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ICSE BIOLOGY - ORGANS AND THEIR LOCATIONS

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Tanay Nayak
Avalon Heights International School, Mumbai

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Sr.No. 1 2 STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION Cell membrane outermost in animal cells. Lies next to cell wall in Regulates the entry of certain solutes plant cells and ions Cell wall Surrounding plasma membrane in plant cells Allows substances in solution to enter and leave the cell without hindrance and gives rigidity and shape to the plant cell Initiates and regulates cell division in animal cells only 3 Centrosome 4 Chloroplasts Region surrounding centrioles located near the nucleus In the cytoplasm of plant cells Chromatin Fibres In the nucleoplasm in interphase Carry hereditary information or genes Vacuoles Clear spaces in the cytoplasm with water or other substances in solution Give turgidity to plant cells by pressing against the cell wall Diffusion of gases for photosynthesis and respiration Diffusion of gases for photosynthesis and respiration Guttation or Exudation 5 6 7 Stomata 8 Lenticels On the surfaces of leaves and in the green stems of herbaceous plants On the surfaces of woody stems Hydathodes On the margins of leaves at the tips of vein endings 9 Trap solar energy for photosynthesis Being transparent allows sunlight to reach the mesophyll of leaves. Prevents Waxy layer on the evaporation of water from leafsurfaces of leaves surfaces In the grana of chloroplasts Site of light reaction of photosynthesis Matrix of Site of Biosynthetic phase of chloroplast photosynthesis 10 Cuticle 11 Thylakoids 12 Stroma 13 At the aperture between the Maintains unidirectional flow of Right atrium and deoxygenated blood from the right Tricuspid Valve the right ventricle atrium and the right ventricle Bicuspid or Mitral Valve At the aperture between the Left atrium and theLeft ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valves At the opening of the right ventricle Maintains unidirectional flow of into the deoxygenated blood from the right pulmonary artery ventricle into the pulmonary artery 17 Aortic semilunar valves Pocket shaped valves At the point of origin of aorta from the left ventricle In the lumen of veins 18 Tonsils Sides of the neck Prevents back flow of oxygenated blood from the aorta into the left ventricle Maintain unidirectional flow of blood towards the heart Localise infections and prevent it from spreading to the body as a whole Spleen In the abdomen, behind the stomach and above the left kidney Acts as a blood reservoir, produces lymphocytes, destroys worn-out red blood cells, in an embryo it produces RBCs 14 15 16 19 Maintains unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood from the left atrium and the left ventricle 20 21 22 23 24 Kidneys on either side of the back bone and protected by the last two ribs Primary excretory organs Ureter Arising from the hilum in the median surface of each kidney and connects behind with the urinarry bladder in the lower part of the abdomen Renal Pelvis Expanded portion of the ureter in Receives urine from the collecting each kidney ducts Urinary Bladder Bowman's capsule 25 Glomerulus 26 Proximal Convoluted Tubule 27 Distal Convoluted Tubule Muscular sac in the pelis just above and behind the pubic bne Transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder Stores urine temporarily till it is expelled In the renal cortex Receives the ultrafiltrate Lodged in the Bowman's capsule Performs ultrafiltration Reabsorbs 2/3rds of water and much In the renal cortex of glucose Reabsorption of remaining chlorides and some water. Walls secreting K+ and foreign chemicals such as Penicillin and other drugs into the In the renal cortex forming urine 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 In the renal Loop of Henle medulla Outer portion of Cerebral Cortex the cerebrum Some absorption of water and sodium ions Enables us to think, reason out, invent, plan and memorise Cerebellum Just at the base of the brain and under the cerebrum Helps in maintaining body balance, posture and equilibrium along with theinternal ear. Co-ordinates the working of voluntary muscles Corpus Callosum Between the two cerebral hemispheres internally Transfers nerve impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other Lowest portion of the brain at the base of the skull Controls involuntary activities of internal organs like peristalsis of the alimentary canal, movement of breathing, beating of the heart etc. Centre of the brain below the cerebellum carries nerve impulses from one cerebellar hemisophere to the other, co-ordinates muscuklar movements on both sides of the body, controls breathing along with the MO In the Diencephalon relays pain and pressure impuses from the various parts of the body to the cerebrum Medulla Oblongata Pons varolli Thalamus 35 Hypothalamus 36 Mid Brain Below the thalamus in the Controls body temperature, anger, Diencephalon hunger, thirst and the pituitary Small tubular part of the brain Reflexes involving eyes and ears ANS pair of chains of nerves and ganglia on either sides of the back bone 37 Controls involuntary actions of the internal organs Nerves