radioactive carbon-dating.. Geological time scale (with reference to dominant flora and fauna) Biogeographical evidence definition of biogeography, molecular (genetic) evidences -for example genome similarity, universal genetic code; adaptive radiation (Darwin's finches and marsupials). 3. Biology and Human Welfare (i) Human Health and Diseases Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (viruses, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, and fungi) Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse. Communicable and non-communicable diseases; modes of transmission, causative agents, symptoms and prevention; viral diseases (common cold, chikungunya and dengue), bacterial diseases (typhoid, pneumonia, diphtheria and plague), protozoal diseases (amoebiasis, and malaria, graphic outline of life cycle of Plasmodium), helmintic diseases (ascariasis, and filariasis); fungal (ringworm); cancer - types of tumour (benign, malignant), causes, diagnosis and treatment, characteristics of cancer cells (loss of contact inhibition and metastasis). Darwinism: salient features of Darwinism, contribution of Malthus, criticism of Darwinism. Examples of natural selection Long neck of giraffe, industrial melanism, (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) Immunity (definition and types innate and acquired, active and passive, humoral and cell-mediated), Interferons definition, source and function; structure of a typical 4 antibody molecule, types of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE (function and occurrence, e,g. in serum, saliva, colostrum); vaccination and immunisation, allergies and allergens definition and general symptoms of allergies; autoimmunity, primary and secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, brief idea of AIDS causative agent (HIV), modes of transmission, diagnosis (ELISA), symptoms, replication of retrovirus in the infected human cell (including diagram) and prevention. 4. Biotechnology and its Applications (i) Biotechnology - Principles and processes Genetic Engineering (recombinant DNA technology). Definition and principles of biotechnology; isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA (from bacteria/plant cell/animal cell, by cell lysis), isolation of gene of interest (by electrophoresis), steps of formation of recombinant DNA, discovery, nomenclature, features and role of restriction enzymes (EcoRI, HindII) and role of ligase; cloning vectors (features of a good cloning vector, examples of cloning vectors like pBR322, Agrobacterium, retroviruses, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)), methods of transfer of rDNA into a competent host, e.g. by directmethod (temperature shock), microinjection, gene gun, methods of selection of recombinants (antibiotic resistance, insertional inactivation, blue-white selection), cloning of recombinants, i.e., gene amplification (by in vivo or in vitro method using PCR technique), bioreactor (basic features and uses of stirred tank and sparged tank bioreactors), downstream processing. Alcoholism and smoking - effects on health. Drugs: effects and sources of opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates. Reasons for addiction; prevention and control of alcohol and drug abuse. (ii) Microbes in Human Welfare In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilisers. Antibiotics. Household Use of microbes in: (i) products: Lactobacillus (curd), Saccharomyces (bread), Propionibacterium (Swiss cheese); (ii) Industrial products: beverages (with and without distillation), antibiotics (Penicillin discovery and use); sources (microbes) and uses of organic acids, alcohols and enzymes (lipase, pectinase, protease, streptokinase) in industry, source (microbes) and applications of Cyclosporin-A, Statins. (iii) Sewage treatment primary and secondary treatment; (iv) Production of biogas (methanogens, biogas plant, composition of biogas and process of production); (v) Biocontrol agents [MicrobesBacillus thuringiensis Trichoderma, Nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculovirus),and ladybird, dragonfly]harmful effects of chemical pesticides, IPM (vi) Microbes as biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Cyanobacteria). (ii) Biotechnology and its applications Applications of biotechnology in health and agriculture: human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and biopatents. In agriculture: for production of crops tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat); pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops, RNAi with reference to Meloidogyne incognita); crops with enhanced nutritional value (golden rice). In medicine: insulin and vaccine production, definition of stem cells and