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Outubro / 2009 PUC - RIO VESTIBULAR 2010 INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS LEIA ATENTAMENTE AS INSTRU ES ABAIXO. 01 - Voc recebeu do fiscal o seguinte material: a) este caderno, com o enunciado das 20 quest es objetivas de INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS; b) um CART O-RESPOSTA, com seu nome e n mero de inscri o, destinado s respostas das quest es objetivas formuladas na prova de INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS. 02 - Verifique se este material est em ordem, se o seu nome e n mero de inscri o conferem com os que aparecem no CART O. Caso contr rio, notifique IMEDIATAMENTE ao fiscal. 03 - Ap s a confer ncia, o candidato dever assinar no espa o pr prio do CART O, preferivelmente a caneta esferogr fica de tinta na cor preta. 04 - No CART O-RESPOSTA, a marca o das letras correspondentes s respostas certas deve ser feita preenchendo todo o espa o do c rculo, a l pis preto no 2 ou caneta esferogr fica de tinta na cor preta, com um tra o cont nuo e denso. A LEITORA TICA utilizada na leitura do CART O-RESPOSTA sens vel a marcas escuras, portanto, preencha os campos de marca o completamente, sem deixar claros. Exemplo: A C D E 05 - Tenha muito cuidado com o C ART O , para n o o D OBRAR, AMASSAR ou MANCHAR. O mesmo SOMENTE poder ser substitu do caso esteja danificado em suas margens superiores e/ou inferiores BARRA DE RECONHECIMENTO PARA LEITURA TICA. 06 - Para cada uma das quest es objetivas s o apresentadas 5 alternativas classificadas com as letras (A), (B), (C), (D) e (E); s uma responde adequadamente ao quesito proposto. Voc s deve assinalar UMA RESPOSTA: a marca o em mais de uma alternativa anula a quest o, MESMO QUE UMA DAS RESPOSTAS ESTEJA CORRETA. 07 - As quest es s o identificadas pelo n mero que se situa acima de seu enunciado. 08 - SER ELIMINADO do Concurso Vestibular o candidato que: a) se utilizar, durante a realiza o das provas, de m quinas e/ou rel gios de calcular, bem como de r dios gravadores, headphones, telefones celulares ou fontes de consulta de qualquer esp cie; b) se ausentar da sala em que se realizam as provas levando consigo o CADERNO DE QUEST ES e/ou o CART O-RESPOSTA; c) n o assinar a Lista de Presen a e/ou o CART O. 09 - Reserve os 30 (trinta) minutos finais para marcar seu CART O-RESPOSTA. Os rascunhos nos Cadernos de Quest es N O SER O LEVADOS EM CONTA. 10 - Quando terminar, entregue ao fiscal o CADERNO DE QUEST ES e o CART O-RESPOSTA E ASSINE A LISTA DE PRESEN A. 11 - O TEMPO DISPON VEL PARA ESTA PROVA DE QUEST ES OBJETIVAS DE 2 (DUAS) HORAS. BOA PROVA! PUC - RIO 2010 INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS TEXT 1 50 After The Fall: 1989, Twenty Years On 55 Joshua Muravchik 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Nineteen eighty-nine was a most extraordinary year. There are other years that are imprinted on historic memory, yet most of them were occasions for horrible events (1917 or 1939) or disappointing ones (1789 or 1848) or the conclusions of great tragedies (1648 or 1945). The year 1989 was that rare moment when dramatic things happened that were overwhelmingly beneficent. As we watched the world change before our eyes, we learned many things. Looking back today on how the world has evolved in twenty years since that momentous time, we can distill several additional insights. The economist Robert Heilbroner wrote in 1989: Less than 75 years after it officially began, the contest between capitalism and socialism is over: capitalism has won. This outcome reflected a startling reversal because as recently as the decade before, socialism considering all its diverse forms lumped together seemed at the apex of its global sweep, apparently confirming Marx s prophecy that it was not merely desirable but destiny. Heilbroner s observation was noteworthy because he himself was not unsympathetic to socialism, and doubly so because he was no communist. Given the hostile breach between communism and democratic socialism, why should Heilbroner have conceded that the fall of the Soviet empire was tantamount to the end of socialism? Why did he not accept the claim advanced by some socialists that the end of communism would only clear the way for a purer form of socialism? Heilbroner also saw that the fall of communism culminated a trend. With social democratic parties having already forsaken the dream of replacing capitalism and with the developing world having realized that markets rather than state planning offered the surest path from poverty, the Soviet collapse sealed the issue. Socialism was finished. Has the economic meltdown of 2008 09 reopened the question? Is socialism on the table again? Not at all. It only shows that you can always have too much of a good thing. The fact that free markets are the best mechanism for making economic decisions does not imply that freer is always better. The smooth functioning of the private sector depends on