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ISC Class XII Notes 2020 : English Paper 2 (English Literature) (Don Bosco Senior Secondary School, Vaduthala, Kochi, Ernakulam)

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The Tempest Study Guide by Course Hero What's Inside d In Context j Book Basics ................................................................................................. 1 Geographic Exploration d In Context ..................................................................................................... 1 The Tempest was written and performed during an age of a Author Biography ..................................................................................... 2 h Characters ................................................................................................... 2 k Plot Summary ............................................................................................. 5 geographic exploration. During the 17th century European countries were exploring new territories around the world and establishing colonies. With each new colony European countries expanded their political, economic, and cultural influence. c Scene Summaries .................................................................................. 10 The primary result of colonization for the natives in these g Quotes ......................................................................................................... 21 l Symbols ..................................................................................................... 24 m Themes ...................................................................................................... 24 newly "discovered" regions of the world, however, was exploitation and slavery. Families were divided or destroyed, ownership of land and a way of life were surrendered, and people were forced to serve new masters. Additionally the colonists often brought diseases that wiped out native b Motifs .......................................................................................................... 26 populations and practices that altered the natural world forever. It is within this context of colonization that William e Suggested Reading .............................................................................. 27 Shakespeare explores the budding issues of exploitation that come when one culture dominates another. Prospero's slave Caliban reflects how Europeans considered the natives they j Book Basics encountered in their explorations to be "savages" who must be "educated" and "civilized" in order to be saved. AUTHOR William Shakespeare YEAR WRITTEN c. 1611 Utopia and Idealism Often the new territories in Africa and the Americas were quite different from the homelands of the European colonizers. GENRE Exposure to these exotic locations inspired Europeans to Drama imagine more idealistic governments and to develop romanticized notions about the natives of these lands, ABOUT THE TITLE imagining them as more primitive, "natural" beings living in The Tempest takes its title from the storm that casts the men innocent harmony with the world around them. Some believed aboard Alonso's ship onto Prospero's island. that the less developed, less populated locations provided the opportunity to create a new social order a utopia where The Tempest Study Guide humans could establish a heaven on earth. Author Biography 2 King James I further legitimized the company and changed its name to the King's Men. In The Tempest the character Gonzalo reveals his vision for an idealistic commonwealth in Act 2, Scene 1, in a speech Shakespeare published most of his work from 1594 to 1613. He recognized by scholars as linked to the Frenchman Michel de wrote The Tempest around 1611, which was also the year of its Montaigne's description of an indigenous South American first performance for King James I. The play is considered by society in his essay "Of Cannibals." In this essay first published most scholars to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote by in 1580, Montaigne questions the superiority of his own culture himself (he may have contributed to other authors' plays). By and suggests that in more primitive societies individuals are the time Shakespeare wrote The Tempest, he had written better able to live in harmony with nature. Also it is likely that dozens of plays of varying types: histories, comedies, and Shakespeare was influenced by the writing of the British tragedies. In his later years he wrote a number of works that humanist Sir Thomas More, whose Utopia (1516) uses an contained both tragic and comedic features but didn't fully fall exploration of life on the fictional island of Utopia, where a into either category, which are now called his "romances," and European traveler lands after being separated from his party, The Tempest was his final one. Many scholars believe that to criticize his own culture under the reign of Henry VIII. through the character of the magician Prospero in The Tempest, Shakespeare gave his own farewell to the theater. Theatrics The original staging of The Tempest occurred in a time when there was no electricity or sound systems. They kept their stage sets simple because they had to. Yet Shakespeare includes plenty of special effects in the magical world of Prospero's island. Like Prospero, Shakespeare used the powers of his own art to create other worlds. Most of Shakespeare's plays are masterfully rewritten versions of already existing stories, but if the playwright used an existing story for The Tempest, Shakespeare scholars have not found it. However, the shipwreck in the story is likely based on the famous shipwreck of a British ship on the island of Bermuda in 1609. In May of that year a fleet of nine British Actors used their bodies, sounds, firecrackers and other ships set sail from England for the colonies in Jamestown, pyrotechnics, and props to create the effects of thunder, Virginia. During a terrible storm one ship was separated from lightning, and a sinking ship, for example, when staging the the others and crashed in Bermuda where the crew was able terrific storm in the first scene of the play. They had to execute to make it safely ashore. The reports of the wreck intrigued impressions of an elaborate banquet that magically appears many in England, particularly the descriptions of the island, and disappears as well as a masque with goddesses singing which were unlike anything most British people had ever seen. and dancing, using trapdoors and wires that allowed actors to In addition the utopian society that Gonzalo imagines hover above the stage. A curtain was often used to hide a establishing on the island is inspired by an essay titled "Of smaller rear area of the stage so that surprises could be Cannibals," by the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne. "revealed," as when Ferdinand and Miranda are found playing chess together at the end of the play. Together these theatrics Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616. would have captured the audience's imagination in new ways and conveyed a sense of the wonder in the play. a Author Biography h Characters Prospero William Shakespeare, born in April 1564, was an actor and a writer in a successful theatrical company in London, the Lord The magician Prospero is the main character in the play, both Chamberlain's Men, which performed his plays. He was also as the focus as well as the orchestrator of all the action. As the part owner of the Globe, an outdoor theater across the river duke of Milan Prospero was too focused on magical study and Thames from London. After Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603, left the running of his dukedom to his brother Antonio, who Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Characters 3 eventually deposed him. Exiled to an island, Prospero and his and claim they treated him with respect and kindness at first, daughter Miranda have lived in near isolation for 12 years. he later tried to rape Miranda. He is now a bitter, frequently During that time Prospero has become a more powerful punished slave. When Caliban meets some of the castaways magician. When fate brings the men who conspired against him from the ship, Trinculo and Stephano, he hopes to serve a new within reach, Prospero uses his powers to elevate his master. He soon realizes that the new master is worse than daughter's position in society and program revenge against his Prospero. enemies, including the very brother who took his dukedom from him. In the end Prospero abandons his plan for vengeance and forgives his enemies of their offenses. He Alonso regains his dukedom and plans to return with his newly engaged daughter to Italy. Alonso, the king of Naples, is onboard a ship returning to Italy from Africa, where his daughter has married the king of Algiers. Ariel After the shipwreck Alonso despairs over the presumed drowning of his son, Ferdinand. When Ariel reveals Alonso's part in the exile of Prospero, Alonso repents of his past sins. Prospero's faithful spirit servant, Ariel, helps execute Buoyed by Prospero's forgiveness and overjoyed at his son's Prospero's plans to gather his enemies on his island in order to reappearance, Alonso celebrates over the coming marriage repay them for their traitorous crimes against him. Ariel is still between Ferdinand and Miranda. haunted by his former experience as a slave to the witch Sycorax but serves Prospero willingly, enticed by the promise of freedom, which Ariel receives at the end of the play. It is Gonzalo primarily Ariel's magic Prospero uses to manipulate the other characters throughout the play. Gonzalo, King Alonso's advisor and Prospero's old and loyal friend, is the idealist in the play. When he sees the beauty and Miranda purity of the isolated island, he considers the utopia he might create there, eliminating poverty and wealth as well as social classes. Because he helped Prospero escape long ago, he has Exiled with her father when she was only three years old, earned Prospero's gratitude. Miranda has grown up on an island with no humans other than her father and their slave, Caliban. When she meets Ferdinand she is awed by his beauty and immediately falls in love. As she Antonio is exposed to more people, she cannot help but be amazed by all that humanity can be. Engaged to her beloved Ferdinand at Antonio is the current duke of Milan after undermining his the end of the play, she prepares to travel to Naples for their brother Prospero's power and exiling him from his home 12 wedding. Miranda's name means "to wonder at or be admired," years before. A greedy and unsympathetic character, he and she generally acts with wonder and admiration to most of blames King Alonso for the shipwreck and the supposed what she sees, including the ship, Ferdinand, her father's drowning of Ferdinand. He then plots with Sebastian, King explanation of how she came to live on the island, and the Alonso's brother, to kill Alonso and take power. Though other nobles. forgiven by his brother Prospero in the end, Antonio shows no remorse over any of his behavior. Caliban Son of the deceased witch, Sycorax, the half-human Caliban loses control of the island when Prospero and his daughter Miranda arrive there 12 years earlier. Although Prospero and his daughter try to educate Caliban in their language and ways Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Characters 4 Character Map Miranda Meek daughter Lovers Ariel Ferdinand Faithful servant Obliging Prince of Naples Daughter Servant Captive Son Prospero Master of the island; former Duke of Milan