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ICSE BIOLOGY REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM NOTES

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Tanay Nayak
Avalon Heights International School, Mumbai

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Reproductive System Q.1. Write a short note on Reproductive system in human beings. Ans Reproductive system in human beings : (i) Human being reproduce sexually. The organs of the reproductive system are divided into primary and accessory parts. (ii) The primary reproductive parts are called Gonads viz. testes and ovary. (iii) (a) Male reproductive system consists of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowper s glands and penis. (b) Female reproductive system consists of ovaries, oviduct, uterus, vagina and vulva. (c) The Accessory reproductive parts : These are the organs or components which are required for the fusion of two types of sex cells, that would lead to fertilization, growth and development of egg. Q.2. Give the flow chart of various parts and their functions in male reproductive system. Ans. Various Parts and their functions in male reproductive system Reproductive system of man Essential organs (produce sperms and hormones) (i) A pair of testes | A pair of Epididymis 1 (2) Genital ducts (Carry sperms out of the body) A pair of A pair of Urethr vasa ejaculato a deferent ry ducts ia Accessory organs (Play some type of supportive role) (3) Glands (Produce secretions that serve to nourish transport and mature sperms | | (4) Supporting organs (Support in sexual activites) Scrotum Penis A pair of seminal vesicles One Prostate A pair of Cowper s glands Q.3. Describe briefly the male reproductive organs. Ans. Male reproductive organs : The male reproductive system is required to produce sperms and transfer the sperms to the female reproductive tract. Primary Accessory male reproductive organs reproductive organs in male 2 Testes Glands Ducts Passage (a) Produce sperms (a) Seminal (a) Collecting Urethra Vesicle Tubules (b) Produce (b) Prostate gland (b) Epididymis hormones (c) Cowper s (c) Vas deferens gland (d) Ejaculatory duct Q.4. Describe the structure of testes. Ans: The tests are a pair of male gonads lying outside the abdominal cavity and enclosed in muscular scrotum. The scrotum is outside the body cavity. It provides a nd environment about 3 C below normal body temperature required for development of sperms. Internally each testes is divided into 15 to 20 compartments called lobule is made up of coiled tubules called the seminiferous tubule. It produces sperms by the process called spermatogenesis. Between the seminiferous tubules are clusters of cells called Leydig s cell forming interstitial tissue which secretes male hormone testosterone. Q.5. Write a note on : (i) Seminiferous tubules. (ii) Leydig cells. Ans : (i) Seminiferous tubules : In each lobule of the testis are present 1 3 tightly coiled very fine tubules called seminiferous tubules. The cells of these tubules keep on dividing and produce sperms by the process called spermatogenesis. (ii) Leydig cells : Between the seminiferous tubules are present groups of rounded cells called interstitial or Leydig cells. These cells secrete male 2 hormone called testosterone.Failure to produce testosterone causes impotency. Q.6. Label the structure shown below and answer the questions that follow : (a) State the functions of : (i) Part 2 (ii) Part 3) (b) Name the part in the female body that correspond to : (i) Part 1 (ii) Part 3) (c) Where is this structure located in : (i) Adults (ii) Foetus ? (d) Name three glands associated with the system to which this structure belongs and state the main function of any two glands. Ans : 1. Vas deferens 2. Epididymis 3. Testis. (a) Functions of : (i) Part 2 : Epididymis It stores the sperms for a short period and is the site of their maturation. (ii) Part 3 : Testis. It produces sperms by the process of spermatogenesis. (b) The parts in the female body that correspond to (i) Part 1 : Fallapian tubes (ii) Part 3 : Ovaries (c) (i) In adults : it is located in the scrotum outside the abdominal cavity. (ii) In foetus : In the abdominal cavity (d) Glands associated with the system to which this structure belongs are seminal vesicles, Prostate gland and cowper s gland. (Here, the system is the male reproductive system and the structure is testis). The secretion of prostate gland contributes to the motility and viability of the sperms. The secretion of seminal vesicles provides nutrition to the sperms and also neutralizes the acidic medium in the uterus. Q.8. Give short notes on the structure, location and function of epididymis and ejaculatory duct. Ans : Epididymis : It is comma shaped and consists of head, body and tail and are located on the upper and posterior side of the testis. Function : Site of maturation of sperms, storage and passage. 