arise from the spinal cord between the neck and the waist Prepares the body for violent action region against abnormal conditions 38 Sympathetic Nervous System 39 Anteriorly in the head and neck Parasympatheti and the other c Nervous posterior in sacral Concerned with re-establishing normal System region conditions after the violent act is over 40 41 42 43 CSF Between the meninges, ventricles of the brain, central Acts like a cushion and protects the canal of the spinal brain and spinal cord from injuries by cord absorbing mechanical shocks Spinal Cord Extends from the MO down almost the whole length of the back bone to the end at the second lumbar vertebra and lies withi the neural canal of the vertebrae Upper sideward portion of the Lacrimal Glands orbit Yellow Spot At the back of the eye almost at the centre on the horizontal axis of the eyeball Concerned with reflexes below the neck, conducts sensory impuses from the skin and muscles to the brain , conducts motor responses from the brain to the muscles of the trunk and limbs Secrete tears that have bactericidal lysozymes to kill germs, lubricate the eyes, keep the front surface of the eye clean by washing away dust particles Region of acute, brightest and colour vision 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Blind spot Lateral to the yellow spot on the nasal side of the Point of no vision and origin of optic retina nerve Aqueous chamber front chamber between the lens and cornea Vitreous chamber Larger cavity behind the eye lens in the eye Ear Ossicles In the middle ear cavity wherein the handle of the Malleus is attached to the innerv surface of the ear drum, and the flat part of the stirrup to the oval window and the Incus is found Their lever like movement transmits inbetween the sound vibrations from the tympanum two to the oval window Eustachain Tube Connecting the middle ear cavity with the pharynx Organ of Corti In the median cochlear canal Adrenal Glands Secretion of Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids by the adrenal Fitting like caps cortex and adrenaline and above the kidneys noradrenaline byb the medulla filled with aqueous humour that keeps the lens moist and protects it from physical shock, refracts light Has vitreous humour that helps in maintaining the shape of the eye ball and protects the retina and its nerve endings Equalises air pressure on either side of the Tympanum allowing it to vibrate freely Converts sound vibrations to nerve impulses, helps in differntiating between sounds of various pitches Pancreas Below the stomach in the duodenal loop Has Islets of Langerhans that secrete Glucagon, Insulin and Somatostatin Thyroid Bilobed, Butterfly like structure saddled onto the Trachea, just below the larynx in front of the neck Secretes Thyroxine and Calcitonin Pituitary Small projection hanging from the base of the midbrain below Secretes Gonadotropins, other tropic the hypothalamus hormones, Oxytocin, ADH 54 Testes In thin walled cutaneous pouches called scrotal sacs extraabdominally 55 Packaging tissues between the coils of the Leydig's or Seminiferous Interstitial cells tubules 56 Fitting like a cap on the upper pole of the testis 51 52 53 Epididymis Spermatogenesis Secrete androgens of which the main one is Testosterone Stores spems for some days till they mature 57 58 59 Vas Deferens Arising from each testis, travelling upward through the inguinal canal,looping over the ureters of their side, coming together and joining the urethra at the Transports sperms from the testis to the back of the Urethra urinary bladder Seminal Vesicles between the posterior surface of the Urinary Bladder and the rectum Produces a secretion that serves as a medium for transportation of the sperms and activates them Prostate Surrounding the urethraclose to its origin from the urinary bladder Pours an alkaline secretion into the semen as it passes through the urethra and this neutralises the acid in the female vagina Its secretion lubricatyes the tip of the penis during coitus Serves for passing out of semen and urine 60 Bulbo-Urethral or Cowper's Glands 61 Penis Open into the urethra just before it enters the penis In front of the scrotum Ovaries In women that are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus Oogenesis 62 63 64 65 66 Oviducts One on either side of the uterus opening near the ovary on one side and into the uterus on the other side Site of Fertilisation Uterus In the pelvic cavity between the UB and the rectum Placenta Disc-like structure attached to the uterine wall Site of implantation of the blastocyst and growth of the foetus Allows diffusion of Oxygen, nutrients, from mother to the foetus; eliminates Carbon-di oxide, urea and other wastes from foetus to the mother, acts as an endocrine gland and secretes Oestrogens and Progesterone Sac around the embryo even before the formation of the allantois Has the amniotic fluid that protects the embryo from physical damage by jerks or mechanical shocks, keeps even presssure all around the embryo, allows the foetus, some restricted movement, prevents sticking of the foetus to the amnion Amnion

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Additional Info : ICSE Biology Notes by Bhomik Acharya (bhomik1018)
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