government to maintain a legal framework, to protect the public against 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 WORLD AFFAIRS, Vol. 13. no 2, Summer 2009. http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/2009%20-%20Summer/fullMuravchik.html 2 INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS unscrupulous behavior, and to provide vital goods that are not profitable for the private sector to furnish. Libertarians who dream of an economy entirely free of government are no less utopian than socialists. In the realm of politics Mikhail Gorbachev has cut a sad figure these last two decades: first supporting Putin then criticizing him, clinging to vestiges of socialist ideas, and rebuking Washington for necessary exercises of power, all the while unable to raise his own popularity among his countrymen above single digits. Nonetheless, he is arguably the greatest figure of the twentieth century. The most famous names of the century were mass murderers. Of those who are remembered for the good they did, who was irreplaceable? The Axis would have been defeated without Roosevelt and even without Churchill, although Britain might have fallen first. India would have gained independence without Gandhi. Segregation would have been ended in America without Martin Luther King Jr. But would the Soviet empire have dissolved, the Cold War ended, and communism been repealed all these blessings achieved peacefully without Gorbachev? I don t think so. It has been argued that the Soviet Union collapsed under the dead weight of its absurd economy, but its economy had been absurd for generations and it had not collapsed. Would Soviet inefficiency and low productivity eventually have brought the whole system to its knees? Perhaps, but that might have taken generations more and in the meantime the state might have been able to replenish itself by means of blackmail and plunder, or it might, in its desperation, have generated a new world war. The dinosaur s brain was dead, but its massive tail still might have lashed destructively. Yes, goods and construction were shoddy: televisions containing cardboard parts sometimes combusted spontaneously in people s living rooms (except that most Soviet citizens didn t have living rooms). But the weapons worked, and while a tad less advanced than those of America, what the Red Army lacked in quality it made up for in quantity. In other words, despite its economic difficulties, the Kremlin fielded as much military might as it wished, more than any other state then or ever. If this required shortchanging the consumer sector of the economy, so be it. No one dared complain. Further, the rule of the Communist Party was entirely unchallenged, as was Gorbachev s ascendancy within the party, at least until very late in the game. He was the most powerful single individual on earth, and he could have held that power and all the perks that went with it until he went to his grave, as had most of his predecessors. Instead he tossed it away. PUC - RIO 2010 1 5 What is the main purpose of the text? (A) Justify Gorbachev s resistance against the Glasnost and Perestroika. (B) Blame the end of communism for the economic meltdown of 2008-09. (C) Report on the disastrous political events that impacted the world after 1989. (D) Discuss the relevance of the Soviet collapse for the current state of world affairs. (E) Explain the importance of Churchill, Gandhi and Martin Luther King to the economic scenario of our times. Gorbachev, according to Muravchik, has (A) made a poor impression of himself to the world lately. (B) gained enormous popularity among his fellow citizens. (C) fully supported Washington criticisms of socialist ideas. (D) approved the American government s defense of free markets. (E) been considered, unquestionably, the greatest political figure of the modern world. 6 The fragment all these blessings (line 66) refers to the (A) divine inspiration that put an end to Gorbachev s administration. (B) end of the Cold War, the rejection of communism and the Independence of India. (C) peaceful riot lead by Martin Luther King struggling against segregation in America. (D) questionable role that Churchill and Roosevelt played in leading the Allies to victory. (E) positive consequences derived from the bloodless end of the Cold War and defeat of communism. 