application of stem cell technology, gene therapy - with reference to treatment of SCID, molecular diagnosis by PCR, ELISA (the details of technique of ELISA are not required) and use of DNA/RNA probe. Transgenic animals for bioactive products (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 5 secondary productivity (ii) Decomposition (fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification and mineralization), factors affecting rate of decomposition (iii) Energy flow. Various types of food chains grazing and detritus, food webs, trophic levels, ecological pyramids energy, number and biomass. like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, alpha-lactalbumin; vaccine safety testing, chemical safety testing; study of diseases. Role of GEAC, definition and two examples of biopiracy (Basmati rice and turmeric), biopatent; ethical issues. 5. Ecology and Environment Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop and standing state. (i) Organisms and Populations Population, population interactions mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (iii) Biodiversity and its Conservation Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites Definition of population; population attributes: sex ratio, types of age distribution pyramids for human population; definition of population density, natality, mortality, emigration, immigration, carrying capacity. Ways to measure population density. Calculation of natality and mortality. Definition of biodiversity, few examples of each type of biodiversity - species, ecosystem and genetic. Global biodiversity and proportionate number of species of major taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates; patterns of biodiversity (latitudinal gradients, species-area relationship graph, equation and numericals), rivet popper hypothesis , importance of species diversity to the ecosystem (narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian, ethical terms). Population growth: factors affecting population growth and population growth equation; growth models: exponential growth and logistic growth along with equations, graph and examples of the same; life history variations: definition of reproductive fitness and examples. Population interactions definition of mutualism, competition (interspecific, interference, competitive release and Gause s Principle of Competitive Exclusion), predation (adaptations in organisms to avoid predation), parasitism (ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites), commensalism, amensalism. Examples of some recently extinct organisms (dodo, quagga, Steller s Sea cow, thylacine, and the three subspecies of tiger- Bali, Caspian and Javan); causes of loss of biodiversity (habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien species invasion, coextinction). Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods protected areas: biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves; ex-situ methods - captive breeding, zoo, botanical gardens, cryopreservation, wild life safari, seed banks, tissue culture. Definitions and examples of each of the above. Hotspots, Ramsar sites and Red Data Book. (ii) Ecosystem Ecosystems: patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy. Definition and types of ecosystems; structure of ecosystem (brief idea about biotic and abiotic components). The place, year and main agenda of historic conventions on biological diversity (the Earth Summit and the World Summit). Structure and function of pond ecosystem; ecosystem functions: (i) Productivity gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP) and (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 6 PAPER II Moisture content Soil samples are to be collected from a dry place and a wet place. Alternatively, samples of soil can be dried to different degrees in oven/by keeping in sun. PRACTICAL WORK 15 Marks 1) Taxonomy: Study floral characteristics through dissection of flowers, drawing floral formula and diagrams of following families: Humus Content Collect one sample from roadside/barren land and one sample from garden/cultivated field. (i) Malvaceae: type China rose / Hollyhock. (ii) Leguminosae: subfamily Papilionaceae type Sweet pea/ Pea/ Bean/ Sesbania/ Clitoria (single flower). Water holding capacity Pour given amount of water in known weight of soil sample and record the volume of water retained by the soil sample. (iii) Solanaceae: type Petunia / Datura / Brinjal Flower / Solanum nigrum. pH Add water to the soil sample and test with pH paper. Students should be taught to set up and demonstrate the experiments with correct diagram of the setup, record their observations methodically and give conclusions. This will give a clear idea of the physiological