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chemical bonding

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Chemical Bonding 1. Electronic configuration : The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an element in various energy levels is called electronic configuration. 2. Electronic configuration of the noble gases : With the exception of helium, all noble gases have eight electrons in their valence shells. Helium has only 2 electrons in its valence shell. 3. Chemical inactivity of the noble gases : The atoms of all noble gases are in minimum state of energy. They have an octet structure, i.e., 8 electrons in the valence shell. Exception is helium, which has a duplet structure, i.e., it has only two electrons in its only one shell, which is also its valence shell. 4. Formation of ions : All atoms of the elements have a tendency to attain the minimum state of energy, i.e., to attain an octet or duplet structure. This is achieved either by donating electrons from their valence shell or accepting electrons in the valence shell, such that the participating atoms acquire the electronic structure of the nearest noble gas. However, due to the donation (loss) of electrons the residual atom gets positively charged and is called cation. Conversely, due to the acceptance of electrons, the residual atom gets negatively charged and is called anion. 5. Ionic compound : The compound formed by an actual exchange of electron/electrons from the valence shell of metals to the valence shell of non-metals is called an ionic compound. 6. Ionic combination or electrovalent combination : When the participating metal atoms actually donate electrons from their valence shells, such that these electron/electrons are actually accepted by the atoms of non-metals, an ionic combination or electrovalent combination takes place. 1 Key Points

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