2 In paragraph 1, the year 1989 is described as a momentous time because it was a(n) (A) historical moment of stability that will find no parallel with other time periods. (B) significant historical moment when extraordinarily fortunate events took place. (C) awesome occasion that marked the end of a tragic era, though not quite peacefully. (D) very brief moment in time when people forgot about the tragic events that had been affecting humanity. (E) remarkable moment of tranquility among nations in which the conflicts between communism and democratic socialism came to an end. 7 Mark the alternative that contains a correct match of meaning, considering the use of the word in the text. (A) lumped (line 18) split (B) conceded (line 26) denied (C) forsaken (line 33) abandoned (D) rebuking (line 53) praising (E) perks (line 96) disadvantages 3 According to the author of the text, the economist Robert Heilbroner (A) supported socialism and thus severely criticized the defeat of capitalism. (B) recognized that the sudden fall of the Soviet empire could have been avoided. (C) claimed that capitalism had defeated socialism through hostile belligerent means. (D) admitted that socialism was no longer a political solution after the fall of the Soviet empire. (E) believed that the end of communism would make way for a purer form of socialism to emerge. 8 Choose the alternative in which the word in bold type and the italicized one convey equivalent ideas. (A) yet most of them were occasions for horrible events (lines 3-4) thus (B) Nonetheless, he is arguably the greatest figure... (lines 55-56) moreover (C) although Britain might have fallen first. (line 61) while (D) In other words, despite its economic difficulties, (line 87) regardless of (E) Further, the rule of the Communist Party (lines 9192) meanwhile 4 Muravchick does not defend a libertarian viewpoint since he advocates that (A) communism is really the best solution for the unscrupulous behavior of the private sector. (B) the government has no right to restrict the actions and economic decisions of capitalist companies. (C) free markets without any legal restrictions will allow for more profitable economic results. (D) the only economic system that can eliminate poverty without governmental support is capitalism. (E) the government has a role in protecting the citizens against the destructive attitudes of private enterprises. 9 In Would Soviet inefficiency and low productivity eventually have brought the whole system to its knees? (lines 71-73), the expression bring the system to its knees could be paraphrased by (A) force the system to submit. (B) mitigate the impact of economy. (C) enhance the power of the system. (D) defeat those who oppose the system. (E) improve the functioning of the system. 3 INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS PUC - RIO 2010 10 TEXT 2 In the fragment India would have gained independence without Gandhi. (lines 61-62), the author conveys (A) the frustration of having lost a charismatic leader. (B) the unlikely political result after a very dramatic event. (C) his conviction of an outcome, given a different historical scenario. (D) his uncertainty about the strength of peaceful popular movements. (E) a remote possibility under the circumstance of a hypothetical situation. Fragments 1 and 2 below were extracted from Joshua Muravchik s original article After the Fall: 1989, Twenty Years On . Read them and the comments that follow in order to answer questions 14 through 20 below. FRAGMENT 1, from Joshua Muravchik s original article: 5 11 When the author comments I don t think so. (line 68) he expresses that (A) Gorbachev should not be accused of mass murder as he 10 was a peaceful leader. (B) Gorbachev was insensitive to world issues and the dramatic state of the Soviet economy. 15 (C) only a new world war would have changed the state of political affairs between the US and the Soviet Union. (D) the inefficiency of Soviet industry and commerce would have definitely destroyed the nation in a short time. 20 (E) the nonbelligerent end of communism and the Cold War was a direct result of the Soviet leader s political decisions. 25 12 The metaphor of the dinosaur s brain and its tail used in lines 77-79, represents, respectively, the (A) Soviet economy and the Red Army. 30 (B) Soviet union and the new world war. (C) Soviet political regime and its economy. (D) old and new generations in the Soviet Union. (E) state officials and blackmailers/plunderers. 35 COMMENT 1, Posted by Syed Qamar Afzal Rizvi | July 22, 2009 4:09 AM EDT Having fully endorsed the views of Joshua Muravchik, I would like to add that the apparently ending of the Cold War era has not yet fulfilled the prophesies of those peace-minded optimists who had thought that the world beyond the year 1989 would probably usher in the new heraldry of peace and prosperity in so far as a neo Cold War seems to have begun between the Islamists and the non-Islamists (an era of the West s economic indoctrination of controlling the strategic developing world). FRAGMENT 2, from Joshua Muravchik s original article: 13 In terms of reference, it is correct to affirm that (A) ones (line 4) refers to years . (B) It (line 40) refers to meltdown . 40 (C) his (line 54) refers to Putin . (D) its (line 87) refers to Red Army . (E) it (line 96) refers to individual . 