processes. Questions can be asked based on the above physiological processes studied. (iii) To study the effect of enzyme action at three different temperatures and pH on starch solution. (iv) Liliaceae: type Onion or Amaryllidaceae type Lily/Spider lily/ Tiger lily/ Tube rose/ Gladiolus. Floral characteristics should be explained by dissection of flowers. Students should be taught how to cut vertical section of the flower and draw accurately labelled diagrams. The technique of drawing floral diagrams with the mother axis in the right position is necessary. Floral formula should be correctly written. Identification of the correct family giving reasons, technique of cutting T.S. and L.S of ovary should be explained and accordingly correct labelled-diagram should be drawn. Effect of enzyme (amylase/ diastase) action at three different temperatures (low- below 10oC, optimum - 37oC and high above 70oC) and pH (acidic, neutral and basic) on starch solution. (iv) To isolate DNA from available plant material. Isolation of DNA from spinach leaves, green pea seeds, pulp of banana and papaya. Students should know the examples of plants (belonging to each family) which are of economic importance. The examples of common names of plants must be supported with correct scientific names as well. NOTE: In the examination, candidates will be tested on any one of the above-mentioned families. 2) Simple biochemical experiments and Take about 5 gm of pulp of banana into a beaker and add 50 ml of extraction fluid (1.5gm table salt +10 ml liquid detergent +90 ml distilled water). Place the beaker in a water bath set at 60 C for 15 minutes. Stir gently with a glass rod. Filter 5ml of cooled content into a clean test tube and add 5ml of cold 90% ethanol. DNA molecules separate out and appear as white fibres. physiological (i) Study of arrangement/distribution of stomata in dicot and monocot leaves. (ii) Study of soils from two different sites. Collect soil samples from two different areas and make a comparative study of their texture, moisture content, humus content, water holding capacity and pH. Guidelines for collection of soil samples: Texture - loamy, sandy and clayey soil. (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 3) Slide preparation (i) Germination of pollen grain in a nutrient medium. 7 (ii) T.S. of ovary of any locally available flower, to show marginal / axile placentation. agencies insect and wind. Students should be able to identify the type of pollination of the given flower, draw the diagram of the flower and give two reasons for the type of pollination. Example: Hibiscus and grass. (iii) T.S. of a hydrophyte stem. (iv) T.S. of a xerophytic leaf (Nerium). (v) L.S. of monocot and dicot seed (soaked seeds of maize/wheat, pea/ bean.) Students should be taught how to identify, draw, label and give significantly visible characteristics as observed, of each spot, in a given time of three minutes. T.S. , model , whole mount , chart , image of the specimen should be mentioned as a part of identification. The technique of staining and mounting neatly should be explained. Students should also know how to make labelled outline diagrams. They should also be taught to identify the mount under low/ high power of microscope. Two identifying features of the above need to be mentioned. 4) Spotting: (three minutes to be given for each spot which includes identification, drawing a labelled diagram and writing at least two identifying characteristics). NOTE: Spotting must be done on a separate answer sheet during examination, which should be handed over to the Examiner immediately after spotting. (i) Identify and comment on the following: (a) T.S. of ovary of mammal (Permanent slide). (b) T.S. of testis of mammal (Permanent slide). (c) Germinating pollen grain (slide/chart). (d) T.S. of ovary to show the type of placentation (marginal, axile, basal (LS), parietal). (e) T.S. of blastula / blastocyst of a mammal (chart/ slide). (f) Whole mount of Plasmodium sporozoite (slide /chart). (g) Whole mount of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite (slide/chart). (h) Preserved specimen/ chart/ model of Ascaris. (ii) Comment upon ecological adaptations of plants and animals. Models/ virtual images/ charts of one plant and one animal found in xeric and aquatic habitats. Examples: Hydrilla, cactus, fish and camel. . (iii) Flowers adapted to pollination by different (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE 15 Marks Project Work 10 Marks The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting Examiner appointed locally and approved by the Council. The candidate is to creatively execute one project/assignment on an aspect of biology. Preference is to be given to