Betrayer Brothers Antonio Alonso Conniving Duke of Milan Mercenary king of Naples Slave King's adviser Main Character Other Major Character Minor Character Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Caliban Gonzalo Half-human, grudging servant Idealistic adviser The Tempest Study Guide Full Character List Character Description Prospero Prospero, the magician, is the former duke of Milan who was ousted by his brother Antonio. Ariel Ariel is a spirit who serves Prospero as payment for being rescued from imprisonment in a tree. Plot Summary 5 Sycorax Sycorax is Caliban's mother, a witch who uses magic in evil ways. Trinculo Trinculo is King Alonso's jester. k Plot Summary Traveling from Africa to Italy, a ship faces a terrible storm. Onboard is Alonso, the king of Naples, who has just married his daughter to the king of Tunis. Although the sailors become Miranda Miranda is Prospero's 15- year- old daughter. frustrated by the interference of the nobles above deck, all are Caliban Caliban, slave of Prospero, is a native inhabitant of the island. Meanwhile on the shore of an island, the magician Prospero Alonso Alonso is the king of Naples. Gonzalo Gonzalo is an advisor to King Alonso and old friend of Prospero. Antonio Antonio, the current duke of Milan, is Prospero's brother. desperate to reach safety. and his daughter Miranda watch the ship being tossed and turned in the storm. The two have been stranded on the island for 12 years since their escape from Milan when Prospero was deposed by his traitorous brother, Antonio, and forced to leave the city. Prospero reveals that his brother and other enemies who exiled him are the very men on board the ship. It becomes clear Prospero has used his magic to orchestrate the storm and the events that will follow in order to exact revenge. He has Ariel separate those onboard into three groups: the nobles, Ferdinand, and the "comics" Trinculo and Stephano. Adrian Adrian is a lord in King Alonso's court. Boatswain The boatswain is the leader of the boat's crew. Ferdinand Ferdinand is the son of the king of Naples. Prospero has two servants, the first of whom is a spirit named Ariel, who has been promised freedom in two days. The loyal Ariel can also perform magic and is sent to spy on the shipwrecked men. Prospero's other servant, Caliban, is a Francisco Francisco is a lord in King Alonso's court. Mariners The mariners are the sailors on the ship. "monsterlike" man, the son of a terrible witch, Sycorax, whom Prospero defeated when he came to the island. Taught language by Prospero, Caliban has used none of his knowledge for good and perpetually curses his master. Ferdinand, the son of King Alonso, has been saved from the storm, but he reaches the island alone. He is certain the rest of Other spirits Iris, Ceres, Juno, and the Nymphs are spirits that appear in the play. the ship's passengers have drowned. As soon as he and Miranda see each other they fall in love. Although this is part of Prospero's plan, he pretends to be hostile to Ferdinand and Sebastian Sebastian is the brother of Alonso. Shipmaster The shipmaster is the master of Alonso's ship. orders him to perform hard labor, effectively playing "hard to get" to ensure that Ferdinand remains interested in Miranda. The rest of the king's party has survived and makes it to shore on a different part of the island. Alonso is certain his son has Stephano Stephano is the butler of King Alonso. drowned. Antonio and the king's brother, Sebastian, mock the king's grief, blaming him for the voyage that brought them to Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Plot Summary 6 this fate. His loyal adviser, Gonzalo, admonishes them. Gonzalo execute revenge but wants to extend mercy instead. He vows is delighted with the beautiful island and considers the utopia to give up his magic after he has brought about restoration. he might create if he were in charge a country without wealth, Ariel brings the men, who are under a magic spell, to Prospero, poverty, work, slavery, or royalty. who declares the various crimes that have been committed against him. Then he announces his forgiveness of them all. As the others sleep Antonio and Sebastian come up with a plan to kill King Alonso so that Sebastian can become king. As Alonso shares his grief over his lost son, Prospero reveals Antonio reminds his friend that he did the same thing to his that Ferdinand is alive and engaged to his daughter Miranda. brother, Prospero. Alonso is overjoyed at his son's survival and the coming marriage. Elsewhere on the island Trinculo, the king's jester, stumbles on Caliban, who is sleeping beneath his cloak. He climbs under the The drunken trio of Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo arrives; cloak as well, only to be discovered by Stephano, the king's after naming their sins Prospero forgives them as well, and he butler, who mistakenly believes he has found a four-legged claims Caliban as his own subject; Caliban fearfully anticipates monster. Upon hearing Stephano's voice, Caliban wakes and being punished and promises to try to please Prospero in the believes he is seeing a god. He swears to serve this new god, future, admitting he was foolish to worship Trinculo. who gives him wine. Together the men get very drunk and Announcing a plan to set sail for Naples the following day, come up with a plan to kill Prospero so that Stephano can Prospero then frees Ariel. become the ruler of the island. Prospero turns to the audience and asks them to free him as The king and his men search for Ferdinand with no luck. Exhausted and without hope they are startled when a magical banquet appears before them. Just as they prepare to eat, however, everything disappears again. Already vulnerable the men are further startled when Ariel tells them of their sins against Prospero. The king quickly expresses both his guilt and regret. Antonio and Sebastian, however, show no sorrow and are intent on carrying out their plot against the king. As Ferdinand's love is tested, Prospero is pleased to learn that he is genuine in his devotion to Miranda. He gives his blessing to their union but commands Ferdinand not to sleep with Miranda until after they are married. In honor of the engagement Prospero calls forth a celebratory masque with music and dancing by a host of spirits. Midway through the party Prospero remembers that Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo are coming to kill him, and he ends the celebration. At Prospero's bidding Ariel has led the three men through briars and thorns and a filthy pond. As they approach Prospero's cell to kill him, glittering garments Ariel has strung outside distract them. Instead of going directly into the cell to carry out their plan, Stephano and Trinculo try on the clothes, pretending to be noblemen. Suddenly dog-shaped spirits drive them off in terror. The king and his men are terrified of what they have seen and of what might become of them. Realizing he has everyone under his control, Prospero also realizes he does not want to Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. well by clapping to show that they have enjoyed the show. The Tempest Study Guide Plot Summary 7 Plot Diagram Climax 9 8 7 Rising Action 10 Falling Action 6 11 5 12 4 3 Resolution 2 1 Introduction Introduction Climax 1. King Alonso's ship encounters a tempest. 9. Prospero throws a masque to celebrate the coming wedding. Rising Action Falling Action 2. Prospero tells Miranda of their exile to the island. 10. Prospero forgives all the offending parties. 3. Ferdinand reaches shore where he and Miranda fall in love. 11. Alonso approves of Ferdinand and Miranda's wedding. 4. The king and his men arrive on shore. 5. Alonso mourns the certain death of his son. 6. Antonio and Sebastian plot to kill Alonso. 7. Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo plot to kill Prospero. 8. At the magic feast the men's past treachery is exposed. Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Resolution 12. Prospero asks the audience to release him by applauding. The Tempest Study Guide Plot Summary 8 Timeline of Events Day 1, middle of storm King of Naples's ship wrecks. During shipwreck Prospero tells his daughter, Miranda, how his dukedom was taken from him. After shipwreck Ferdinand, though grieving his father, sees Miranda and the two fall in love. At same time Antonio gives Sebastian the idea to murder King Alonso and take control. At same time Caliban is discovered by Stephano and Trinculo; they make a plan to kill Prospero. Some time later Ariel spreads a magical feast before the king's men and reminds them of their guilt. At same time Prospero throws a celebratory masque in honor of Ferdinand and Miranda's betrothal. A short time later Prospero and Ariel frighten off Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo. Toward end of Day 1 Prospero forgives the king and his men first and then Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo. End of Day 1 Prospero finishes the play and asks the audience to free Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide him through their applause. Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Plot Summary 9 The Tempest Study Guide c Scene Summaries Scene Summaries 10 classes and the nature of several of the characters. The class hierarchy on the ship is clear. The sailors do the hard work of sailing the ship and they are good at it. The boatswain is irritated by the appearance of the demanding noblemen Act 1, Scene 1 because he knows they will all be dead if the sailors cannot save the ship their nobility is useless in this life-or-death situation. The first scene of Act 1 also introduces readers to Summary some of the character qualities of Antonio and Sebastian, who respond to the boatswain with harsh cursing. Both men use their authoritative power to verbally abuse someone with less The sailors onboard a ship are caught in a fierce and raging thunderstorm on their journey from the north coast of Africa to Italy. As they work to take down the sails to save the ship, the power. This conflict between ruler and subject begins to develop the theme of exploitation and power that will weave its way through the entire play. noble passengers Alonso, Sebastian, Antonio, Ferdinand, and Gonzalo come aboveboard. Tensions rise when the boatswain insists that the noblemen return below deck. The boatswain is irritated by the appearance of the noblemen because they are Act 1, Scene 2 loud and they disrupt the work of the sailors: "You mar our labor," he says, "Keep your cabins. You do assist the storm." When they remind the boatswain of their importance, he points Summary out that, while they have authority over men, they have none over nature. On the shore of their island home Prospero and Miranda watch the ship being destroyed in the storm. Miranda suspects that They return below deck only to have Sebastian, Antonio, and her father's magical powers may have something to do with it, Gonzalo reappear shortly after. Sebastian and Antonio are so she asks him to show mercy on the ship's inhabitants. rude to the boatswain, calling him names. Gonzalo responds Acknowledging his role, he promises that none shall come to that the boatswain should remember the authority of the harm. passengers they have onboard. More sailors appear, wet and weary from trying to save the ship. King Alonso, his son, and others pray desperately because it is clear the ship is destined for destruction. As the ship breaks apart Gonzalo acknowledges that they are going to drown. He then tells her the story of what brought them to the island 12 years before when she was only three