45 50 4 INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS But even as we in the West saw the defeat of communism as a triumph for our ways and values, other observers saw it quite differently. Osama bin Laden and his cohorts and sympathizers believed the Soviet Union had been defeated not by us but by the Muslim believers of Afghanistan and the foreign jihadists who had joined their ranks. Far from demonstrating that our civilization represented an end point, it proved its transience. If radical Islam could defeat one superpower, it could defeat the other. If it had outlasted communism, it would outlast democratic capitalism, too. A dozen years after 1989 on September 11, 2001, to be exact this new ideology shattered the peace of the post-history world. It poses a challenge that cannot be dismissed by Francis Fukuyama s observation that no species of nationalism can pose a historic challenge to democratic capitalism because they inherently lack universal significance. For one thing, Islamism purports to speak for a populace the umma or world community of believers larger than that comprised by any mere nation. More important, its aspirations encompass all mankind. The picture is not completely rosy. There is powerful evidence that where ruthless rulers are prepared to employ it, repression continues to succeed. In 1989, while freedom fighters against communism triumphed all over Europe, protesters in China s Tiananmen Square were brutally repressed. At the time, it seemed that this bloody deed would postpone the inevitable only briefly. As America s former ambassador to that country, Winston Lord, wrote: The current discredited regime is clearly a transitional one. . . . We can be confident that, however grim the interlude, a more enlightened leadership will emerge within a few years. . . . It may well turn out that the tragic events in China this year have foreshortened that great nation s march toward democracy. PUC - RIO 2010 55 60 65 Twenty years later, while China s standard of living has soared, freedom has advanced scarcely if at all. Nor is China alone. Communist regimes also hang on with apparent ease in Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. 17 China is mentioned in both Fragment 2 and Comment 2 because (A) China does not seem to represent a menace to democratic institutions. (B) Chinese protesters in 1989 were not repressed by the authoritative regime. (C) Chinese leaders will never understand the benefits of economic freedom. (D) it has still not attained total democracy, despite the growth of its economy. (E) its model of government will certainly remain unchanged for the next few years. COMMENT 2, Posted by Jason Ryan | July 30, 2009 5:21 PM EDT This article presupposes that democracy is universal. I would argue that it is not, as the author pointed out in the case of China. Economic freedom and expansion are not necessarily democratic and it s easy to envision a world of many powers of a China or Putanist model. The biggest threat to democracy is not from outsiders but from nations that are unable to see through the inevitably difficult process of democratization. In my opinion, democracy may be universal in its appeal but it is by no means inevitable in practice. 18 Fukuyama s observation in Fragment 1 and Winston Lord s words in Fragment 2 reveal that these men are (A) optimistic about the triumph of democracy. (B) hopeful about the aspirations of future generations. (C) enthusiastic about the advances of nationalism worldwide. (D) enraged with the brutal violation of human rights in China. (E) indifferent to the attacks democratic capitalism has been suffering. Comments extracted from: http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/2009%20-%20Summer/comments/ comments-Muravchik.html 14 In Fragment 1, Joshua Muravchick exposes his view that (A) radical Islamism would outlast democratic capitalism. (B) no nationalistic ideology will challenge capitalistic democracy. (C) the westerners believe that it was capitalism that defeated socialism. (D) believers of Islamism have aspirations that represent all of humanity. (E) September 11, 2001 shattered peace in the same way that the events in 1989 did. 19 Usher in (Comment 1 lines 30-31) and see through (Comment 2 line 64) can be correctly substituted by, respectively (A) conclude and analyze . (B) announce and restore . (C) precede and overlook . (D) investigate and neglect . (E) introduce and comprehend . 15 This new ideology (Fragment 1 line 14) refers to the idea that (A) democratic capitalism should prevail over Islamic aspirations. (B) democratic capitalism is strong enough to survive communism. (C) our civilization will endure despite the constant fights between superpowers. (D) Islam is capable of outliving not only communism but also democratic capitalism. (E) the Soviet Union was not strong enough to defeat Muslim believers and sympathizers. 