3 Ejaculatory duct: Posterior to the urinary bladder, the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle unite to form the ejaculatory duct. Function : They release the sperms into the urethra just prior to ejaculation. Q.9. Write short notes on : (i) Vas deferens (ii) Urethra. Ans : (i) Vas deferens : The sperm ducts or vas deferens arise from each testis and move upwards into the abdomen through inguinal canal. During foetus stage, the testes along with their ducts, nerves etc. descend into the scrotum through this inguinal canal. The vas deferens loop over each ureter, come together & connect with urethra (medium duct) at the back of urinary bladder. Each vas deferens is about 40 cm long. (ii) Urethra: It is narrow, about 18-20 cm long passage that starts from the base of urinary bladder. IT opens at the tip of the penis as urino-genital aperture. IT is a common passage for both the urine as well as semen. It is differentiated into the following three parts : (a) The first part is surrounded by prostate gland and is called the prostatic urethra which carries urine only. (b) Middle membranous urethra, that is not covered by any structure. (c) Lower penile urethra, which passes through the penis. (d) It contains a large number of mucous glands. They secrete mucus. IT helps in the process of copulation by lubricating the vaginal tract. Q.10 Describe the structure of the accessory glands. Ans : (i) Seminal vesicle : The seminal vesicles are pair of secretory glands, lying posterior at the base of the urinary bladder. (ii) Prostate gland: A bilobed structure which surrounds the urethra close to its origin from the bladder. (iii) Cowper s gland: A pair of ovoid glands located below the prostate on either side of the urethra. Q.11. Explain the functions of seminal vesicles. Ans : The seminal vesicles perform the following functions : (i) Medium for transportation of sperm (ii) Acts as nourishing material for the transportation of sperm. (iii) It also helps in neutralizing the acidity of male urethra and vagina. Q.12 Describe the structure and functions of prostate gland. Ans : Prostate gland is a bi-lobed gland surrounding the urethra at a point where the ejaculatory duct is present. This gland has numerous ducts that pour their secretion into the urethra. The secretions from the prostate gland perform the following functions : (i) Increase the mobility and fertility of the sperms. 4 Q.13. What is the function of scrotum ? Ans : Scrotum is a thin pouch of skin that covers the testes. It supports the testes. It maintains temperature 2-3 C lower than the body temperature. Low temperature is necessary for the maturation of sperms. Q.14. Write a note on penis. Ans : The penis is an erectile an organ. It is hanging from the abdomen in from of scrotum. It can expand up to a length of 15-18 cm in a normal adult man. The tip of penis called glands penis is highly sensitive and slightly swollen. The glands is covered by a loose skin called prepuce. In the erectile tissue of penis are present a large number of blood sinuses. On sexual stimulation a large amount of blood rushes into theses sinuses through arteries. It causes expansion of these sinuses and compressing the veins. Hence, the blood cannot drain out of penis. This results in the enlargement of penis and making it rigid. This condition is called erection. During sexual intercourse the erected penis is inserted into the vagina. The penis releases semen into the vagina by a process called ejaculation. Q.15. The figure give below represents a diagrammatic sketch of male urinogenital system of a human. (a) Label the parts A E (b) What passes through A and B? (c) what is the function of the scrotum ? (d) What is the function of the parts labeled D and E ? Ans : (a) (A) Vas deferens (B) Ureter (C) Urethra (D)Urinary bladder (E) Prostate gland. (b) Sperms and urine (c) The scrotum suspends the testis outside the body at a lower temperature suitable for spermatogenesis. (d) Part D (urinary bladder) store urine. Part E (prostate gland) secretes alkaline fluid which neutralizes acidic medium of urethra and keeps the sperms motile. Q.16. State the structure of the sperm. 