years old. Prospero was the duke of Milan. In order to spend more time in his study of books, Prospero put his much-loved brother Antonio in charge of some aspects of his government. But Antonio grew more powerful and persuaded people to be loyal to him as the Analysis real leader. Eventually he was able to get the support of the The scene opens in the midst of a chaotic scene the Prospero. Prospero's people loved him, so the conspirators did tempest that hints at the supernatural power of forces not dare to kill him and Miranda, but they put them to sea in a beyond human control. Soon the characters will face more rotting boat, anticipating they would die at sea. However, the magic on the magician Prospero's island. For now the kind Gonzalo, a Neapolitan in charge of the plan to usurp tremendous power of nature is more powerful than any human, Prospero, provided them with water, food, clothing, and some despite the royal authority onboard the ship. Whether king or of Prospero's books, so they had something to live on when servant, all are human and powerless before storms that they they landed on the island, where they have been ever since. cannot control. When it is revealed in the following scene that Prospero controls the tempest, the implication is it is he who has become the greater ruler. The crisis onboard the ship reveals both the conflict between Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. king of Naples, Alonso, who helped to forcefully drive out Prospero then reveals the very enemies who created this trouble for him were the people onboard the ship he had just wrecked in the storm. After he tells her all of this, Miranda falls unnaturally to sleep. The sprite Ariel appears, making it clear to The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 11 the audience that the spirit has been the one executing the imprisoned, asks only that he might be able to look on Miranda plan of the storm on the ship. He reports that everyone except once a day from his prison cell. Prospero is pleased with the the sailors has jumped out of the ship. The sailors are magically outcome of Ariel's work and his own manipulations. asleep on the ship, which has come safety to shore and is hidden in a cove. The passengers, too, are all safe and dispersed in groups around the island. Analysis When Prospero begins to give Ariel more instructions, the spirit In this scene readers learn that the "natural" tempest is actually reminds Prospero he has promised freedom. Until now a magical, supernatural event created by Prospero through Prospero has been complimentary of Ariel, but he becomes Ariel in order to get the ship to the island, where he can irritated at Ariel because the spirit has not yet finished the execute his plan of revenge. And the motivation for that agreed time of service. Prospero then recalls the story of how revenge becomes clear to the audience when Prospero tells he rescued Ariel from imprisonment in a tree by the witch the story of his past to his daughter. Sycorax. After being reminded of his former misery, Ariel thanks Prospero, apologizes, and promises to do Prospero's As Prospero tells his story it will also become apparent that in bidding. Prospero then sends Ariel as an invisible spy to the his office in Milan he did not rule well. He was more interested shipwrecked men on the island. in his obsession with magic and books than in fulfilling his responsibilities as a good leader. Now he is "ruling" Miranda, After Ariel leaves Miranda wakes from sleep. She and her Ariel, and Caliban, and the audience will wonder whether he father go to visit the slave Caliban, the son of the witch misuses his authority over his small island world, too. The Sycorax. Caliban comes out of his cave cursing Prospero for scene reveals the following details of those relationships. taking the island, which had belonged to his mother, from him. Prospero calls him a liar and says he even tried to take care of Caliban in his own dwelling until Caliban tried to rape Miranda. Prospero's Relationship with Miranda After arguing with and cursing Prospero, Caliban leaves to go get fuel. Prospero loves his daughter dearly, citing her as the motive for his actions and as the balm that has comforted him in his exile. Now the first shipwrecked passenger appears, alone. Miranda depends on him because she is still in her youth. And Ferdinand, the son of Alonso, walks in with the invisible Ariel he sees himself as the authority in that relationship, repeatedly singing beside him. It's obvious that Ariel is leading Ferdinand asking her "Dost thou attend me?" He believes he is entitled to to this specific location. Ferdinand remarks on the beauty of control her life, which is revealed in his orchestration of the song, wondering where it came from. Ariel then sings a bringing Ferdinand to her. Because Miranda does not know her song that suggests that Ferdinand's father is drowned, which or her father's past, and there are no other humans on the is what Ferdinand believes. island, Prospero also "controls" what she does and does not Prospero and Miranda enter the scene, and Miranda notices Ferdinand. She has never seen another man besides her father and Caliban, and she is immediately enchanted by his handsomeness. Likewise when Ferdinand spots Miranda, he is smitten with her beauty. Prospero questions him, and Ferdinand reveals how he has seen his own father die in a shipwreck. Prospero suggests that Ferdinand is actually a spy know about him. For example, he marvels that his brother "should/Be so perfidious! he whom next thyself/Of all the world I loved." In their isolation Prospero is free to present himself in whatever manner he wants, particularly as the wronged party in any of his doings in the past. The audience may be left wondering if that's too much control on the part of one person over another. who has come to take the island from him. Miranda is distressed by her father's lack of pity. She does not hear Prospero's Relationship with Ariel Prospero's asides that reveal he is merely testing Ferdinand, fearing that winning Miranda too easily will cause Ferdinand to In most of his dealings with Ariel, Prospero is complimentary value her less. When Prospero threatens Ferdinand, Miranda and affectionate. He does not respond well, however, when pleads with her father for mercy. Ferdinand, ready to be Ariel, a servant, asks for a favor of his ruler. He retells the story Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 12 of his imprisonment and uses that as a way to control Ariel's customs, religion, and language. History has revealed the ill gratitude and behavior. Yet Prospero also continues to effects of such colonization. In the case of Caliban, his promise to free Ariel in two days. Again the audience will dominion over the island was taken away from him when a wonder about the nature of power and what defines a good European nobleman landed on his territory, and he points out ruler-and-subject relationship. It is worth noting that Ariel the island actually is his by rights, as he inherited it from his seems to do the majority of Prospero's magic for him; he has mother. (However, Sycorax herself is actually not from the actually created the tempest and manipulated the position of island she was born in Algiers, and imprisoned Ariel, who was the ship and its passengers. This suggests that Prospero there first, when she came to the island.) devotes a lot of his magical energy to enslaving people to do his bidding for him rather than just doing his own magic; even Toward the end of this scene the audience learns that magic, it seems, is primarily a tool of power and dominance. Prospero has not only orchestrated the terrible events of the storm. He has also orchestrated the meeting of Miranda and Ferdinand but wants there to be some challenge because "too Prospero's Relationship with Caliban light winning/Make the prize light." Although Prospero wants revenge on his enemies, it appears he also has good intentions It is difficult to know exactly how Shakespeare sees Caliban. in bringing these two together, even though Ferdinand is the On the one hand Caliban attempted to rape Miranda, son of an enemy. Perhaps the ultimate goal of Prospero is suggesting that his nature really is "brutish"; on the other his restoration rather than revenge? legitimate claim to the island makes Prospero seem as much like a usurper as his brother, Antonio. It is thought that Finally the theme of romantic love is introduced in this scene. Shakespeare included the attempted rape as a justification for Miranda and Ferdinand merely cast their eyes on one another Prospero's enslavement of Caliban and thus, by extension, and they are in love. There is a comical element to this, in part the Europeans' enslavement of Africans and Native Americans. because Miranda has never seen any other young man except This is complicated, however, by the fact that Caliban is Caliban, who is represented as not being fully human. treated cruelly and makes a compelling case for why he should be the owner of the island rather than a slave. Act 2, Scene 1 From the beginning Caliban is introduced as the embodiment of exploitation. Prospero controls Caliban through enslavement and speaks to him in a way he speaks to no one else in the story: "Thou poisonous slave, got by the devil himself." Unlike his treatment of his other subject, Ariel, Prospero's treatment of Caliban is harsh, insulting, and demanding. He never promises Caliban his freedom, though Caliban was free before Prospero ever came to his island. When Miranda and Caliban argue, she reminds him that she and her father taught him language when he, a savage, "wouldst gabble like/A thing most brutish." Caliban agrees that the use of their language has enabled him to curse them. Here Shakespeare touches on both the power of language and the issues surrounding exploitation of any person by another. He seems to question whether it is really noble to teach someone to learn another language or culture if that person is not given the full expression of such learning. The play was written during a time of colonization when Europeans would travel to places they considered to be more primitive cultures, and they would force the native people there to adopt European Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Summary The scene opens with everyone from the king's party except Ferdinand. Gonzalo encourages the nobles to see the good in their circumstances. They have escaped a deadly disaster and find themselves on a beautiful island. Adrian, too, praises the features of the island where "The air breathes upon us here most sweetly." Meanwhile Antonio and Sebastian maintain a private running mockery of Gonzalo's positive attitude. When Gonzalo says, "How lush and lusty the grass looks! How green!" he is quickly derided by Antonio ("The ground indeed is tawny") and Sebastian ("With an eye of green in 't"). Gonzalo also marvels that their clothing has not suffered from the sea wreck and are "now as fresh as when we put them on first in Africa, at the marriage of the King's fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis." This explains where the king's party has been. They have just been to the wedding in Africa and were on their return voyage home when they ran into the terrible The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 13 storm. This places the island in the middle of the respect for the older counselor in commenting, "he will carry Mediterranean Sea. this island home in his/pocket and give it his son for an apple." Even before they develop their scheme against the king, it is King