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Organic Chemistry-I 1. Organic chemistry : The branch of chemistry dealing with carbon compounds, other than carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbonates, is called organic chemistry. 2. Organic compounds : The chemical compounds containing carbon as an element (except carbonates; carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) along with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus as auxiliary atoms are called organic compounds. 3. Catenation : The unique property of carbon atoms to link with the other carbon atoms to form long straight or branched chain of any length or closed rings of any complexity is called catenation. 4. Molecular formula : The chemical formula of a chemical compound which tells the kind of atoms present and their actual number in one molecule of a compound is called molecular formula. 5. Structural formula : A formula which tells the arrangement of various atoms in one molecule of a chemical compound is called structural formula. 6. Condensed formula : Condensed formula is a kind of structural formula which indicates the group of atoms joined together to each of the carbon atoms in a straight line or branched chains. 7. Hydrocarbons : The compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 8. Saturated hydrocarbons : The compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which all the valencies of carbon are fully satisfied by single covalent bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons. 9. Unsaturated hydrocarbons : The compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which the valencies between two carbon atoms are shared by the presence of double or triple covalent bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. 1 Key Points 10. Homologous Series : The members of the same class of organic compounds when arranged in the order of ascending molecular mass, differ from each other by CH2 group are called homologues. Such a series or a class of organic compounds is called homologous series. 11. Characteristics of a homologous series : 1. All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula. 2. Each member of a homologous series differs from next member by CH2 group. 3. Each member of a homologous series differs from the next member of 14 a.m.u. 4. Due to change in molecular mass, the physical properties by homologues differ appreciably from other homologues. 5. All homologues have the same but graded chemical properties. 6. All homologues can be prepared by the same general methods of preparation. 12. Naming of saturated hydrocarbons : Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes or paraffins. The general formula of an alkane is Cn H2n+2, where n stands for alk - (number of carbon atoms in one molecule). The name of the given hydrocarbon is obtained by attaching ane to Greek number of carbon atoms. The first four members of the alkane series are : methane (CH4); ethane (C2H6); propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). 13. Isomers and Isomerism : The organic compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism. 2 Key Points 14. Naming of unsaturated hydrocarbons : (a) Naming of Alkenes : In alkenes, the valency between atleast two carbon atoms is satisfied by a double covalent bond. The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where n stands for alk (the number of carbon atoms in one molecule). The name of the given unsaturated hydrocarbon is obtained by attaching ene to Greek number of carbon atoms. The first four members of the alkene series are : methene (CH2); ethene (C2H4); propene (C3H6) and butene (C4H8). (b) Naming of Alkynes : In alkynes the valency between at least two carbon atoms is satisfied by a triple covalent bond. The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n 2, where n stands for alk (the number of carbon atoms in one molecule). The name of the given hydrocarbon is obtained by attaching yne to Greek number of carbon atoms. The first four members of the alkyne series are methyne ( C ); ethyne (C2H2); propyne (C3H4) and butyne (C4H6). 15. Alkyl group : An alkyl group or an alkyl radical is a fragment of alkane molecule from which H atom of hydrogen is removed from its straight chain. The general formula of the alkyl radical is CnH2n+1. Its name can be obtained by changing suffix - yl. The first four members of the alkyl group are : methyl ( CH3); ethyl ( C2H7); propyl ( C3H9); butyl ( C4H9). 16. Functional group : An atom or a group of atoms, attached to alkyl group, which takes part in most of the chemical reactions is called functional group or functional radical. 17. Homologous series of alcohols (Alkanols) : When ( OH) is the functional group of compounds of alkanes, the compound is said to belong to alcoholic group. The general formula of alcohols is R OH, where R is alkyl group having a general formula CnH2n+1. The name of alcohol can be obtained by replacing ane of alkane with - anol. 3 Key Points The first four members of the alkanol series are : methanol (CH3OH); ethanol (C2H5OH); propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH). 18. Homologous series of carboxylic acids (Alkanoic acids) : O || When C OH is the functional group of compounds of alkanes then the compounds are said to belong to the carboxylic acid group. O || The general formula of caboxylic acid is (R C OH), where R is the alkyl radical, having a general formula Cn H2n+1. The name of carboxylic acid is obtained by replacing - ane of alkane with - anoic acid. Methanoic acid (HCOOH); Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH); Propanoic acid (CH3 CH2 COOH) and butanoic acid (CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH) are the first four members of the homologous alkanoic acid series. 4 Key Points

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