5 Ans: The sperm is composed of a head, mid piece and tail. The sperm is adapted to penetrate the female ovum: (i) Head : It enlarged end of the sperm. At the top of head is present a small granule like structure called acrosome. The head contains one haploid nucleus called male pronucleus. (ii) Neck : It is very small. It is present between the head and middle piece. It contains two centrioles. One centriole is present near the nucleus called proximal centriole. The other centriole is present towards the middle piece. It is called distal centriole. (iii) Middle piece : It is present below the neck. It contains a spiral sheath of mitochondria. These mitochondria provide energy and increases the mobility of sperm. (iv) Tail : It is the large whip-like structure. It is many times longer than the head. It facilitates the mobility of sperm. Q.17. Write the functions of parts of sperm Ans : Functions : (i) Acrosome secretes some enzymes that help in fertilization. These enzymes perforate the egg membrane in ovum. (ii) Mitochondria of middle piece provide energy for the beating of tail. (iii) Centrioles of neck help in the formation of spindle of the zygote and help in cleavage. (iv) Male pronucleus when fuses with female pronucleus helps to restore the diploid number of chromosomes Q.18. Give the flow chart for the path of mature sperm. Ans : Seminiferous tubules in testis Production of sperms Sperm tubules Efferent ducts Passage of sperms Head or upper part of 6 epididymis Middle part of epididymis Hind part of epididymis Secretions from accessoru glands Vas deferens Urethra Storage of sperms Pathway of sperms Q.19. Enlist the components of female reproductive system and write briefly the primary, secondary and accessory female reproductive organs. Ans : Components of female Reproductive system Female Reproductive System Ovaries Oviducts Uterus Vagina External organs Female reproductive organs : Female reproductive organs produce the female gamete (ovum), and help in the development of the young one till the young one is ready for birth. Primary Secondary Accessory Reproductive Organs Organs Organs Ovaries Glands Ducts Uterus Passage (i) Produce (i) Mammary Oviduct : Proctects (i) Vulva ova glands help in (i) Receives and helps in the nutrition ovum/Ova at development of the baby funnel shaped of embryo after birth end. (ii) Produce (ii) Transfer (ii) Va hormones Ovum/Ova to gina the uterus (iii) Uterus Q.22. Explain the internal structure of the ovary. 7 Ans: Each ovary is lined by germinal epithelium which forms about 400 500 mature ova or oocytes in lifetime from millions of potential cells, but only one egg cell matures in each ovary every alternate month. Every 28 days, one mature egg cell gets released from one of the ovaries. Each ovary is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. Ovaries can be called glands since they secrete hormones. The development of the ovum takes place with the help of hormones at various stages. The pituitary gland secretes very small quantity of follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), which helps in formation of graafian follicle. This hormone also brings many changes in the body. In about a fortnight, the pituitary gland secretes the luteinizing hormone (LH) that helps the follicle to burst out releasing mature ovum. The process of release of mature ovum is called ovulation. After ovulation, the remaining part of graafian follicle is now called corpus luteum. It immediately begins to secrete a second hormone called progesterone which prepares uterus wall for receiving the embryo. Oestrogen continues to be secreted as was happening prior to ovulation. Q.23 Write short notes on : (i) Uterus (ii) Vagina (iii) Oviduct Ans. (i) Uterus : The uterus is a hollow pear shaped muscular organ situated in pelvic cavity between urinary bladder and rectum. It has two regions, an upper wider portion which receives the two oviducts and a lower small constricted neck portion called the cervix. (ii) Vagina : The vagina, is a muscular tube starting from the lower end of the uterus upto the outside. The vagina receives the male penis during copulation. The great elasticity of its wall also allows the passage of the child during childbirth. The Opening of the vagina in young female is partially closed by a thin membrane called hymen. The hymen is frequently ruptured in childhood clue to physical exercise or disease. (iii) Oviduct : The two oviducts also called as fallopian tube or uterine tubes are about 12 cm long. Near its corresponding ovary, each oviduct has a funnel shaped opening called infundibulum or the ostium. Cilia lining the funnel helps to pick up and push the released ovum into the oviduct. Subsequently, the muscular contractions of the oviduct push the egg down into the uterus. Q.24. Define Menstrual cycle. Ans. Menstrual cycle is the cyclic changes which occur every 28 days in the reproductive tract of human females from puberty upto menopause. Q.25. What are the four main phases of menstrual cycle ? Ans. (i) Menstrual phase 8 (ii) Ovulatory phase (iii) Follicular phase (iv) Luteal phase Q. 26. Explain Menstrual cycle. Ans.