Alonso, believing his son Ferdinand is dead, is consumed clear they are selfish, ungrateful men who do not have anyone with grief. At mention of his daughter's marriage he laments he else's interest at heart. made her marry so far from home because the journey was the reason for Ferdinand's loss. Now he has lost both his children. What the audience has learned about Gonzalo's optimistic When Francisco tries to give him hope that Ferdinand is alive, character paves the way for the ideas he presents about the Alonso insists he is dead. Antonio and Sebastian are cruel to perfect commonwealth he envisions. Gonzalo's utopia is in the king in the face of his grief. They suggest that "the fault's many ways the opposite of the basic structure of English your own" because Alonso let her marry an African rather than society at the time and undoubtedly owed a debt to an essay a European. Gonzalo gently reprimands the pair, but they are by the French writer Montaigne, "Des Cannibales," which gave not affected. an idealized view of the indigenous peoples of the New World. Gonzalo then describes the type of utopian commonwealth he In Shakespeare's time the fact that social classes and would develop if he were in charge of the island. In his economic barriers restricted people from any social mobility commonwealth there would be no trade or lawyers, no rich or and land ownership was the key to a powerful and wealthy poor, no slaves or kings. Everyone would share the bounty of existence for the nobles. Although Gonzalo says there will be nature that would provide "all abundance,/To feed my innocent no sovereignty, he does not eschew all authority as he people." Antonio and Sebastian mock Gonzalo's vision, suggests that he will "govern" the commonwealth, which reminding him his ideal includes Gonzalo actually being the Sebastian, who raises a legitimate criticism of the feasibility of ruler himself. Gonzalo's utopian vision, points out. It is a vision that belongs to someone, and that someone is the default ruler, even if that Ariel, invisible, enters the scene and puts everyone but Antonio someone decries authority. Moreover while Gonzalo is a and Sebastian to sleep. Then Antonio begins to plant an idea in goodhearted man he helped Prospero to survive when he was Sebastian's mind. He suggests that Sebastian has long exiled, and he is deeply loyal to his king he is not a particularly cherished a secret hope to become king in Alonso's place. perceptive or effective person, and he is not able to do much With Ferdinand surely drowned and Claribel far away in Africa, practical good. The discussion again raises the issue of who Sebastian is heir to the throne and might supplant Alonso. should rule whom and how leaders should best govern those Antonio reminds Sebastian of how he did the same to they serve the theme of exploitation and power that recurs Prospero and feels no guilt for it: "Look how well my garments throughout the play. sit upon me." Sebastian is convinced, and they agree to kill both Alonso and Gonzalo that very moment. But Ariel returns The theme of magic also appears again in this scene in a and wakes the sleeping men. When Alonso and Gonzalo number of ways. Gonzalo notices the men's clothes have not question why the men have drawn their swords, Antonio and been affected by the sea or their current circumstances. The Sebastian make the excuse they thought they had heard lions strangeness reminds the audience that things are not as they and were preparing to defend the king. The whole group seem; an extended metaphor involving clothing begins here for decides to go again in search of Ferdinand's body. the purpose of contrasting Gonzalo's idealism against Sebastian and Antonio's realism and opportunism. Gonzalo is Analysis actually correct: their clothing is fresher than before the shipwreck, whereas Sebastian and Antonio's pragmatism hold them bound to the illusion Ariel has created. Prospero's Act 2, Scene 1, is more about the true nature of the important magical control and ability to see into the future is also seen at characters from the king's party particularly the unrealistic work in the sleep of all but Antonio and Sebastian. Their optimism of Gonzalo and the scheming nastiness of Sebastian plotting itself is part of Prospero's overall plan. Shakespeare and Antonio. Where Gonzalo sees a beautiful landscape and uses the symbol of sleep to illustrate just how much Prospero, hope, the other pair sees tigerlike danger as well as an through Ariel, is able to manipulate circumstances exactly as opportunity to show ill will toward others. They show no he wishes. Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Taken together these magical elements reveal how Prospero controls all, and, like a playwright, creates an illusionary world to fulfill a specific purpose. Antonio and Sebastian's plot against the king parallels Antonio's earlier plot against his brother Prospero. Antonio urges Sebastian to pursue a form of revenge against his own brother, but it is Prospero, in pursuit of his own revenge, who is controlling what happens. The audience wonders what Prospero's ultimate purpose is for bringing the men to the island is it merely revenge, or might there be more to it? Act 2, Scene 2 Scene Summaries 14 Analysis The slapstick comedy and misunderstandings in this scene are amusing in contrast to the murderous plot of Antonio and Sebastian in the preceding scene. Shakespeare often creates this effect in his plays to give the audience a break from story lines that will eventually weave themselves back together. Notably the more serious scenes nearly always feature aristocrats; more comical scenes involve lower-ranking people like servants. Caliban believes all the natural problems he encounters are a part of Prospero's magic, so he is wary of noises, animals, and insects. His misery about his current master prompts him to quickly swear his allegiance to the drunk Stephano, who he Summary naively believes has "dropped from heaven." Although he was once his own master on the island, Caliban looks to anything As this scene opens Caliban is cursing his master, Prospero, new that he thinks can nullify the magical power of Prospero, whom he believes has cursed him by sending spirits to provoke whom he fears. It helps that Stephano gets him drunk. Yet him. Hearing noises, Caliban lies down under his cloak to hide. Trinculo and Stephano have already spoken of ways that they Trinculo, Alonso's jester, enters. Seeing Caliban and mistaking might exploit him. Although the more "primitive" Caliban thinks him for dead, Trinculo wonders whether Caliban is a fish or a he is finding an escape, there is no guarantee that these other human. He suggests that if he dressed Caliban up and took him foreign men will treat him any better than Prospero. Caliban's to England, he could make a lot of money off the strange, dead gentleness will cause the audience to wonder how much of a creature. Fearing he will be caught in another storm, he lies monster he really is. down next to Caliban, beneath the monster's cloak. Shakespeare includes some social criticism of England when A drunken Stephano, Alonso's butler, now enters and sees Trinculo suggests taking Caliban there to make money: "When what he believes is a four-legged monster beneath the cloak. they will not give a doit to/relieve a lame beggar, they will lay Caliban's unusual speech leads Stephano to think the monster out ten to see a/dead Indian." He means that the English will is sick with a fever and having a fit. He considers taking the pay to see a "freak show" but won't spend money to help the monster back to Naples to make money and gives Caliban helpless and destitute among them. some wine to help with his fever. Trinculo recognizes Stephano's voice, but Stephano believes the monster is a devil and Trinculo's voice is a trick. When the confusion is cleared Act 3, Scene 1 up, the two men determine that they are the only two survivors of the shipwreck. Stephano has escaped by holding onto a barrel of wine, so there is plenty yet to drink! Caliban is enchanted by Stephano and the "celestial liquor" he believes the wine to be. Thinking Stephano is a god or the man in the moon, Caliban swears to be his loyal subject. The two drunken friends make fun of Caliban even as he continues to swear allegiance: "'Ban, 'ban, Ca-caliban/Has a new master. Get a new man./Freedom, high-day!" By the end of the scene, all three men are drunk, and they set off for a tour of the island with Caliban. Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Summary The action returns to Ferdinand and Miranda's story as Prospero watches in secret. Ferdinand is carrying logs as required by Prospero, but he does not complain because it allows him to serve Miranda: "The very instant that I saw you did/My heart fly to your service, there resides/To make me slave to it." He only regrets that she is sad for his hard labor. Miranda encourages the exhausted Ferdinand to rest, and she even offers to carry the logs herself so that he doesn't have to. The Tempest Study Guide Miranda disobeys her father and tells Ferdinand what her Scene Summaries 15 orchestrating throughout the play. name is. Ferdinand pledges his deep love and devotion to her. Prospero, hearing their exchange, recognizes the true nature of their love and celebrates it. Then he sets his mind "to [his] Act 3, Scene 2 book/For yet ere suppertime must [he] perform/Much business appertaining" and hurries away to perform the other activities he has to orchestrate that day. Summary The drunken trio of Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo returns. Analysis Caliban's complaints against Prospero are ongoing, and he Romantic love is the focus of the scene as the two young no loyalty to Trinculo, and the two have constant conflict. lovers explore the character of their affection. Ferdinand When Ariel, invisible, enters the scene their conflict increases. confesses that he has admired other women for some Using Trinculo's voice several times, Ariel accuses Caliban of qualities, but it is Miranda alone who is perfection: "But you, O lying. This enrages Caliban, who asks Stephano to deal harshly you,/So perfect and so peerless, are created/Of every with Trinculo. Stephano repeatedly asks Trinculo to stop being creature's best." There's some humor in Ferdinand's a nuisance, which only frustrates Trinculo more because he is declaration because Miranda has actually never seen another not actually speaking. In the confusion Stephano ends up woman. She has been isolated on the island for as long as her beating Trinculo. memory goes back. Nor has she seen any other men to whom to compare Ferdinand except her father and Caliban. But while Prospero's treatment of Ferdinand may seem manipulative, it is noteworthy that Ferdinand mentions liking, and eventually rejecting, other women before Miranda. This suggests that Prospero's decision to make Miranda hard to get may actually be wise and necessary. Shakespeare plays on the idea of slavery in this scene. The audience has encountered an actual slave in the story the miserable Caliban, whose primary task is to carry wood for Prospero. But Ferdinand's slavery for Prospero is a different kind a voluntary servitude intended to keep him near his beloved. Miranda, too, offers slavelike devotion to Ferdinand: "I am your wife if you will marry me./If not, I'll die your maid. To be your fellow/You may deny me, but I'll be your servant/Whether you will or no." Both lovers exhibit a romantic view of love in promises his loyalty to Stephano instead. However, Caliban has Caliban describes how Prospero