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ICSE Class X Notes 2026 : Mathematics (Smt. Sulochanadevi Singhania School, Thane)

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LODHA WORLD SCHOOL, THANE SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Grade : X TOPIC: Probability PROBABILITY: - Class : X The concept which numerically measures the degree of certainty of the occurrence of an event EXPERIMENT: An operation which can produce some well-defined operations is called an experiment. e.g. tossing of a coin is an experiment. EVENT: Each outcome of an experiment is called an event. e.g. When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes, either heads will appear on the upper face or tails will appear. SAMPLE SPACE: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called sample space denoted by S . e.g. 1) When a coin is tossed S = {H, T,}, n(S) = 2 2) 2 coins are tossed S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}, n(S) = 4 4) A dice is rolled. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, n(S) = 6 PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT: In an experiment, let S be the sample space, E be the event. ( ) P (E) = = ( ) COMPLEMENTRY EVENT: Let E be an event and (not E) be an event which occurs when E does not occur. The event (not E) is called complementary event of E. P(E) + P (not E) = 1 1 NOTE: For any event E, 0 P(E) 1 For impossible event, P(E) = 0 e.g. a number 7 appears when a dice is rolled is impossible event. For sure event, P(E) = 1 e.g. When a coin is tossed either heads or tail appears P(E) = 1 P(not E). For questions involving numbers and alphabets writing event set is compulsory Write the sample space correctly. Reduce the fraction wherever required. Write both the fractions, the answer in the 2 reduced form. e.g. 4 = 1 2 If multiplies of 3 or 4 is asked then all the multiplies of 3 and 4 are to be written and common multiples to be written only once. If multiplies of 3 and 4 are asked then the multiplies of LCM of 3 and 4 i.e. 12 are to be written At least two means, two or more. At most two means maximum is 2, less than 2 or nil are considered. If no element satisfies the condition, then probability is 0. 2 Solve the following. 1. A dice is thrown once. What is the probability that the number is i. 2. ii. greater than 2 Cards marked with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ., 20 are well shuffled and a card is drawn at random. What is the probability that the number on the card is i. 3. Even A prime number ii. divisible by 3 iii. A perfect square Two coins are tossed once. Find the probability of getting. i. 2 heads ii. at least 1 tail 4. A box contains some black balls and 30 white balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball is two fifth of a white ball, find the number of black balls in the box. 5. A dice has 6 faces marked by the given numbers as shown below. 1 2 3 -1 -2 -3 The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting i. ii. iii. 6. A bag contains 5 white balls, 6 red balls and 9 green balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is: i. ii. iii. 7. A green ball A white or a red ball Is neither green ball nor a white ball. A game of numbers has cards marked with 11, 12, 13, .., 40. A card is drawn at random. Find the probability that the number on the card drawn is i. 8. A positive integer An integer greater than 3 The smallest integer A perfect square ii. divisible by 7 Sixteen cards are labelled as a, b, c, .., m, n, o, p. They are put in a box and shuffled. A boy is asked to draw from the box. What is the probability that the card drawn is i. ii. iii. A vowel A consonants None of the letters of the word median. 3 9. Card bearing numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 are kept in a bag. A card is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the numbers on the card is i. ii. iii. 10. There are 25 discs numbered from 1 to 25. They are well shuffled. If a disc is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that the number on the disc is i. ii. iii. 11. An odd number Divisible by 2 and 3 both A number less than 16. Each of the letters of the word A U T H O R I Z E S is written on identical circular discs and put in a bag. They are well shuffled. If a disc is drawn at random from the bag, what is the probability that the letter is i. ii. iii. 12. An odd number Divisible by 2 and 3 both A number less than 16. A vowel One of the first 9 letters of English alphabet which appears in the given word. One of the last 9 letters of the English alphabet which appears in the given word In a game of card numbered 1 to 30, one card is drawn at random. Find the probability that the card drawn has a number: i. Divisible to 6 ii. a prime number 13. A bag contains 5 white, 2 red and 3 black balls. A ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ball drawn is a red ball. 14. A letter of the word S E C O N D A R Y is selected at random. What is the probability that the letter selected is not a vowel? 15. A bag contains 25 cards numbered 1 to 25. A card is drawn at random. What is the probability that the number on the card drawn is i. 16. Multiple of 5 ii. A perfect square iii. Prime number The following letters A, D, M, N, O, S, U, Y of the English alphabet are written on separate cards are put in box. The cards are well shuffled and one card is drawn at random. What is the probability that the card drawn is a letter of the word. i. ii. iii. MONDAY Which does not appear in MONDAY Which appears both in SUNDAY and MONDAY 4 17. Assertion (A): A die is thrown once and the probability of getting an even number is 2 . 3 Reason (R): The sample space for even number on a die is {2, 4, 6}. i. ii. iii. iv. 18. A is true, R is false A is false, R is true Both A and R is true Both A and R is false Ms. Sushmita went to a fair and participated in a game. The game consisted of a box having number cards with numbers from 01 to 30. The three prizes were as per the given table: Prize Wall Clock Water Bottle Purse Number on the card drawn at random is a Perfect square Even number which is also a multiple of 3 Prime number Find the probability of winning a: i. Wall clock ii. Water Bottle 5 iii. Purse

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