(i) Menstrual phase : It lasts for 3-5 days during which blood is discharged. The bleeding is caused due to the shedding of the uterine lining, rupturing the blood vessels. Starting from the onset of the menstruation flow, the ovary begins to form a new egg in a follicle. (ii) Follicular phase : As the follicle grows, it produces certain hormones which reactivate the uterine wall to become thickened and to be supplied with a lot of blood. This change is a kind of preparation of the uterus to receive the fertilised egg and to provide for the development of the future embryo. (iii) Ovulatory phase : On about the 13" or 14' day, the follicle ruptures (ovulation) and the released egg travels down the oviduct. (iv) Luteal phase : It lasts from 15-28 days. Uterus lining thickens further. Emptied follicle in the ovary turns into a hormone producing tissue called corpus luteum. Q. 27. Write a short note on : (i) Menarche (ii) Menopause. Ans. (i) Menarche : Menarche is the first menses that occurs and it signals the onset of puberty in females. It is influenced by geographic and climatic conditions and generally occur between the ages 10 to 15 years. (ii) Menopause : It is the permanent stoppage of the menstrual cycle. Its cause is related to the decreasing ability of the aging ovaries to respond to the pillutary hormones. Q.28. Define zygote and fertilization. Ans : Zygote : Male ejaculates semen into vagina of female. Millions of sperms enter the female reproductive system and swim through cervix into the uterus and finally into the oviduct. Only one sperm fertilizes the egg. This fertilized egg is called the zygote. Fertilisation : It is the process in which two gametes unite to form a zygote. Different stages of Fertilization are : (A) Egg or Ovum. (B) Egg surrounded by sperms. (C) Egg showing the penetration of one of the sperm. 9 (D) A zygote showing the sperm nucleus (male gamete) and egg nucleus (female gamete). Q. 29. Explain the process of fertilisation. Ans. The entry of sperm into the egg is facilitated by the release of certain lysosomal enzyme. These enzymes are secreted by the acrosome of the sperm. These enzymes digest the limiting membranes of the egg and make path for the entry of the sperm into the egg. After, the entry of one sperm into the ovum no more sperms can enter clue to certain chemical barriers. After the entry of the sperm into t he ovum, the sperm moves towards the haploid nucleus of the egg (22 + X chromosomes). Finally, the haploid nucleus of the sperm and the ovum fuse with each other intermingling the chromosomes. This fusion of male and female pronuclei (haploid nuclei) is called fertilization. It restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote. Zygote is produced after the completion of fertilisation. Fertilisation occurs usually within 24 hours of ovulation. Q.30. Give the flow chart for the parth of ovum in fertilised abd unfertilised stage. Ans : 10 Ovum after ovulation Oviduccal funnel Fallopian tube If ovum is fertilised If ovum is not fertilised Adheres to uterine wall (implantation) Degenerates or gets absorbed Developmental changes begin Prepared wall of blood vessels also get separated Baby born after approx. 280 days Degenerates or gets absorbed Q.31. Study the following diagram and answer the questions which follow : (i) What is the above diagram showing ? (ii)Define the term oogenesis and ovulation with respect to female reproductive system? (iii) What is wrong in step 5 ? Ans. (i) Process of fertilisation in animals. (ii) Oogenesis It is the process in which the ova-producing cells (oogonia) give rise to the mature egg (ovum). Ovulation It is the rupture of follicle releasing the egg. (iii) Only the sperm nucleus enters the ovum and not the tail. 11 Q. 32. What is Implantation ? Ans. The fertilised egg (zygote) undergoes cell division to form a hollow ball of cells called blastocyst which attaches i.e. implants itself to the roof of the Uterus and draws nourishment from the mother. The attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium (inner lining of uterus) 7 8 days after fertilisation is called implantation. Q. 33. Explain Implantation. Ans. The zygote that is formed after fertilization divides into 2, 4, 8, 16 cells in fallopian tube. On the fourth day- fertilisation, this zygote, in the form of solid ball of many cells, reaches uterus. It is called as morula. The morula develops into blastocyst, which is a fluid filled embryo. Outer nutritive layer of blastocyst is called trophohlast. This trophoblast forms a pit in the endometrium or the wall of uterus by digesting a part of this wall. Blastocvst fixes itself in this pit. This takes place in 5-7 days after fertilization. The endometrium grows over it. This is called implantation. Q.34. What is placenta ? Ans : Placenta is a disc like structure attached to uterine wall. The foetus is connected to the placenta with the help of Umbilical cord. The cord has blood vessels for transport of material. Q.35. Explain the