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ammonia

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Ammonia 1. Ammonia gas can be prepared by the following chemical methods : (i) By warming ammonium salts with alkalis : heat NaCl + H2O + NH3 NH4Cl + NaOH (ii) By the action of water on metallic nitrides : AlN + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3 (iii) From elements : Fe + Mo at 450 C 2NH3 + N2 + 3H2 200 Atms 9000 Atms 2. In the laboratory, ammonia gas is prepared by heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Ammonia is dried by passing through quicklime and collected by the downward displacement of air. 3. Ammonia gas cannot be dried over (i) conc. sulphuric acid (ii) phosphorus pentoxide (iii) anhydrous calcium chloride as they react with it to form ammonium salts. 4. Haber s process : One volume of dry nitrogen and three volumes of dry hydrogen are compressed to 200 atms 900 atms. The mixture is passed over electrically heated catalyst iron, which contains molybdenum as promoter. An exothermic and reversible reaction takes place with the formation of ammonia gas. Fe + Mo at 450 C 2NH3 + N2 + 3H2 200 Atms 9000 Atms The yield is about 60%. In order to carry the reaction in forward direction, the products are suddenly cooled, so that ammonia liquefies and separates out. The unreacted mixture of gases is recompressed and again passed over catalyst. 1 Key Points

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