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UGC NET DEC 2013 : PSYCHOLOGY PAPER II

15 pages, 100 questions, 26 questions with responses, 26 total responses,

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PAPER-II PSYCHOLOGY Signature and Name of Invigilator 1. (Signature) __________________________ OMR Sheet No. : ............................................... (To be filled by the Candidate) (Name) ____________________________ 2. (Signature) __________________________ (Name) ____________________________ D 04 1 3 Time : 1 1/4 hours] Number of Pages in this Booklet : 16 Instructions for the Candidates 1. Write your roll number in the space provided on the top of this page. 2. This paper consists of fifty multiple-choice type of questions. 3. At the commencement of examination, the question booklet will be given to you. In the first 5 minutes, you are requested to open the booklet and compulsorily examine it as below : (i) To have access to the Question Booklet, tear off the paper seal on the edge of this cover page. Do not accept a booklet without sticker-seal and do not accept an open booklet. (ii) Tally the number of pages and number of questions in the booklet with the information printed on the cover page. Faulty booklets due to pages/questions missing or duplicate or not in serial order or any other discrepancy should be got replaced immediately by a correct booklet from the invigilator within the period of 5 minutes. Afterwards, neither the Question Booklet will be replaced nor any extra time will be given. (iii) After this verification is over, the OMR Sheet Number should be entered on this Test Booklet. 4. Each item has four alternative responses marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). You have to darken the circle as indicated below on the correct response against each item. Example : where (C) is the correct response. 5. Your responses to the items are to be indicated in the OMR Sheet given inside the Paper I Booklet only. If you mark at any place other than in the circle in the OMR Sheet, it will not be evaluated. 6. Read instructions given inside carefully. 7. Rough Work is to be done in the end of this booklet. 8. If you write your Name, Roll Number, Phone Number or put any mark on any part of the OMR Sheet, except for the space allotted for the relevant entries, which may disclose your identity, or use abusive language or employ any other unfair means such as change of response by scratching or using white fluid, you will render yourself liable to disqualification. 9. You have to return the test question booklet and Original OMR Sheet to the invigilators at the end of the examination compulsorily and must not carry it with you outside the Examination Hall. You are, however, allowed to carry duplicate copy of OMR Sheet on conclusion of examination. 10. Use only Blue/Black Ball point pen. 11. Use of any calculator or log table etc., is prohibited. 12. There is no negative marks for incorrect answers. 13. In case of any discrepancy in the English and Hindi versions, English version will be taken as final. D-04-13 Roll No. (In figures as per admission card) Roll No.________________________________ (In words) [Maximum Marks : 100 Number of Questions in this Booklet : 50 1. 2. - 3. , - - , : (i) - - (ii) - / - - (iii) OMR - 4. (A), (B), (C) (D) : (C) 5. I OMR OMR , 6. 7. (Rough Work) 8. OMR , , , , , 9. - OMR OMR 10. / 11. ( ) 12. 13. , 1 P.T.O. PSYCHOLOGY Paper II Note : This paper contains fifty (50) objective type questions of two (2) marks each. All questions are compulsory. 1. The visible spectrum wavelength ranges from (A) 380 to 760 nanometres (B) 200 to 700 nanometres (C) 400 to 1000 nanometres (D) 100 to 1000 nanometres 2. Shyam does not like to be in family gatherings but his mother has asked him to attend it. He decides to tell a lie that he has examination on that day however he finds it very distasteful. Shyam is experiencing _____. (A) Double avoidance conflict (B) Double approach conflict (C) Approach-avoidance conflict (D) Double approach-double avoidance conflict 3. 4. 5. Paper-II 2 Given below are the two statements, the first labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : Naturalistic observation is the highly preferred method in ethological research. Reason (R) : Naturalistic observation is free from observer-bias. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation. (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 6. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the code given below : Assertion (A) : Computational approach involves a rigorous, mathematically oriented analysis of certain aspects of visual perception derived largely from computer simulation and artificial intelligence. Reason (R) : Neurophysiological approach argues that sensory and perceptual phenomena are best explained by known neural and physiological mechanisms serving sensory structures. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Having seen or heard a stimulus once may facilitate our recognizing it on a latter occasion, even if we are not aware that this is happening. This phenomena is referred to as (A) Primacy effect (B) Recency effect (C) Practice effect (D) Priming effect There are various kinds of cells in human body. Which one of the following is not a neuron ? (A) Sensory (B) Glia (C) Inter (D) Motor D-04-13 II : (50) - (2) 1. 2. 4. 3. , (A) (R) (A) : : (R) : - : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) D-04-13 3 , (A) (R) (A) : (R) : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) 6. ? (A) (B) ( ) (C) ( ) - (D) - , ? (A) ( ) (B) ( ) (C) (D) ( ) 5. ? (A) 380 760 (B) 200 700 (C) 400 1000 (D) 100 1000 ? (A) (B) (C) (D) Paper-II 7. Given below are two statements, the first labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : During action potential, there is change in polarization of ions across neuronal membrane. Reason (R) : All the negative ions are transported outside the neuronal membrane. Codes : (A) Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) Both (A) & (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 8. 12. 13. Individual differences in intelligence are due to (A) only genetic factors (B) only environmental factors (C) genetic and economic factors (D) many factors including genetic and environmental 9. 11. Put the parts of the Brain in sequence, going from higher to lower level of brain I. Metencephalon II. Mesencephalon III. Diancephalon IV. Telencephalon V. Myelencephalon Codes : (A) I, II, III, IV, V (B) II, IV, I, III, V (C) IV, III, II, I, V (D) III, II, I, V, IV Arrange the following layers of Retina in order of light travelling from environment to back of the eyeball : I. Ganglion cells II. Cone receptors III. Horizontal cells IV. Bipolar cells Codes : (A) I, II, III, IV (B) II, III, IV, I (C) IV, II, III, I (D) I, IV, III, II Paper-II 14. 10. 15. 4 The resting potential of a Neuron is (A) 95 mv (B) + 85 mv (C) 70 mv (D) + 70 mv The chi-square, computed for a contingency table, was based on six degrees of freedom. If the contingency table had three rows, how many columns would it have ? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6 Given below are two statements, the first labelled as Assertion (A) and the second labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : Test-Retest reliability of Psychometric tests is more than that of projective tests. Reason (R) : Trait approach presumes consistency of personality. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Match List I with List II and indicate your answer with the help of codes given below : List I List II (Measure of (Psychologist) Intelligence) p. EEG 1. Binet q. Reaction Time 2. Eysenck r. Culture Fair Test 3. Galton s. Verbal Test 4. Horn Codes : p q r s (A) 1 2 3 4 (B) 3 1 2 4 (C) 2 3 4 1 (D) 4 2 1 3 After the recent heavy catastrophic floods in a given state, a psychologist interviewed 120 participants to understand the psychological consequences of the event. This is an example of (A) Ex post facto field research (B) Field experiment (C) Controlled experiment (D) Psychometric research D-04-13 7. , (A) (R) (A) : - (R) : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) 8. 12. 10. : , ? (B) 3 (D) 6 , (A) (R) (A) : - : (R) : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) 14. I II : I II ( ) ( ) p. EEG 1. q. 2. r. 3. s. 4. : 13. I, II, III, IV, V II, IV, I, III, V IV, III, II, I, V III, II, I, V, IV (A) (B) (C) (D) ( ) , : I. II. III. IV. : (A) I, II, III, IV (C) IV, II, III, I D-04-13 (B) + 85 mv (D) + 70 mv (A) 2 (C) 4 : I. II. III. IV. V. : (A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 95 mv (C) 70 mv ? (A) (B) (C) (D) 9. 11. 15. (B) II, III, IV, I (D) I, IV, III, II 5 p 1 3 2 4 q 2 1 3 2 r 3 2 4 1 s 4 4 1 3 , 120 ? (A) (B) (C) (D) Paper-II 16. 17. Match the following List I with List II and indicate your answer using codes given below : List I List II (Parts of (Descriptions) the Eye) p. Rods 1. Stable and unique in and individual and can Cones be used for identification better than finger prints. q. Iris 2. Photoreceptors in retina r. Ciliary 3. The optic disc where muscles optic nerve fibers leave the eye enroute to the brain s. Blind 4. Control its curvature spot which varies depending on the distance of the object focussed. Codes : p q r s (A) 4 1 2 3 (B) 2 1 4 3 (C) 1 2 3 4 (D) 3 4 1 2 18. 19. 