functions of placenta. Ans : (i) Nutrition : All the nutritive substances diffuse from the blood of the mother to the foetus through placenta. (ii) Respiration : For the respiration of foetal cells O2 diffuses from the maternal to foetal blood through placenta. On the other hand, Co2 produced by the foetal cells diffuses in the opposite direction. It is eliminated through the kidneys of the mother. (iii) Excretion : Metabolic wastes produced in the foetus are eliminated through the placenta into maternal blood. These are eliminated through the kidneys of the mother. (iv) Storage : Placneta helps in the storage of glucose, fats etc. (v) Barrier : Placenta acts as an efficient barrier and allows only useful subtances to diffuse into the foetus. (vi) Endocrine function : Maintenance of pregnancy needs large amounts of hormones, progesterone and estrogen. These are produced by the placenta. Q. 36. Write a short note on : Amnion 12 Ans. Amnion : Watery sac completely surrounding the embryo except at thick umbilical cord. The embryo then floats in this amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber. The fluid protects the embryo against mechanical jerks. It also prevents drying of the embryo. Q. 37. Define : (i) Embryo, (ii) Foetus, (iii) Ovulation, (iv) Gametes and Somatic cells. Ans. (i) Embryo : An animal growing in an egg or its mother's body is called an embryo. (ii) Foetus : In mammals, the stage when an embryo starts to have the appearance of a a fully developed offspring is called a foetus. In humans, the embryo changes to foetus after about two months of development. (iii) Ovulation: The process in which the follicle ruptures, releasing the mature ovum into pelvic cavity is called ovulation. (iv) Gametes and Somatic cells : Gametes as reproductive cells differ from other body, cells. In that they contain haploid (one half) number of chromosomes (symbolised as n ). Body cells (somatic cell) contain diploid number of chromosomes (symbolised as 2n ). Q.38. Give biological reasons. The amnion sac in the uterus of the female during pregnancy is filled with a fluid. Ans. The amnion, a sac filled with amnion fluid, develops round the embryo during gestation perior. We fluid acts as a cushion for the embryo and protects it from jerks, and also prevents sticking the foetus to the amnion. Q. 39. Define gestation period, parturition and afterbirth. Ans. Gestation period : It is the period during which the embryo is undergoing developmental changes and remains in uterus of mother. In human beings, this period lasts about 280 days or 9 months or 40 weeks and it is called gestation period. Parturition : It is the act of expelling full term developed young one from mother's uterus. It involve, forceful muscular contraction called labour. After birth the uterus contracts to expell placenta and the umbilical cord. Q.40. Explain parturition or birth. Ans. At the time of birth the baby is pushed out by the powerful muscles of the uterus. These muscles act under the influence of hormone oxytocin. Cervix dilates allowing the baby to come out; the process is called parturition. Usually the baby's head comes out first and then umbilical cord and blood vessels. Umbilical cord is severed to separate the baby from the mother. The cut umbilical cord towards baby's end is tied to protect baby from infection. Placenta gets detached and expelled soon after birth. As baby comes out from the warm and safe environment of mother's womb and gets exposed to 13 outside environment, there is a 'cry' which helps the baby to breathe air. Uterus contracts and comes back to normal in a few days. Q. 41. What are identical twins ? Give the characteristics of identical twins. Ans. Two individuals that develop from a single fertilised egg by its division into two genetically similar parts are called identical twins. Identical twins have a striking resemblance to each other. They always belong to the same sex. Q.42. What are fraternal twins ? Give the characteristics of fraternal twins. Ans. Two individuals that develop from two separate fertilised eggs from a single pregnancy are called fraternal twins. Fraternal twins have no genetic similarity and may resemble or differ from each other as much as any other siblings. They may be of the same or opposite sex. Q. 43. What are the two main functions of : (a) Ovary (b) Testes ? Ans. (a) Ovary : (i) After fertilization, ovary forms egg which gives rise to an infant. (ii) It secretes female sex hormones namely oestrogen and progesterone. (b) Testes : (i) It secretes male sex hormone namely testosterone. (ii) It produces sperms. Q. 44. State the functions of progesterone. Ans. Functions of Progesterone : (i) Its secretion causes changes in the uterine endometrium. (ii) These secretions are necessary for the nutrition of the