20 Concerning the authors reactions in Comment 1 and Comment 2, it is correct to affirm that (A) both Syed Rizvi and Jason Ryan are completely supportive of the ideas advanced by Muravchik in Fragments 1 and 2. (B) neither Syed Rizvi nor Jason Ryan provide a critical analysis of the issues introduced by Muravchik in Fragments 1 and 2. (C) Syed Rizvi totally agrees with Muravchik s ideas in Fragment 1, while Jason Ryan expresses a point of view about democratization which diverges from that exposed in Fragment 2. (D) Syed Rizvi expands some of the ideas introduced by Muravchik in Fragment 1 whereas Jason Ryan reinforces the perspectives advanced in Fragment 2. (E) Syed Rizvi, in Fragment 1, is not fully convinced of Muravchik s opinions about the end of the Cold War, while Jason Ryan s comments express complete approval of Muravchik s views on democracy in Fragment 2. 16 Both Fragment 1 and Comment 1 discuss the (A) peace and prosperity that has emerged from the Islamic doctrine. (B) economic dominance of the West as the cause for the defeat of communism. (C) inadequacy of the expression neo-Cold War to refer to the Islamic capitalist conflict. (D) lack of challenge to democratic capitalism as defended by peace-minded optimists. (E) current state of affairs between Islamists and sympathizers versus the non-Islamists. 5 INGL S - RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS VESTIBULAR PUC-Rio 2010 GABARITO - INGL S OBJETIVA RELA ES INTERNACIONAIS 1) Resposta: (D) Discuss the relevance of the Soviet collapse for the current state of world affairs. Para acertar esta quest o de compreens o de texto, o candidato dever ser capaz de perceber o prop sito do texto. A nica alternativa correta a (D) que significa discutir a relev ncia do colapso da na o sovi tica para a situa o em que hoje se encontra o mundo. As demais alternativas n o expressam o prop sito do texto quando afirmam que seria: (A) justificar a resist ncia de Gorbachev Glasnost e Perestroika; (B) atribuir ao fim do comunismo o desastre econ mico de 2008-9; (C) relatar os eventos pol ticos desastrosos que impactaram o mundo ap s 1989; (D) explicar a relev ncia de Churchill, Gandhi e Martin Luther King para o cen rio econ mico dos tempos atuais. 2) Resposta: (B) significant historical moment when extraordinarily fortunate events took place. O acerto desta quest o de compreens o localizada depende da percep o de que a express o momentous time refere-se a um evento de import ncia ou consequ ncia de grande impacto e, portanto, o candidato dever depreender to texto a que evento ou aspecto o autor faz refer ncia. O gabarito (B), pois o autor est destacando que 1989 um momento hist rico de grande signific ncia em que ocorreram eventos de resultados ben ficos , conforme o que afirma nas linhas 6 e 7 The year 1989 was that rare moment when dramatic things happened that were overwhelmingly beneficent. As demais alternativas n o encontram respaldo no trecho e n o podem ser consideradas justificativas para a express o destacada no comando da quest o. 3) Resposta: (D) admitted that socialism was no longer a political solution after the fall of the Soviet empire. O acerto desta quest o de compreens o localizada depende do candidato perceber a argumenta o do autor sobre a posi o de Heilbroner. Somente a alternativa (D) expressa corretamente a postura do economista, ou seja: admitiu que o socialismo, ap s a queda do imp rio sovi tico, n o era mais uma solu o pol tica , como pode ser depreendido do par grafo 4. As demais alternativas n o correspondem s id ias do economista Robert Heilbroner expressas no texto. 4) Resposta: (E) the government has a role in protecting the citizens against the destructive attitudes of private enterprises. Para acertar esta quest o de compreens o localizada, o candidato precisa perceber a vis o expressa pelo autor no quinto par grafo. A nica alternativa correta a (E) que afirma que o governo tem o papel de proteger os cidad os contra as atitudes destrutivas das empresas privadas . As demais alternativas n o apresentam id ias que tenham respaldo no texto. 5) Resposta: (A) made a poor impression of himself to the world lately. O candidato, para acertar esta quest o dever perceber o que o autor comenta sobre Gorbachev. Somente a letra (A) cont m uma afirmativa correta, pois diz que Gorbachev passou uma m impress o de si para o mundo, nos ltimos tempos . Tal afirmativa encontra suporte no sexto par grafo, s linhas 51-55. As demais alternativas n o condizem com as informa es do texto. 6) Resposta: (E) positive consequences derived from the bloodless end of the Cold War and defeat of communism. Para acertar esta quest o, o candidato dever depreender a que se refere, no texto, a express o destacada no comando ( todas essas b n os ). A alternativa (E) a nica correta, pois remete s consequ ncias positivas provenientes do fim pac fico da Guerra Fria e derrubada do comunismo. As demais alternativas n o apresentam id ias que estejam alinhadas com as informa es do texto. 7) Resposta: (C) forsaken (line 33) abandoned O acerto desta quest o de sinon mia depende do candidato entender o sentido das palavras destacadas, no contexto apresentado no texto. O gabarito (C), pois somente a palavra forsaken est corretamente explicada em seu sentido de abandonado . Nas demais alternativas, o sentido adequado dos termos destacados n o est correto, j que o certo seria o entender lumped , em (A), como reunidas ; conceded , em (B), como admitido ; rebuking , em (D), como desaprovando ; perks , em (E), como vantagens . 