cheated him out of his island through sorcery and urges Stephano to destroy Prospero and take what belongs to him, including his daughter Miranda. Caliban explains that he can take Stephano to exactly the right place at the right time. He even gives him a specific strategy: first take away his books, which will make him powerless, and then "brain him" or "batter his skull" or "paunch him with a stake,/Or cut his weasand [windpipe] with thy knife." When Caliban asks the other men to sing, invisible Ariel again intervenes and plays a more beautiful song. The men are afraid, but Caliban tells them not to fear. He explains the beautiful and dreamlike natural music of the island in one of the most well known speeches of The Tempest: The isle is full of noises, which lovers have no defects and allegiance is total. Sounds and sweet airs, that give Prospero's testing of Ferdinand and Miranda is complete when delight and hurt not. he realizes the extent of their devotion to one another, and he is able to say with a glad heart "Heavens rain grace/On that Sometimes a thousand twangling which breeds between 'em!" After he sees their love is genuine instruments he is ready to move on as the magician and theater master to his next "act." Both the theme of magical power and the Will hum about mine ears, and symbol of magical books continue as Prospero, the artist, sometime voices, rushes away to his book to help him juggle all the circumstances and individuals he is manipulating and Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. That, if I then had waked after long The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 16 sleep, stop accusing Caliban: "The poor monster's my subject, and he Will make me sleep again: and supporting Caliban because he enjoys the position of control shall not suffer indignity." At the same time he is only then, in dreaming, and knows that he can gain much by using Caliban. He The clouds methought would open repeat it. I will stand, and so will Trinculo," a gesture that keeps and show riches promises to destroy Prospero but tells Caliban to "Kneel and Caliban in a subservient position. Ready to drop upon me, that, when Perhaps Caliban is trickier than it seems on the surface. His I waked, scene. He is clever enough to entice Stephano into doing his I cried to dream again. dirty work. To Stephano he says, "If thy Greatness plan for revenge against Prospero is fully unveiled in this will,/Revenge it on him, for I know thou dar'st." Caliban also promises that if he kills Prospero "Thou shalt be lord of it, and At the end of the scene Stephano, Trinculo, and Caliban I'll serve thee." By mentioning the beauty of Miranda, Caliban eagerly leave the stage following Ariel's song. further ensnares Stephano into doing his bidding. The audience wonders: Is Caliban going to move from one master Analysis to another, or is Caliban, like Prospero, controlling people toward his own ends? Might Caliban have a plan to eventually take control of his own island again? Although Prospero is again physically absent from this scene, he is very much in control of what is happening among the The symbol of the magic books reappears in this scene. three men. Thanks to Ariel's intervention, their actions are Caliban explains their importance to Stephano as part of the undermined and false conflict develops between Trinculo and plot to destroy Prospero. To neutralize his power, they must Caliban as well as between Trinculo and Stephano. In his first "possess his books, for with them/He's but a sot, as I am, annoyance and desire to gain power over the island through nor hath not/One spirit to command." Caliban's help, Stephano actually beats his friend Trinculo. Ariel's actions in this scene also have a humorous effect because the audience can see that it is Ariel rather than Trinculo speaking, but the characters do not. For the second time the audience hears beautiful and positive language coming from the monster, who otherwise seems full of hatred and anger. What explains this language and his use of the symbols of sleeping and dreaming? Perhaps Caliban, a The treatment of Caliban by Stephano and Trinculo develops true native of the island, is the most fit to truly understand its the theme of power and exploitation. Caliban, a "native nature and beauty. Perhaps the human intervention of inhabitant" of the island, wants to be ruled by Stephano rather Prospero and his magic have brought trouble to an island not than by Prospero. This raises the question: Why can't Caliban meant for habitation by "civilized" people. Whatever the case rule himself? The false idea that "primitive" natives needed to this speech gives the audience a glimpse into a more human be ruled by wiser, more sophisticated people was very side of Caliban. appealing to Europeans who wanted to build colonies, so Caliban's desire to be ruled may be an attempt to represent that idea in action. Act 3, Scene 3 The audience witnesses the growing greed and lust of Stephano, who is quick to join Caliban's scheme in the hopes of becoming king and taking Miranda to his bed as queen. Unlike Gonzalo's dreams of ruling the island as an idealistic utopia, Stephano's dreams pursue his own comfort and power. In some ways Stephano seems to take care of Caliban's needs now that he has some authority over him. He tells Trinculo to Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Summary After a long search for Ferdinand, the king and his party are exhausted and have given up hope of finding the prince. As they stop to rest Antonio encourages Sebastian to carry out their plan against Alonso tonight. Out of nowhere music The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 17 starts, and a strange procession of spirits appears carrying a In his assessment of the spirits he says, "Who, though they are banquet. Prospero, invisible, also arrives to watch. The men are of monstrous shape, yet note/Their manners are more gentle, astounded and marvel at the island, wondering if anyone would kind, than of/Our human generation you shall find/Many, nay, believe them if they described what they have seen. But just as almost any." Gonzalo sees the best in the natural world of the the hungry men prepare to eat the feast, thunder and lightning island and compares the kindness and gentleness of these (a mini tempest) appear, and Ariel, in the shape of a spirits to the less admirable manners of many civilized humans. mythological creature (a harpy), descends and causes the It's important to recall that Gonzalo is not guilty in the exile of banquet to vanish. Ariel then pronounces three of them are Prospero as the other men are. It was Gonzalo who helped "men of sin" and they were brought to the island because of Prospero to escape and placed his magic books aboard the their betrayal of Prospero. He explains that their swords are boat they left in. On the other hand, since these spirits are not powerless against the invincible spirits of the island and curses actually welcoming the noblemen to the island Gonzalo can be them to their fate. Just as quickly Ariel disappears and the seen here as too optimistic and positive. banquet reappears. Ariel's character also develops in this scene. Unlike Caliban, Prospero praises the work and devotion of Ariel and relishes Ariel throws himself into service to Prospero and executes it to how his enemies are now in his power. He leaves them in the full effect, earning Prospero's gratitude and praise: "Of my spirits' control for now and goes to visit Ferdinand and instruction hast thou nothing bated/In what thou hadst to say." Miranda. Ariel seems to trust that the promised freedom from Prospero is coming. And Prospero does not seem to feel any difference Alonso expresses a sense of guilt for the first time about the between doing magic himself and having Ariel do it for him, as action they took against Prospero, but Sebastian and Antonio though, by controlling Ariel, he also gets to take credit for all are still focused on killing Alonso. Gonzalo, fearing what all the good work Ariel does. three men might do in the circumstances, prays to the spirits to keep watch over them. Act 4, Scene 1 Analysis Magic plays an important role in this scene as illusion and Summary reality weave in and out to control and confuse the men. Prospero's plan of exposing the three guilty men comes to its This scene begins with Prospero acknowledging that he has climax as Prospero watches from the sideline. Ariel does only been testing Ferdinand and Miranda's love. Now that he Prospero's bidding by disarming the men through music and knows Ferdinand really loves his daughter, he is willing to bless the magical appearance of the banquet. In the midst of their the wedding. But he severely warns Ferdinand against taking exhaustion, grief, and confusion, he is able to name their crime: Miranda's virginity before the wedding and promises "barren "But remember /For that's my business to you that you hate, sour-eyed disdain, and discord" if he doesn't respect three/From Milan did supplant good Prospero." Ariel tells the Prospero's wishes. men divine powers are angry at their crime against Prospero and they have caused nature to rise up against them. To celebrate the engagement and to show his powers, Prospero instructs Ariel to go and bring spirit actors to perform The symbol of the tempest appears again. The mini tempest a masque. Iris, Ceres, Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Hymen, and Juno that accompanies Ariel brings judgment on the men, just as the all feature in this dramatic production that honors the contract original tempest brought them to the island to face their of marriage. Ferdinand, amazed by Prospero's powers that can judgment. Perhaps Shakespeare is suggesting that call forth such spirits at his bidding, longs to stay on the island supernatural intervention is required to bring some people to and live with Prospero as his father and Miranda as his wife. the truth. Gonzalo's generous and positive character is further revealed. But Prospero suddenly stops the dancing when he remembers Caliban and his companions plan to kill him and the time is fast approaching. He disperses the spirits and comforts the Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 18 disappointed Ferdinand by reminding him that everything furzes, pricking gorse, and thorns" and then left them in a filthy, eventually comes to an end. stinking pool of water near Prospero's cell. Prospero sends Ariel off to gather some glittery apparel. Meanwhile Prospero Our revels now are ended. These laments the devilish nature of Caliban, which cannot be broken our actors, offered him. As I foretold you, were all spirits, When Ariel returns they hang the fancy garments on a line near or corrected even with the humane treatment Prospero initially and Prospero's cell. When the men enter, soaking wet from the Are melted into air, into thin air; keep them focused on the matter at hand: murdering Prospero. And like the baseless fabric of this But the men become distracted by the beautiful clothing, vision, more upset that they need to "do the murder first," but the men The cloud-capped towers, the filthy pond, they are complaining and arguing. Caliban tries to claiming it for "King Stephano" as Caliban becomes more and will have none of it as they try on all the clothes. In the midst of this chaos Prospero sends spirits in the shape of hunting dogs gorgeous palaces, upon the three men to drive them off. The solemn temples, the great Now Prospero recognizes that everything he has been working globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit, shall toward is suddenly