fertilized zygote, which is ready to divide and develop. Q. 45. Give one main function of each of the following organ of human female reproductive system. Organs : Ovary, Corpus luteum, Ovum, Oviducal funnel, Oviduct, Uterus, Placenta, Vagina. Ans : Organs Functions Ovary Production of ovum and female sex hormone 14 Corpus luteum Ovum Oviducal funnel Oviduct Uterus Placenta Vagina Realeases Oestrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin Female gamete Collects the ovum Site of fertilization. Site of implantation and gestation. Supply high level of progesterone required to maintain pregnancy Act as a lower birth canal Q.46. Give one main function of each of the following organ of human male reproductive system. Organs : Testes, Scrotum, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Seminal vesicles, Cowper's gland, Prostate gland, Penis Organs Functions Testes Formation of sperms and male sex hormones Scrotum Temperature regulation Epididymis Storage, Passage and maturation of sperms Vas deferens Transportation of sperms Seminal vesicles Releases glucose & fructose Cowper s gland Releases mucus Prostate gland Releases alkaline prostatic fluid Penis Intromittance Q.47. Describe briefly how a mammalian embryo is : (i) Protected (ii) Nourished (iii) How does it respire ? (iv) How does it dispose off wastes ? Ans : (i) Protected : The embryo is protected by the amnion / water sac which acts as a shock absorber. (ii) Nourished : It gets nourishment from the mothers blood which is transported through the placenta. 15 (iii) The placenta acts as organ of respiration for the embryo. (iv) Metabolic wastes produced in the foetus are eliminated through the placenta into mother s blood and finally out of the body through the kidneys of the mother. Q. 48. Explain briefly that chances of pregnancy to occur are most favourable on or about the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. Ans. On or about the 14th day, the follicle ruptures (ovulation) and the released egg travels down the oviduct. That is why the chances of pregnancy to occur are most favourable on or about the 14th day of menstrual cycle. Q.49. Most often only one embryo is formed at a time although there are two ovaries in women. Ans. Normally only one egg, matures in each ovary every alternate month. This is the reason that most often only one embryo is formed at a time although there are two ovaries in women. Q. 50. Which of the following is the route that a sperm follows when it leaves the testis of a mammal : (i) Vas deferens Epididymis Urethra (ii) Urethra Epididymis Vas deferens (iii) Epididymis Urethra Vas deferens (iv) Epididymis Vas deferens Urethra ? Ans. Epididymis Vas deferens Urethra. Q. 57. Given below are sets of five terms. Rewrite the terms in the correct order so as to be in logical sequence. (i) Implantation, ovulation, child birth, gestation, fertilization. (ii) Testis. sperm duct, semen, penis, sperms. Ans. (i) Ovulation fertilization implantation gestation child birth (ii)Testis sperms sperm duct semen penis Q.51. The figure given below represents the female reproductive system of a mammal. Parts indicated by the guidelines A to D are as follows : A) Uterus, B) Fallopian tube (oviduct), C) Ovary D) Vagina. 16 Give appropriate terms for each of' the following : (i) The onset of reproductive phase in a young female. (ii) Rupture of follicle and release of ovum from the ovary (iii) Monthly discharge of blood and disintegrated tissues in human female. (iv) Process of fusion of ovum and sperm. (v) Fixing of developing zygote (blastocyst) on the uterine wall. Ans : (i) Menstrual phase. (ii) Ovulation phase (iii) Menstrual cycle. (iv) Fertilization. (v) implantation. Q.52. The following diagram represents the vertical view of the human female reproductive system. (i) Label the parts indicated by the guidelines 1 to 8. (ii) How does the uterus prepare for the reception of a zygote ? (ii) What happens to the uterus if fertilization takes place ? (iii) What happens to the uterus if fertilization has failed to take place ? Ans : (i) 1. Fallopian tube 2. Fimriae 3. Ureter 4. Vagina 5. Ovary 6. Uterus 7. Urinary bladder 8. Urethra 17 (ii) Uterus lining thickens further and are supplied with a lot of blood. This change is a kind of preparation of uterus to receive a zygote and to provide for the development of the future embryo. (iii) If fertilization takes place, fertilized egg gets implanted or fixed into uterus wall and there is no menstrual discharge. (iv) If there is no fertilization, the egg disintegrates and uterine lining restarts shedding on the 28th day and uterine wall cannot be maintained in the thickened state. **************************************************************************** ** 18

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