8) Resposta: (D) In other words, despite its economic difficulties (line 87) regardless of O acerto desta quest o, que testa conhecimento sobre marcadores discursivos, depende da compreens o dos sentidos e usos destes elementos em seu contexto. O gabarito (D), pois somente nesta alternativa o marcador destacado, despite , est corretamente explicado. Tanto despite quanto regardless of podem ser entendidos como apesar de/embora . As demais alternativas devem ser descartadas pelos seguintes motivos. Em (A), yet expressa um contraste ( no entanto/por m ) e n o consequ ncia, como sinalizado por thus ( consequentemente ); Em (B), nonetheless expressa contraste ( por m ) e n o adi o, como sinalizado por moreover ( al m disso ); Em (C), although expressa uma concess o ( embora ) e n o um contraste, como sinalizado por while ( enquanto / ao passo que ); Em (E), further expressa adi o ( al m disso/ademais ) e n o contraste, como sinalizado por meanwhile ( enquanto isso ). 9) Resposta: (A) force the system to submit. Para acertar esta quest o de compreens o de express es idiom ticas, o candidato dever perceber o sentido da express o destacada no texto. To bring someone/something to his/her knees significa for ar algu m a se submeter ou acquiescer . Somente a alternativa (A) transmite este sentido ao afirmar for ar o sistema a se submeter . As demais alternativas trazem afirma es que n o est o de acordo com o sentido do trecho assinalado no comando da quest o. 10) Resposta: (C) his conviction of an outcome, given a different historical scenario. Para acertar esta quest o de compreens o localizada e leitura cr tica, o candidato precisa perceber a id ia que se sub-entende pelo que o autor expressa em rela o aos fatos passados e aos protagonistas importantes da Hist ria. O gabarito (C), sua convic o de um resultado, caso o cen rio hist rico tivesse sido diferente . Esta afirma o confirma o que diz o autor neste par grafo (linhas 57-67) quando ele questiona se os grandes nomes da hist ria do s culo que fizeram o Bem seriam insubstitu veis. Muravchik diz que o Eixo teria sido derrotado sem Roosevelt e sem Churchill. E em seguida diz ao leitor que A ndia teria conquistado a sua independ ncia sem Gandhi. Logo, v -se que o autor acredita que o desenrolar da independ ncia da ndia teria acontecido sem o grande l der o que mostra que o autor acredita em um resultado, mesmo que o cen rio hist rico tivesse sido diferente. As demais alternativas n o apresentam afirma es que possam ser inferidas a partir do significado do ABC D EB F DC 11) Resposta: (E) the nonbelligerent end of communism and the Cold War was a direct result of the Soviet leader s political decisions. Nesta quest o de compreens o de texto, o candidato dever mostrar ter compreendido a rela o da senten a destacada com o trecho que a antecedeu. Somente a alternativa (E) remete I don t think so ( eu acho que n o ) ao sentido correto, isto , a inefici ncia da ind stria e com rcio sovi tico teriam destru do definitivamente a na o em pouco tempo . As informa es contidas nas demais alternativas n o est o corretas em rela o ao texto, ou n o s o o foco da ideia a que o autor est se opondo. 12) Resposta: (C) Soviet political regime and its economy. Para que o candidato acerte esta quest o, dever depreender os referentes da met fora retirada do oitavo par grafo do texto, interpretando, conforme apresenta o gabarito (C), o c rebro do dinossauro como o regime pol tico sovi tico e o rabo como a economia . Nas demais alternativas, n o est o corretamente representados o sentido dos termos metaf ricos da express o destacada. 13) Resposta: (B) It (line 40) refers to meltdown . O acerto desta quest o de refer ncia pronominal depende do candidato identificar corretamente a que termo(s) o pronome destacado nas alternativas se referem. Somente a alternativa (B) apresenta corretamente o referente, pois os referentes dos dos pronomes destacados nas demais op es n o est o corretamente identificados. Em (A) ones (line 4) refere-se a events (linha 4); em (C) his (line 54) refere-se a Gorbachev (linha 50); em (D) its (line 87) refere-se a Kremlin (linha 88); e em (E) it (line 96) refere-se a power (linha 95). 