within his control: "At this hour/Lies at my mercy all mine enemies." He only has to finish his plans and he can free Ariel. dissolve; And, like this insubstantial pageant Analysis faded, The subject of marriage is central to this scene, which begins Leave not a rack behind. We are with Prospero's assent to his daughter's marriage to Ferdinand such stuff the play's writing, marriage was an institution that symbolized As dreams are made on, and our order and structure in society. In fact many marriages were little life contract between two families offered economic or political Is rounded with a sleep. Sir, I am and moves into the lengthy masque. Particularly at the time of founded on reasons other than love because the social power for one or both parties. vexed. Ferdinand and Prospero discuss Miranda's virginity and the Bear with my weakness. My old might extend the theme of exploitation and power to this brain is troubled. sexual pleasures of marriage. Modern audience members relationship, particularly as it was written at a time when women had few rights and a wife was considered a possession of her husband. Miranda is passed from one "owner," Prospero, With his troubled mind, Prospero sends Ferdinand and Miranda to another, Ferdinand, as Prospero says, "Then as my gift and away so that he can come up with a plan. thine own acquisition/Worthily purchased, take my daughter." However, it is unlikely Shakespeare was pointing to Miranda Ariel enters and together the two discuss how best to handle "Caliban and his confederates." Ariel recalls what has already been done to the men. Using music as a lure, Ariel has brought them on an uncomfortable path through "toothed briers, sharp Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. and Ferdinand's marriage as an additional type of exploitation since their marriage is a key ingredient and source of harmony in the happy ending of the play. The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 19 Prospero's repeated admonitions to Ferdinand not to give into a few minutes earlier that "my old brain is troubled" makes it his passions before the wedding support the ideal of romantic seem like he does not find the successful completion of his love, which asserts love is a pure, holy, and honorable revenge plan as satisfying as he had anticipated. condition. At the same time Prospero recognizes the strength of human passion, whereby "The strongest oaths are straw/To th' fire i' th' blood." Shakespeare, through Prospero, Act 5, Scene 1 and Epilogue acknowledges two powerful, sometimes opposing, forces in human nature: passion and reason. Prospero's insistence that Ferdinand and Miranda undergo the full ceremony of legitimate marriage likewise shows a concern about legitimacy and formality. Despite the fact that Ferdinand has pledged his love and fidelity and technically now has a legal obligation to Miranda, Prospero wants to ensure that Miranda's future is secure. Prospero commands a masque to be performed to celebrate the betrothal of Ferdinand and Miranda. In the 17th century a masque was an elaborate theatrical production that included costumes, actors, singing, and dancing. The characters and plots were based on story lines from Greek and Roman mythology. In the masque in The Tempest, the goddesses in the masque symbolize fertility and prosperity within family and nature. This scene provides more insight into the humanity of Prospero's character. Despite the murderous nature of Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo's plot against Prospero, he does not severely punish them. Instead he uses magic to scare them and run them off, so that they do not try to kill him again. Prospero wishes to right wrongs, not create new ones. At the same time Ariel's devotion and Prospero's commitment to freeing Ariel are underscored. In fact there is a true, shared affection between the two, as Ariel asks, "Do you love me, master?" and Prospero responds, "Dearly, my delicate Ariel." Prospero, who has recently been engaged with his many plans and the masque itself, stops suddenly because he has to solve a new problem. He acknowledges he is getting old and in describing the end of the masque makes clear comparisons to life itself. All the artifice of the masque is like the artifice of life, which, like a play, eventually fades. Our human lives are like short dreams that are surrounded by sleep. Many scholars view Prospero's speech here as Shakespeare's personal farewell to the theater, where his own plays and pageants "now are ended." Prospero says at the end of the scene that "At this hour/Lies at my mercy all mine enemies," but his confession to Ferdinand Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Summary Prospero, accompanied by Ariel, enters the stage wearing his magic robes again. He has everything under control: "Now does my project gather to a head./My charms crack not, my spirits obey, and time/Goes upright with his carriage." Ariel reports on where the king and his followers are. The whole group of men is deeply distressed, especially "good old Lord Gonzalo" whose "tears runs down his beard like winter's drops/From eaves of reeds." Ariel suggests that if Prospero saw them, his heart would soften toward them. Prospero is moved and agrees that as a fellow human, he should be even more compassionate than Ariel since his wrongdoers have shown repentance. Acknowledging that "The rarer action is/In virtue than in vengeance," he commands Ariel to release all the prisoners and bring them to him. Prospero draws a circle on the ground. He then speaks to the various spirits he has used in this magical work over these last years. He acknowledges their role and names some of the things he has been able to do through his magic. But then he explains his plan to give up his magic by breaking his staff and drowning his book after he finishes dealing with King Alonso and his men. Ariel brings Alonso, Gonzalo, Sebastian, Antonio, and the other men into the circle Prospero has drawn. They are still paralyzed by a magic spell and do not recognize Prospero or hear him. Prospero announces that he will "cure thy brains" and restore their senses. Seeing his loyal friend Gonzalo, Prospero is moved to tears and promises he will return home safely. Then Prospero turns to the men who forced him into exile and recalls their crimes, including Sebastian and Antonio's murderous plot against Alonso. Instead of condemning them as expected, he forgives them. He takes off his magic robes and puts on his former ducal robes before waking the men. He reminds Ariel that the spirit will soon receive freedom but first must fetch the sailors still under a sleeping spell in the ship. When the king and his men wake they see Prospero as he The Tempest Study Guide Scene Summaries 20 looked when he was the duke of Milan. They are frightened by Then he will resume his position as duke of Milan where he will the sight, not sure whether it is really Prospero or some kind of grow old in peace. Then he frees the faithful Ariel. ghost. They are also filled with guilt for their role in deposing Prospero of his dukedom. But Prospero, instead of The play finishes with an epilogue that Prospero speaks condemning them, comforts and welcomes them, showing directly to the audience. He asks to be released from the play great honor toward his old and loyal friend Gonzalo. He tells so that he, a regular man now, can travel to Naples. He reminds Sebastian and Antonio he knows of their plot against Alonso, them that the goal of his magic was to please, and now he but he will not reveal it. He publicly forgives even his brother, wants to be set free. but demands, "My dukedom of thee, which perforce I know/Thou must restore." Antonio does not say anything in response. Analysis The grieving Alonso tells Prospero about the loss of his son At the beginning of this scene Prospero is wearing his magic Ferdinand. Prospero withholds information about Ferdinand's robes and has everything under his control. Prospero is at the safety and commiserates with the king about the loss of his height of his power. Yet Ariel reminds him there is a limit to this own daughter. Alonso wishes that the two young people "were magical event they are orchestrating, which began "When first I living both in Naples,/The King and Queen there!" Prospero raised the tempest." The conversation hints that the theatrical then reveals Ferdinand and Miranda happily playing chess pageant is coming to an end, and this end was planned from together in his house. When Miranda sees the crew, servants, the very beginning. This suggests Prospero's magic was only and nobles, she exclaims, "O wonder!/How many goodly to serve a certain purpose and not to gain magical control for creatures are there here!/How beauteous mankind is! O, brave good. new world/That has such people in 't!" Alonso is astonished that Ferdinand is alive, and Ferdinand is overjoyed to see that his father lives. The prince explains to his father who Miranda is and the nature of their coming marriage. Alonso, remembering his guilt in the exile of Prospero, begins to apologize, but Prospero stops him with an eye to the hopeful future: "Let us not burden our remembrances with/A heaviness that's gone." Gonzalo says a prayer of thanksgiving and retraces all that has happened and how much has been gained since their journey began. Ariel then appears with the sailors who share the amazing news that the ship is in perfect condition. It is Ariel who has done this reparation of the boat, and Prospero praises the spirit for it. No sooner has it become clear how powerful Prospero is than he uses his power to reverse what seemed to be his plan of revenge. After considering how much more compassionate he should be to penitent humans than Ariel, he reflects on how important it is to use reason and virtue to control emotions and vengeance. The theme of forgiveness and restoration reemerges, completing the transformation of the power of revenge into a beneficial power produced for the good of many. When Prospero makes his speech to the spirits and vows to "break my staff" and "drown my book," it isn't yet entirely clear why he is ready to give up all his magic. He has gotten to the height of his power and orchestrated everything he wanted to, but when it comes time to act out his final revenge he is Finally it is time for Prospero to deal with Caliban, Stephano, unwilling to harm anyone. Perhaps Shakespeare is suggesting and Trinculo, who are brought in, still drunk. Prospero great power does not satisfy unless it is used for good. describes their bad behavior, including Stephano's plan to become king of the island. Stephano, coming to his senses, realizes that "I should have been a sore one, then." Prospero sends the men away to get cleaned up before he pardons them. Caliban admits that he was foolish to see Trinculo as a god and promises to seek Prospero's favor in the future. Instead of enacting justice against men who deserve some kind of punishment, Prospero turns justice on its head and extends mercy and forgiveness, even if it is "unnatural." In many of his revelations about what the men have done to him, he is speaking while the men are still under a spell. They do not hear him. In this way the old magician absorbs the crimes Prospero tells the men that the next day they will all set sail for himself and does not exact payment for their evil. There is a Naples to celebrate the wedding of Ferdinand and Miranda. unique power in mercy and forgiveness to restore the Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Quotes 21 characters in the play. Sebastian is so surprised by