20. Match List I with List II and indicate your answer using codes given below : List I List II (Visual (Explanations) variables) p. Colour 1. The effect of intensity of light on the observer q. Illuminance 2. The intensity of light reflected from an illuminated surface. r. Luminance 3. The amount of incident light. s. Brightness 4. The subjective or psychological effect that different wavelengths of light on the observer Codes : p q r s (A) 1 2 3 4 (B) 4 3 2 1 (C) 2 1 3 4 (D) 1 4 2 3 Paper-II 21. 6 Given below are the three types psychological investigations : (1) Field experiments, (2) Laboratory experiments, and (3) Ex post facto field studies. If the above investigations are arranged in descending order in terms of researcher s ability to control secondary variance, the typical order would be (A) 2, 1, 3 (B) 3, 1, 2 (C) 2, 3, 1 (D) 3, 2, 1 What is the correct sequence of events for hunger motivation ? Indicate your answer using the codes given below : 1. Energy level to its set point 2. A bout of eating 3. Presence of an energy deficit 4. Satiation 5. Hunger Codes : (A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (B) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 (C) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 (D) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 Persons high in achievement motivation tend to prefer tasks that are _____. (A) very easy (B) extremely difficult (C) moderately difficult (D) all types of task Match List I with List II and indicate your answer with the help of the codes given below : List I List II (Definition) (Memory system) p. Memory for factual 1. Procedural information that we memory acquired at a specific time q. memory for general, 2. Episodic abstract knowledge memory that we cannot remember acquiring at a specific time r. Memory for 3. Autobioinformation graphcial necessary to perform memory skilled motor activity s. Memory for events 4. Semantic in our own life memory Codes : p q r s (A) 2 4 1 3 (B) 4 1 3 2 (C) 3 2 4 1 (D) 1 3 2 4 D-04-13 16. I II : I II ( ) ( ) p. 1. q. 2. r. 3. - s. 4. : (A) (B) (C) (D) 17. p 4 2 1 3 q 1 1 2 4 r 2 4 3 1 18. (A) 2, 1, 3 (C) 2, 3, 1 19. p 1 4 2 1 q 2 3 1 4 r 3 2 3 2 (B) 3, 1, 2 (D) 3, 2, 1 ? : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. : (A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (C) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 (B) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 (D) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 ? (A) (B) (C) (D) 21. I II : I II ( ) ( ) p. 1. q. , 2. r. 3. s. 4. : 20. s 3 3 4 2 I II : I II ( ) ( ) 1. p. q. 2. r. 3. s. 4. ( ) : (A) (B) (C) (D) D-04-13 (1) , (2) (3) , ? s 4 1 4 3 (A) (B) (C) (D) 7 p 2 4 3 1 q 4 1 2 3 r 1 3 4 2 s 3 2 1 4 Paper-II 22. 23. 24. 25. Paper-II A person had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then the person could not think of owning a blue or green coloured car. The person s aversion even to green cars is an example of (A) Discrimination (B) Generalization (C) Latent learning (D) The overjustification effect 28. 8 Read each of the following two statements Assertion (A) and Reason(R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : Learning refers to the modification of behaviour as a result of past experience. Reason (R) : Experience is achieved through observation. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (R) is true, but (A) is false. 27. A person rattles the box of dog s biscuits before giving the biscuit to dog. As the person rattles the box the dog begins to salivate. Thus rattling of box is _____; and the salivation of dog is a kind of _______. (A) CS ; CR (B) CS ; UCR (C) UCS ; CR (D) UCS ; UCR In operant conditioning a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals is the case of (A) Fixed ratio schedule (B) Variable ratio schedule (C) Fixed interval schedule (D) Variable interval schedule 26. Match the List I with List II and indicate your answer with the help of codes given below : List I List II (Phenomenon) (Psychologist) p. Observational 1. Skinner learning q. Cognitive Map 2. Vygotsky r. Association of 3. Bandura different stimuli s. Learning pulls to 4. Pavlov cognitive development Codes : p q r s (A) 2 1 3 4 (B) 3 1 4 2 (C) 3 1 2 4 (D) 2 3 1 4 Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : The minimum flicker rate of a light source that results in a perceptual shift from apparent flicker to apparent steady continuous light is known as Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF). Reason (R) : The CFF marks the border between seeing flicker and seeing fusion. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Which of the following best describes the serial position curve ? (A) Greater accuracy of recall of words in the beginning of the list and in the middle of the list. (B) Greater accuracy of recall of words in the beginning of the list and gradual diminished accuracy by the end of the list. (C) Greater accuracy of recall of words in beginning and at end of the list. (D) Greater accuracy of recall of words in the middle and at the end of the list. D-04-13 22. , ? (A) (B) (C) (D) 26. , (A) (R) (A) : (R) : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (R) , (A) 27. ? (A) (B) (C) (D) 28. ? (A) (B) - (C) (D) I II : I II ( ) ( ) 1. p. q. 2. r. 3. s. 4. : (A) (B) (C) (D) p 2 3 3 2 q 1 1 1 3 r 3 4 2 1 25. s 4 2 4 4 , (A) (R) : (A) : ( ) (R) : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) 24. : ________ , ________ 23. (A) CS ; CR (C) UCS ; CR D-04-13 (B) CS ; UCR (D) UCS ; UCR 9 Paper-II 29. The degree to which construct system allows new information to enter that will allow construct system to change is called (A) Individual Corollary (B) Permeability (C) Loose construing (D) Constructive Alternativism 30. Who among the following has developed a test for personality assessment where the subject has to choose between a pair of jokes ? (A) McCafe (B) McCall (C) J.M. Cattell (D) R.B. Cattell 31. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : Working memory can hold a large amount of information even though it can retain only seven to nine items. Reason (R) : Items in working memory contain several separate bits of information grouped together called chunks. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 32. 36. Match the List I with List II and indicate your answer with the help of codes given below : List I List II (Phenomenon) (Psychological name) p. Smallest unit that 1. Grammer carries meaning q. Rules to 2. Semantics communicate and understand others r. Rules for desiring 3. Morphemes meanings s. Rules for 4. Syntax combining words Codes : p q r s (A) 3 1 4 2 (B) 3 2 4 1 (C) 3 1 2 4 (D) 3 2 1 4 37. Telegraphic speech is typical of the ______ stage. (A) Babbling (B) One-word (C) Two-word (D) Three-word Read the following statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer by using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : In deduction, conclusion is derived from a premise. Reason (R) : People reason by using deduction as well as induction. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the true explanation of (A). (B) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is correct, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is correct. Three types of feature detector cells are (A) Simple cells, Glial cells, T-cells (B) Simple cells, Complex cells, Glial cells (C) Sensory cells, Hyper complex cells, T-cells (D) Simple cells, Complex cells, Hyper complex cells Who has emphasized the linguistic relativity hypothesis ? (A) Noam Chomsky (B) Jean Piaget (C) Steven Pinker (D) Whorf B.L. 33. 35. 34. The sentence Blue Jeans wear false smiles has correct _____ but incorrect _______. (A) Morphemes; phonemes (B) Phonemes; morphemes (C) Semantics ; syntax (D) Syntax ; semantics Paper-II 10 D-04-13 29. ? (A) (B) (C) (D) 30. ? (A) (B) (C) . . (D) . . 31. , (A) (R) : (A) : , , (R) : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) 32. 34. 36. ? (A) (B) - (C) - (D) - _______ ______ (A) ; (B) ; (C) ; (D) ; , (A) (R) (A) : , (R) : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) I II : I II ( ) ( ) p. 1. q. 2. r. 3. s. 4. : ? (A) (B) (C) (D) . . 33. 35. D-04-13 (A) (B) (C) (D) 37. 11 p 3 3 3 3 q 1 2 1 2 r 4 4 2 1 s 2 1 4 4 (A) , , T - (B) , , (C) , , T - (D) , , Paper-II Read the following two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below : Assertion (A) : Sleep fulfills a critical biological function. Reason (R) : Sleep is required to restore the homeostatis. Codes : (A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (B) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (D) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 39. Choose the odd one for pattern of sympathetic activation during emotions : (A) Increased heart rate (B) Pupil constriction (C) Lowered skin resistance (D) Increased breathing rate 40. Out of following who has not divided intelligence into two general components ? (A) Cattell J.M. (B) Jensen (C) Hebb (D) Thurstone 41. Number of different factors as specified by Spearman to explain the performance on some tests : (A) One s factor and many g factors. (B) Many s factors and many g factors. (C) One s factor and one g factor. (D) Many s factors and one g factor. 42. Which set of three approaches is more relevant to study the impact of Genetic factors on intelligence ? 1. Correlation between siblings 2. Correlation between identical twins reared apart. 3. Adopted child studies. 4. Correlation between parents and children. Codes : (A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 2, 3 and 4 (C) 1, 2 and 4 (D) 1, 3 and 4 Paper-II 43. 38. 44. 45. 