handwritten investigatory projects. Teachers may assign or students may choose any one project of their choice. Students can choose any other project besides the ones indicated in the list. Following is only a suggestive list of topics: (i) (ii) Genetic disorders Gene therapy (iii) Human Genome Project (iv) DNA fingerprinting (v) Bio-piracy (vi) Cancer. (vii) AIDS/Hepatitis. (viii) Drug addiction and community. (ix) Role of micro-organisms in industry. (x) Human population. (xi) Mendelian Inheritance (xii) Environmental resistance. (xiii) Traditional and modern methods: Study of a few traditional methods of pest deterrence vis-a-vis modern methods of pest control - viability of traditional methods in today's scenario and limitations and dangers of modern methods. 8 (xiv) Role of agrochemicals in increasing food production. Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Project Work: Format of the Project: (i) Content (ii) Introduction (iii) (iv) Presentation (graphs, tables, charts, newspaper cuttings, diagrams, photographs, statistical analysis if relevant) Conclusion/ Summary (v) Bibliography Practical File 5 Marks The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students on the basis of the Biology Practical file maintained by them during the academic year. Each practical done during the year, needs to be recorded by the student in the Practical file and the same must be checked, signed and dated by the teacher. SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. Oparin: Author of the book The Origin of Life . 2. Stanley Miller & Harold Urey: Recreated probable conditions on primitive earth to support Oparin s theory 3. Ernst Haeckel: Proposed the recapitulation theory 4. Charles Darwin: Natural Selection 15. Hugo de Vries, Correns and Tschermack: Rediscovered Mendelism 16. T H Morgan: Linkage 17. P Maheshwari: Plant tissue culture 18. Henking: Discovered X-chromosome 19. F. Miescher: Isolated nucleic acid from pus cells, called Nuclein 20. Chargaff: Rule of equivalence in DNA structure 21. F. Griffith: Transformation in bacteria 22. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty: DNA is the genetic material 23. Hershey and Chase: DNA is the genetic material 24. Meselson and Stahl: Semi-conservative replication of DNA 25. G. Gamow: Triplet nature of codons 26. S Ochoa: discovered polynucleotide phosphorylase 27. Wallace: divided the Earth into biogeographical regions 28. M S Swaminathan: Green revolution in India 29. H Boyer: discovered Restriction Enzyme 30. S Cohen: method to transfer plasmid DNA in host cells 31. R. Mishra: Father of Indian Ecology 32. E. Wilson: coined the term Biodiversity 33. P Ehrlich: Rivet Popper Hypothesis 34. Sanger: DNA/Protein sequencing LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO BE STUDIED 1. ADA- Adenosine Deaminase 2. CMI- Cell Mediated Immunity 5. Hugo de Vries: Mutation 3. DFC- Detritus Food Chain 6. T. R. Malthus: Theory of Human Population Growth/ Essays on population 4. EFB- European Federation of Biotechnology 5. EST- Expressed Sequence Tags 7. Alec Jeffreys: DNA finger printing 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Temin and Baltimore: Reverse transcription. Jacob, Monod and Lwoff: proposed Lac operon. Watson and Crick: Structure of DNA Nirenberg and Khorana: Genetic code Benzer: Coined the terms Cistron, recon, muton Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics Sutton and Boveri: Chromosomal theory of inheritance (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 6. ET- Embryo Transfer 7. GFC- Grazing Food Chain 8. GMO- Genetically Modified Organism 9. GPP- Gross Primary Productivity 10. hnRNA - Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribo Nucleic Acid 11. IMR- Infant Mortality Rate 12. ICSI - Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection 9 13. IUCD/IUD Intra uterine contraceptive device 14. IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 15. IUI- Intra Uterine Insemination 16. IUT- Intra Uterine Transfer 17. LAB- Lactic Acid Bacteria 18. MALT- Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue 19. MMR- Maternal Mortality Rate 20. NACO- National AIDS Control Organisation 21. NPP- Net Primary Productivity 22. PID- Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases 23. PKU- Phenyl ketonuria 24. RCH- Reproductive and Child Health Care Programmes 25. SCID Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency 26. SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 27. snRNA- Small Nuclear Ribo Nucleic Acid 28. sRNA - Soluble Ribo Nucleic Acid 29. SSBP Single Strand Binding Protein 30. UTR - Untranslated Region 31. VNTRs - Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 10

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