14) Resposta: (C) the westerners believe that it was capitalism that defeated socialism. O acerto desta quest o de compreens o de texto exige que o candidato tenha depreendido a vis o do autor no fragmento apontado. Somente a alternativa (C) est correta em termos do que foi exposto no texto, ou seja, que os ocidentais acreditam ter sido o capitalismo que derrotou o socialismo . Tal afirmativa encontra respaldo nas linhas 2-4 do Fragmento 1: But even as we in the West saw the defeat of Communism as a triumph for our ways and values, other observers saw it quite differently. As demais alternativas n o expressam a opini o do autor. A op o (A) significa que o Islamismo radical sobreviveria ao capitalismo democr tico, entretanto esta uma cren a dos seguidores do Isl e seus simpatizantes e n o do autor. A op o (B) afirma que nenhuma ideologia nacionalista desafiaria a democracia capitalista, mas o que o autor afirma ao citar as palavras de Fukuyama s linhas 16-19 que nenhuma esp cie de nacionalismo poderia representar uma amea a hist rica ao capitalismo democr tico. A op o (D) diz que os seguidores do Islamismo t m aspira es que representam toda a humanidade, entretanto o que o Fragmento 1 afirma s linhas 19-22 que o Islamismo tem a inten o de falar em nome do povo de um modo geral, mas isto n o significa que as aspira es dos representantes do Islamismo representem aquelas de toda a humanidade. Finalmente, a op o (E) significa que 11 de setembro de 2001 destro ou a paz da mesma maneira que os eventos de 1989, mas esta afirmativa n o encontra respaldo no texto. 15) Resposta: (D) Islam is capable of outliving not only communism but also democratic capitalism. Para acertar esta quest o, o candidato dever mostrar que identifica o referente da express o This new ideology ( Esta nova ideologia ) destacada no comando. O gabarito (D), que aponta corretamente o referente como sendo a id ia expressa pelo autor de que o Isl capaz de sobreviver n o s o comunismo, mas tamb m o capitalismo democr tico , expressa s linhas 11 e 12. As demais alternativas n o interpretam corretamente a ideia a que se refere express o This new ideology destacada, pelos seguintes motivos: a op o (A) diz que o referente seria a preval ncia do capitalismo democr tico sobre as aspira es isl micas; a op o (B) afirma que o referente seria o fato de o capitalismo democr tico ser suficientemente forte para sobreviver ao comunismo; a op o (C) diz que o referente seria a no o de que nossa civiliza o vai prevalecer apesar das constantes lutas entre as superpot ncias; a op o (E) afirma que o referente seria o fato de a Uni o Sovi tica n o ter sido forte o suficiente para vencer os mu ulmanos e seus simpatizantes. 16) Resposta: (E) current state of affairs between Islamists and sympathizers versus the nonIslamists. O acerto desta quest o de compreens o de texto exige que o candidato seja capaz de compreender a ideia discutida tanto no Fragmento 1 quanto no Coment rio 1. Somente a alternativa (E) est correta, pois ambos os textos discutem a situa o atual que op e, de um lado, os seguidores do Islamismo e seus simpatizantes e, de outro, os n o isl micos. Tal afirmativa encontra respaldo s linhas 2-4 do Fragmento 1( But even as we in the West saw the defeat of Communism as a triumph for our ways and values, other observers saw it quite differently. ) e s linhas 31-35 do Coment rio 1 ( in so far as a neo Cold War seems to have begun between the Islamists and the non-Islamists (an era of the west's economic indoctrination of controlling the strategic developing world). As demais op es devem ser descartadas, pois n o conferem com o que dito nos textos contidos no Fragmento 1 e no Coment rio 1. A op o (A) significa que a paz e a prosperidade emergiram da doutrina Isl mica. A op o (B) diz que o dom nio econ mico do ocidente foi a causa da derrota do Comunismo. A op o (C) aborda a inadequa o da express o Nova Guerra Fria para se referir ao conflito isl micocapitalista. A op o (D) aborda a aus ncia de desafios ao capitalismo democr tico, como defendido pelos pacifistas otimistas. 17) Resposta: (D) it has still not attained total democracy, despite the growth of its economy. O acerto desta quest o de compreens o de texto exige que o candidato seja capaz de compreender o porqu de a China ser mencionada tanto no Fragmento 2 quanto no Coment rio 2. Somente a alternativa (D) est correta, pois ambos os textos transmitem a ideia de que o pa s em quest o ainda n o atingiu a total democracia, apesar do crescimento de sua economia. Tal afirmativa encontra respaldo s linhas 51 e 52 do Fragmento 2 ( Twenty years later, while China s standard of living has soared, freedom has advanced scarcely if at all. ), que significa que vinte anos depois, embora o padr o de vida na China tenha aumentado vertiginosamente, a liberdade mal avan ou. No Coment rio 2, tal afirmativa encontra respaldo em dois momentos: s linhas 58-60 ( This article presupposes that democracy is universal. I would argue that it is not, as the author pointed out in the case of China. ), que significa que Este artigo [de onde foi extra do o Fragmento 2] presup e que a democracia universal. Mas acredito que n o, como o autor demonstrou no caso da China ); e tamb m s linhas 60-62 ( Economic freedom and expansion are not necessarily democratic and it's easy to envision a world of many powers of a China model. ), ou seja, que A liberdade econ mica e a expans o n o s o necessariamente democr ticas e pode-se imaginar facilmente um mundo com v rias pot ncias seguidoras do modelo chin s . As demais op es devem ser descartadas, pois n o conferem