12 Match List I with List II and indicate your answer with the help of codes given below : List I List II (Psychologist) (Concept) p. Adler 1. Basic anxiety q. Bandura 2. Triadic Reciprocal causation r. Jung 3. Fictional Finalism s. Horney 4. Principle of Equivalence Codes : p q r s (A) 2 4 3 1 (B) 1 3 2 4 (C) 3 2 4 1 (D) 3 4 2 1 Researchers have found different ways in which an individual s genotype shapes his or her environment. Which of the following is NOT one of them ? (A) The genotype has a passive effect on environment resulting from genetic similarity between parents and children. (B) The child s genotype evokes particular kinds of reactions from social and physical environment. (C) The child s genotype plays an active role in shaping the environment. (D) People with different genotypes are differentially sensitive or susceptible to their environment. Match List I with List II and indicate your answer using the codes given below : List I List II (Types of (Example) Variable) p. Continuous 1. Selection test outcome in terms of selected/ rejected q. Real 2. Voice pitch discrete r. Artificially 3. Intelligence discrete s. Qualitative 4. Gender Codes : p q r s (A) 4 1 2 3 (B) 2 4 1 3 (C) 3 1 4 2 (D) 3 4 1 2 D-04-13 38. (A) (R) : (A) : (R) : : : (A) (A) (R) (R), (A) (B) (A) (R) , (R), (A) (C) (A) , (R) (D) (A) , (R) 39. ? (A) . . (B) (C) (D) 41. ? (A) s g (B) s g (C) s g (D) s g 42. ? 1. 2. - - 3. 4. : (A) 1, 2 3 (B) 2, 3 4 (C) 1, 2 4 (D) 1, 3 4 D-04-13 I II : I II ( ) ( ) p. 1. q. 2. r. 3. s. 4. : (A) (B) (C) (D) : (A) (B) (C) (D) 40. 43. p 2 1 3 3 q 4 3 2 4 r 3 2 4 2 s 1 4 1 1 - ? (A) (B) (C) ( ) (D) - - 45. I II : I II ( ) ( ) p. 1. / q. 2. r. 3. s. 4. : 44. (A) (B) (C) (D) 13 p 4 2 3 3 q 1 4 1 4 r 2 1 4 1 s 3 3 2 2 Paper-II 47. Paper-II The interscorer reliability is especially important for 1. Projective tests 2. Achievement tests with short answers 3. Multiple choice tests 4. Judgements by multiple raters Codes : (A) 1 only (B) 2 and 3 only (C) 1 and 4 only (D) 1, 2 and 4 only 49. Consider that a newly developed test for assessing abstract reasoning and a well established test of abstract reasoning are administered to a sample of 350 and a correlation of 0.25, significant at .01 level is obtained. It will be inferred that the new test has (A) unsatisfactory concurrent validity (B) satisfactory concurrent validity (C) unsatisfactory predictive validity (D) satisfactory predictive validity 50. 14 Cronbach alpha is 1. larger than split half reliability coefficient 2. smaller than reliability coefficient 3. average of all possible split-half reliability coefficients 4. equal to Kuder-Richardson reliability for dichotomous items Codes : (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 3 and 4 only (D) 1 and 4 only 48. Instructions for Q. 46 to 50 : Read the following passage and answer the five questions that follow : The Classical Test Theory (CTT) assumes that every obtained score is a sum of the true score and the error of measurement. The earlier versions of the CTT, in their reliability conceptualization, ambitiously addressed the random errors of measurement. Accordingly, reliability can be conceptualized as a consistency between the true score and the obtained score. Reliability can be studied through various perspectives. In the test construction phase, internal consistency reliability is given heavy emphasis. Various reliability coefficients such as split-half reliability, Kuder-Richardson reliability, Cronbach alpha etc. have been developed for this purpose. One of the earlier development in CTT is the Spearman-Brown formula. The other important types of reliabilities include test-retest reliability and interscorer reliability. In addition to reliability, psychologists emphasize test validity. Content validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, construct validity are some of the important types of validities in psychometric studies. Factor analysis has also been employed in evaluating the test validity. Once the reliability and validity are well established, the test constructor attempts to establish the representative and comprehensive norms. 46. Reliability is conceptualized as Obtained vriance (A) True vriance True varaince (B) True varaince + Error variance True variance (C) Error variance Obtained variance (D) Error variance Factor analysis is best suited for studying (A) Concurrent validity (B) Predictive Validity (C) Content validity (D) Construct validity D-04-13 . 46 50 : : (CTT) , CTT , , - , - , CTT - , , , , ( ) , 46. 47. 48. D-04-13 350 0.25 .01 ? (A) (B) (C) (D) 50. 15 - ? 1. 2. 3. 4. : (A) 1 (B) 2 3 (C) 1 4 (D) 1, 2 4 49. ? (A) (B) + (C) (D) 1. - 2. 3. - 4. - : (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 4 (D) 1 4 ? (A) (B) (C) (D) Paper-II Space For Rough Work Paper-II 16 D-04-13

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