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nitric acid

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Nitric Acid and Nitrates 1. Concentrated nitric acid is commonly called aqua fortis. 2. In the laboratory, nitric acid is prepared by heating potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate with conc. sulphuric acid in a retort, when nitric acid vapours distil over in a receiver to form nitric acid in liquid state. less than KHSO4 + HNO3 KNO3 + H2SO4 200 C more than KNO3+ KHSO4 K2SO4 + HNO3 200 C 3. The nitric acid prepared in the laboratory is generally light yellow in colour. It is because nitric acid vapours partially decompose to form nitrogen dioxide gas, which redissolves in acid and gives it a yellow colour. 4. Industrially, nitric acid is prepared by Ostwald s process. (i) A mixture of two parts of pure oxygen and one part of pure ammonia is passed over heated platinum gauze at 900 C, when the following exothermic reaction takes place with the formation of nitric oxide gas. pt 900 6C 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O (ii) The mixture of gases so formed, is cooled and then led into oxidation chamber, where excess of oxygen reacts with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide. 4NO + 2O2 4NO2 (iii) The mixture of nitrogen dioxide and excess of oxygen is then led to absorption chamber, in which fine spray of water trickles from top. The following reaction takes place with the formation of dilute nitric acid, which collects on the bottom of chamber. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3 (iv) The dilute nitric acid is concentrated under reduced pressure. 1 Key Points

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