com o que dito nos textos contidos no Fragmento 2 e no Coment rio 2. A op o (A) significa que a China n o representa uma amea a s institui es democr ticas. A op o (B) diz que os manifestantes chineses de 1989 n o foram reprimidos pelo regime autorit rio. A op o (C) afirma que os l deres chineses nunca ir o compreender os benef cios da liberdade econ mica. A op o (E) significa que o modelo chin s de governo vai certamente permanecer imut vel pelos pr ximos anos. 18) Resposta: (A) optimistic about the triumph of democracy. O acerto desta quest o de compreens o de texto exige que o candidato seja capaz de compreender os sentimentos expressos atrav s das observa es de Fukuyama no Fragmento 1 e de Winston Lord no Fragmento 2. O gabarito (A), que significa otimistas com o triunfo da democracia . Tal afirmativa encontra respaldo nos seguintes fragmentos: Fragmento 1: Francis Fukuyama s observation that no species of nationalism can pose a historic challenge to democratic capitalism because they inherently lack universal significance. (linhas 16-19), que expressa o otimismo de Fukuyama de que nenhuma esp cie de nacionalismo ser capaz de desafiar o capitalismo democr tico, uma vez que os movimentos nacionalistas n o t m significado universal. Fragmento 2: The current discredited regime is clearly a transitional one. . . . We can be confident that, however grim the interlude, a more enlightened leadership will emerge within a few years. . . . It may well turn out that the tragic events in China this year have foreshortened that great nation s march toward democracy. (linhas 45-50), em que Winston Lord expressa otimismo ao afirmar que o regime na China transit rio e que uma nova gera o de l deres, mais esclarecidos, surgir em poucos anos. As demais op es devem ser descartadas, pois n o expressam os sentimentos externados pelos dois autores em suas observa es. A op o (B) afirma que ambos os autores estariam esperan osos quanto s aspira es das futuras gera es, mas somente Winston Lord, no Fragmento 2, demonstra tal esperan a (linhas 47 e 48 ...a more enlightened leadership will emerge within a few years. ) A op o (C) diz que ambos estariam entusiasmados com os avan os do nacionalismo em escala mundial, mas tal afirmativa contradiz os sentimentos de Fukuyama. A op o (D) afirma que ambos est o irritados com a viola o brutal dos direitos humanos na China, mas este sentimento n o depreendido das falas dos dois autores. Finalmente, a op o (E) diz que ambos est o descomprometidos com os ataques que o capitalismo democr tico vem sofrendo, afirma o esta que contradiz o sentimento de ambos. 19) Resposta: (E) introduce and comprehend . O acerto desta quest o exige a compreens o dos itens lexicais destacados no comando da quest o. Usher in e see through significam, respectivamente, introduzir e compreender e, portanto, somente a alternativa (E) contem a sinon mia correta. 20) Resposta: (C) Syed Rizvi totally agrees with Muravchik s ideas in Fragment 1, while Jason Ryan expresses a point of view about democratization which diverges from that in Fragment 2. Para acertar esta quest o de compreens o de texto, o candidato dever ser capaz de identificar a nica afirmativa que expressa a rea o dos autores dos Coment rios 1 e 2 em rela o aos respectivos Fragmentos que comentam. Somente a alternativa (C) est correta, pois afirma que Syed Rizvi concorda integralmente com as ideias de Muravchik no Fragmento 1, ao passo que Jason Ryan expressa uma vis o de democracia divergente daquela expressa por Muravchik no Fragmento 2. Tal afirmativa encontra respaldo linha 26 do Coment rio 1 - Having fully endorsed the views of Joshua Muravchik,... , que significa, Tendo apoiado integralmente a vis o de Joshua Muravchik... e s linhas 58 e 59 do Coment rio 2 This article presupposes that democracy is universal. I would argue that it is not, as the author pointed out in the case of China. , que significa que Este artigo presup e que a democracia seja universal. Eu argumento que n o , como o autor apontou no caso da China . Todas as demais alternativas devem ser descartadas, pois expressam uma correla o inadequada entre as ideias dos comentaristas e aquelas do escritor. A op o (A) est errada porque diz que ambos os comentaristas concordam integralmente com as ideias do autor nos Fragmentos 1 e 2. A op o (B) est incorreta, pois afirma que nenhum dos comentaristas pode fazer uma an lise cr tica dos t picos introduzidos pelo autor nos Fragmentos 1 e 2. A op o (D) deve ser descartada porque diz que o primeiro comentarista expande algumas das ideias introduzidas pelo autor, ao passo que o segundo comentarista interpreta erroneamente as ideias principais contidas no Fragmento 2. A op o (E) est incorreta porque afirma que o primeiro comentarista n o est integralmente convencido das opini es do autor sobre o fim da Guerra Fria, ao passo que o segundo comentarista apoiaria completamente as ideias do autor sobre democracia.

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