Prospero's "retire me to my Milan, where/Every third thought shall be my behavior, in fact, that he first ascribes it to evil rather than grave." The magician has grown old, and he is eager to re- good: "The devil speaks in him." The forgiveness is almost too embrace a more normal, human condition. good to believe in fact, it creates its own "magical" power because it comes out of nowhere and restores people to good The character of Caliban comes full circle by the end of the relationships. Justice does require, however, that Prospero's play when he recognizes "What a thrice-double ass/Was I to dukedom be restored. take this drunkard for a god,/And worship this dull fool!" He vows renewed allegiance to Prospero as he admits to The theme of power continues through the end of the play, Prospero's power of him and the futility of disobedience. The although now it is not for the purpose of exploitation but for audience wonders if Prospero will take Caliban to Milan or restoration. Prospero has given up his ultimate plan of revenge, leave him behind on the island. Either way Caliban is a tragic but he is still in control of the events. He controls Sebastian figure in the midst of the play's happy ending. The best he can and Antonio by not revealing their treachery against King hope for is isolation on a deserted island or a life of physical Alonso. And he remains in control of Alonso, as well, by servitude to his master, Prospero. depicting his own lost daughter and explaining that he lost her "In this last tempest," before revealing that both Miranda and Romantic love finds its final fullness in Act 5, Scene 1, when Ferdinand are alive. All the way to the final lines of the play, both Prospero and Alonso bless the engaged couple that will, Prospero uses his knowledge and power to manage the one day, rule Naples. outcome of the events. However, since Antonio never repents and does not offer the dukedom to Prospero, the repentance and forgiveness of the last scene seem incomplete, which implies that while Prospero can manipulate circumstances, his power over individuals is limited. Many scholars view Prospero's epilogue as Shakespeare's description of his own surrender of his writing power. Just as Prospero gives up creating magic on the island, Shakespeare has finished his work and gives up creating magic on the stage. Like the old Prospero who wants to simply live out his life as a The audience is reminded of Miranda's innocence when she regular human in his home in Milan, Shakespeare pleads with sees so many humans together for the first time. Despite the his audience to "release me from my bands/With the help of corruption that has tainted the various characters, your good hands." In other words, give him the applause he Shakespeare reminds the audience of the marvel of humanity needs so he will know he has accomplished his purpose in through Miranda's joy at seeing so many people. Perhaps pleasing the audience. Their accepting applause is the mercy Shakespeare is reminding his audience there is value in that will "set me free." stepping back and marveling at the wonder that makes humanity unique in the world. Channeling the good in humanity creates a power that is difficult to reckon with. g Quotes The theme of magic supported by the symbols of sleeping and dreaming emphasize the natural and unnatural elements of the events on the island. When the boatswain and other sailors return, they marvel that they "were dead of sleep" and when "Me, poor man, my library/Was dukedom large enough." they woke up they were free and the ship was in perfect order. "Even in a dream were we divided from them," the boatswain Prospero, Act 1, Scene 2 says. Shakespeare continues to keep the lines murky between illusion and reality through the use of Prospero's magic, just as Shakespeare uses the false reality of a play to show the audience the way humans and the world function. At the end of the play Prospero's use of magic and his control of the island and its spirit residents can come to an end because he has regained his position as duke. Now he can Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. This quote suggests why Prospero was negligent in his responsibilities as the duke of Milan. His books, his library of learning, and his study of magic was all he wanted. Because of this he put his brother in charge and eventually was usurped. The Tempest Study Guide Quotes 22 "You taught me language, and my Miranda refers to Ferdinand's body as a "temple" worthy of profit on 't/Is I know how to Ferdinand must also be good. She is justifying the fact that she curse./The red plague rid you/ For worship, whose very form suggests the soul or spirit of fell in love with Ferdinand at first sight. learning me your language!" "I' th' commonwealth I would by Caliban, Act 1, Scene 2 Caliban says these words to Prospero and Miranda after Miranda has criticized him for attempting to violate her and for being ungrateful for all she has done to educate him. Caliban contraries/Execute all things, for no kind of traffic/Would I admit; no name of magistrate;/Letters curses them for spending time teaching him knowledge and a should not be known; riches, language that do him no good. However, in teaching him their poverty,/And use of service, none; language Prospero and Miranda have given Caliban a voice with which to rebel against his servitude. contract, succession,/Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, "Sitting on a bank,/Weeping again none;/No use of metal, corn, or the King my father's wrack,/This wine, or oil;/No occupation; all men music crept by me upon the idle, all." waters,/Allaying both their fury Gonzalo, Act 2, Scene 1 and my passion/With its sweet air." Gonzalo's speech, depicting an ideal society, is one of The Tempest's most well-known speeches. Gonzalo denounces Ferdinand, Act 1, Scene 2 almost every aspect of European society at the time of the play, from farming to education to kings and queens inheriting their royal power. The word execute plays on the idea that Ferdinand here praises the beautiful song he has heard Ariel Gonzalo would do away with rules and laws, but he would need singing. Despite the deep sorrow he feels at presumably losing to rule to accomplish his goal. This suggests how difficult it his father to the sea, he acknowledges the comfort that the would be to create the utopian society Gonzalo describes. music brings. "There's nothing ill can dwell in such a temple./If the ill spirit have so fair a house,/Good things will strive to dwell with 't." Miranda, Act 1, Scene 2 "Be not afeard. The isle is full of noises,/Sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not." Caliban, Act 3, Scene 2 Caliban speaks these words to Stephano and Trinculo when they are frightened by the sounds of the island. His praise of the sounds of the island is an acknowledgment that there is Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide much good in the natural world when it is not interfered with by Quotes 23 Prospero, Act 5, Scene 1 human hands. Here, as elsewhere, the island is represented as a beautiful, mysterious new world. Prospero has finally positioned everyone on the island so he can act out his revenge. Yet at that moment he sympathizes "The solemn temples, the great globe itself,/Yea, all which it with the afflictions of the men and acknowledges their shared humanity. He changes his mind and decides to show mercy rather than judgment. inherit, shall dissolve,/And, like this insubstantial pageant "O wonder!/How many goodly faded,/Leave not a rack behind. creatures are there here!/How We are such stuff/As dreams are beauteous mankind is! O, brave made on, and our little life/Is new world/That has such people rounded with a sleep." in 't." Prospero, Act 4, Scene 1 Miranda, Act 5, Scene 1 Prospero speaks these words to Ferdinand when the young Miranda speaks these words when she comes forth to meet all man is disappointed that the masque has ended so abruptly. the other men from the ship. An innocent young woman who Prospero compares the end of the masque to real life where has never known any humans except her father and Caliban, everything eventually comes to an end. she is overwhelmed by the magnificence of humanity. Her wonder reflects the general spirit of the Age of Discovery, which was defined by a sense of newness and amazement. "Look thou be true; do not give dalliance/Too much the rein. The "But release me from my strongest oaths are straw/To th' bands/With the help of your good fire i' th' blood." hands./Gentle breath of yours my Prospero, Act 4, Scene 1 sails/Must fill, or else my project fails,/Which was to please." In this scene Prospero is warning Ferdinand to control his sexual impulses until after he has married. Here he reminds him Prospero, Epilogue reason and commitment are weak against the passions of the body, so he needs to be careful while spending time with In the final lines of the play Prospero turns to the audience, Miranda. requesting their praise in the form of applause. Without this gesture showing they are pleased with him, he will not be able "The rarer action is/In virtue than in vengeance." Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. to be freed from the play. In a way this likens Prospero to the spirit Ariel. As Ariel was trapped in a tree, so will Prospero be trapped in Shakespeare's play. Clapping and praise, like magic, can set him free. Ultimately the audience members are the The Tempest Study Guide Symbols 24 most powerful people in the theater. too, surrenders at the end of the play. l Symbols Sleep and Dreams Tempest Sleeping and dreaming are frequent pastimes in The Tempest. Ariel controls characters' levels of alertness and awareness by putting them to sleep so the spirit and Prospero can execute other plans. The sleep and dreams represent just how illusory It's not unusual to hear someone refer to the "storms of life," human control is over life. As Prospero says in Act 4, Scene 1: meaning the various life circumstances that toss weak mortals "We are such stuff/As dreams are made on, and our little in the winds. Storms suggest a swirling chaos of events life./Is rounded with a sleep." beyond human control. Shakespeare extends this idea of the storm in The Tempest. The magical storm appears out of nowhere, the result of Prospero's long-held plan of revenge against the enemies who drove him from his rightful place as duke of Milan. The storm represents the eventual m Themes consequences of the treachery and self-interest of Antonio. Shakespeare suggests that when the natural order of things is disrupted, the repercussions create a conflict that goes Language and Reality beyond the realm of humans and into the realm of the supernatural. In the end however, the chaos of the storm produces a peaceful outcome and the restoration of order. In The Tempest language is power, and characters wield it to bless, curse, confuse, manipulate, or heal. Prospero is the most powerful character because of his studies of the liberal arts Magic Books and advanced skill in manipulating Ariel, who is a figurative representation of Prospero's thoughts. Ariel plays out Prospero's commands "to th' syllable." Caliban deeply understands how spoken language and intentions are at the During Shakespeare's time it was common to compare the life root of Prospero's powers to create illusion, control nature, and of contemplation, which focused on intellectual pursuits, to obscure reality. Prospero sends cramps, side stitches, and that of action. Early in the play the audience learns that it was pinches that Caliban counteracts with elaborately structured Prospero's books that kept him from ruling well in Milan: he curses. Miranda has taught Caliban to speak her and was too focused on contemplative pursuits to be an active Prospero's language, and he points out that, having done so, he ruler. As a result he surrendered too much control to his more is now able to curse his oppressors and have them understand active brother. After Prospero is deposed and is escaping, him. Both characters' speech patterns become more poetic Gonzalo sneaks some of his books onboard so that he will and rhythmic when they battle for power through language. It have them in his exile. Through his magic books Prospero is Caliban who reveals to the audience that without his books, learns to use the power that will help him execute revenge Prospero's "but a sot, as I am, nor hath not/One spirit to against his brother. The books symbolize Prospero's unique command. They all do hate him/as rootedly as I." use of power to control the world toward his own ends. It is interesting, then, that at the end of the play Prospero The noble characters, even though they do not possess surrenders his magical powers and books so that he can rejoin magical powers like Prospero's, still bless and curse in their human society and rule well. Many scholars also believe the ordinary language. For example, upon seeing Ferdinand for the magic books represent Shakespeare's own writing, which he, first time, Alonso immediately gives him a father's blessing. Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Themes 25 Later he blesses the marriage of the lovers, and Gonzalo adds Shakespeare as a playwright is able to do the to the blessing with a simple "Amen." In the masque the lesser same eventually bringing restoration and order. Prospero spirits and the goddess Ceres speak poetry to celebrate and creates a tempest with an ultimate sequence of events in bless Miranda and Ferdinand's love, and there is some concern mind his daughter's marriage to Ferdinand, the restoration of that left unfinished unspoken the blessing will be incomplete. his throne, and the repentance of his enemies and for the When Stephano stumbles upon Caliban and Trinculo appearing most part things play out exactly as he has plotted, making him as one four-legged monster, he observes that humans possess seem like a clever author who can create a narrative using two voices: the forward voice that speaks well and the real-life characters. backward voice that utters foul speeches and detracts, suggesting again that pairing language with intentions for ill or good carries weight. Power and Exploitation Alliances, another kind of power, are created between those who share the same language in The Tempest. Ferdinand and Miranda's love bond begins with the recognition that Miranda speaks the same language as he does, and their speech patterns match throughout the play. As much as Caliban argues in Act 1 that learning language has done him no good but to curse his masters, Caliban's shared language with Stephano and Trinculo gives him the power to entice them to overthrow Prospero and empathize with him. Gonzalo, who "prates" shallowly, fails to mock effectively, and uses faulty logic in his discourse when speaking of his utopian commonwealth saying he would be king of a region without need of a king fails to command respect from the languagesavvy and politically ambitious Antonio and Sebastian, providing a noticeable contrast. Gonzalo, too kindhearted to carry out the original plan to murder Prospero, still lacks the intention necessary to harness language to be used as a power. The play explores the role of power and its use in exploiting other people in families and in the social order. In nearly every scene Shakespeare reveals a situation in which power and its exploitation creates a lack of harmony. Even in the opening scene the community structure is disrupted when the nobles come on board during the storm and interfere with the work of the sailors; the boatswain points out that while men may respect royalty and nobility, the storm does not, so the nobles have no authority at this moment. The events driving the play began when, back in Milan, Antonio exploited the power he was given to help his brother rule, becoming power hungry and driving Prospero into exile. But that is just the beginning. Prospero lands on an island and becomes master of Caliban and Ariel, despite Caliban's claim to the island. Antonio and Sebastian plot to take King Alonso's power for their own. Trinculo and Stephano, aware that they are superior to no one but Caliban, exploit the creature for their own gain. Gonzalo's vision of an ideal commonwealth, in which no one rules over Magic of Theater anyone else, is treated as a na ve and unrealistic fantasy. It is not until Prospero willingly gives up his "magical" power and his need for revenge that the spell is broken and there is any hope of peace in the social order, although that peace can only The basic nature of any magic is its ability to change reality in come about by returning Prospero to power and marrying his unexpected and inexplicable ways. The obvious magic in the daughter to an even more powerful ruler than he is: Ferdinand, play comes from Prospero and his ability to manipulate the the future king of Naples. island's spirit and nature. A terrible storm hits a ship, but all its members survive and land in perfect sequencing upon the island. A banquet appears and disappears in thin air. A specific man comes onshore and meets the right woman at just the right time. Many scholars believe that the theme of magic represents the power of the playwright to create something out of nothing. As a magician Prospero controls and manipulates circumstances and people around him, just as Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Revenge, Forgiveness, and The Tempest Study Guide Motifs 26 Restoration Utopia and Idealism The controlling energy of much of the play comes from In each act of the play notions of utopian idealism are pitted individuals' desire for revenge in pursuit of some form of against ideas of disharmony and discord, beginning with the justice. Prospero is driven by his need to expose what was chaotic tempest itself, which is only an illusion that causes no done to him and regain his rightful place as the duke of Milan. real harm. Gonzalo's ideal commonwealth speech in Act 2, His book learning and magic are focused on correcting the Scene 1, presents the political ideas of a utopian society to wrongs of the past. Caliban, too, is set on revenging his counterbalance Prospero's description of his brother Antonio's displacement and the wrongs inflicted on him by Prospero. dystopian deeds enacted before the play begins: using When offered a way to do this through Stephano, Caliban vows Propero's money and power and believing "his own lie" to feed his allegiance to a new master a far worse master than his growing ambition. Prospero believes in divine providence Prospero ever was. The only way to destroy the power of and heavenly music, the power of nature, virtue, and the pursuit revenge is to absorb it rather than unleash it, which is what of knowledge. These beliefs seem quite idealistic as compared Prospero does at the end of the play, willingly surrendering to the forces driving Antonio. He feels no remorse and lacks both his power and his need for revenge. virtue. He acts opportunistically, seeking to slay King Alonso within hours of being shipwrecked on a seemingly deserted Almost all of the major characters except Antonio and island far from society and uncertain whether he will ever make Sebastian show remorse over some aspect of the past, it back to civilization. Prospero's idealism is consistent ultimately asking for forgiveness. Prospero admits he was a throughout the play notwithstanding his treatment of Caliban, bad duke. Caliban regrets serving a new master, and Stephano whom he must keep distant from Miranda as he never takes admits he would be a bad ruler even if he only had one subject. real action for revenge and focuses his energies on Alonso apologizes and asks for Prospero's pardon. However, it orchestrating the ideal circumstances for love to flourish is noticeable that Caliban does not repent having attempted to between Miranda and Ferdinand. And in turn the lovers display murder Prospero or rape Miranda, and Stephano and Trinculo idealistic qualities. They each perceive the other as divine at do not repent for their part in the murder plot against first sight, equally enjoin to serve, and keep their vows of Prospero. Antonio and Sebastian never show remorse, and chastity. Those who seek disharmony and discord (Sebastian, King Alonso never discovers that they plotted against him Antonio, Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo) lose to the idealistic because Prospero speaks of all the "sins" they committed characters seeking harmony and balance. while the nobles are under a spell. The thematic significance derives from that fact that Prospero's forgiveness at the very end of the play has no relation to the crimes committed or the quality of or lack of repentance made by each character at the climax of the play. Prospero offers pardon to all, even to his b Motifs brother who has not asked for it. In the end Prospero frees himself from his own need for revenge through his gift of mercy, and forgiveness is shown to be the most significant Drowning power explored in the play. Through forgiveness freedom is restored to those washed up on the island, even as Prospero's The prevalence of water imagery throughout the play serves to position in Milan is restored. reinforce the ever-present force of the tempest and its effects on the lives of the characters. Prospero claims that his grief over his lost dukedom could have drowned the sea; Ferdinand is certain that his father is drowned; and Alonso believes that Ferdinand is drowned. Departure by drowning suggests a profound and complete loss: nothing returns from the sea. However, loss is transformed into rebirth. Ferdinand and Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. The Tempest Study Guide Alonso are not drowned, and they reunite. Prospero, too, regains his dukedom through the marriage of his daughter Miranda and Ferdinand. Music Music among other mysterious noises in the play creates a sensory and enchanting experience for the characters and the audience alike. The music reinforces the premise that the setting is magical. Ariel's music leads Ferdinand to Miranda, and it wakes Gonzalo prior to Alonso's attempted murder. The banquet and the wedding are awash in music. It is as if music enchants the island. Servants Servant-master relationships dominate the play in an exploration of power: Prospero and Caliban or Ariel, for example. Shakespeare asks, in what ways is power used and abused in these unequal relationships? Then he examines the effects of power in both positive and negative lights as relationships under pressure are jeopardized or destabilized. e Suggested Reading Murphy, Patrick M. The Tempest: Critical Essays. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print. Shakespeare, William, Peter Hulme, and William H. Sherman. The Tempest: Sources and Contexts, Criticism, Rewritings and Appropriations. New York: Norton, 2004. Print. Shakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tempest. New York: Simon, 2009. Print. Vaughan, Alden T., and Virginia Mason Vaughan. The Tempest: A Critical Reader. London: Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare, 2014. Print. Copyright 2018 Course Hero, Inc. Suggested Reading 27

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