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INDIA - CLIMATE 1. the type of climate found in the Indian subcontinent and its characteristic features 2. tropical Monsoon Climate Characterized -by alternation of seasons. Hot Season : March / April /May Season of the South West Monsoon : June / July / September Season of the Retreating Monsoon : October / November Cold Season : December / January / February the subcontinent is called so because: it is a large self-contained land mass separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas 3. 4. it shares the same unique Tropical Monsoon Type of climate similarities between monsoon winds and land-sea breeze both are caused by differential rate of heating and cooling of land and water both are periodically reversed differences between monsoon winds and land-sea breeze land and sea breeze reverses direction in the course of the day/ night while the Monsoons reverse their direction in the course of the seasons monsoons blowing from the sea bring rain while sea breezes do not as their duration is too short to pick up moisture 5. the line of latitude that passes through the center of the subcontinent 6. 7. 23 V2 o N - Tropic of Cancer the significance of that line if divides the Subcontinent into 2 climatic zones Temperate Zone in the North Torrid / Tropical Zone in the South The origin of the South West Monsoon Winds the Indian Ocean 8. the subcontinent shares the same Tropical Monsoon type of climate because / the impact of the Himalayas on the climate of the subcontinent in winter the Himalayas protect Northern India from bitterly cold winds blowing from central Asia hence the temperatures remain relatively warm the Himalayas form a barrier and stop the rain bearing winds of the SW monsoon from blowing into central Asia and force them to shed moisture over the subcontinent 9. 10. Places on the coast have lower annual range of temperature the sea has moderating influence on the climate of the coastal regions summers are relatively cooler than in the interiors winters ore relatively warmer hence the annual range of temperature is low places on the coast have lower diurnal range of temperature the coastal regions experience sea breeze during the day they experience land breeze during the night hence diurnal range of temperature (the difference between the temp, of day and night) is low 11. places in the inferior have high annual range of temperature they lie far from the moderating influence of the sea and have continental type of climate 12. the land gets heated during the summer and the temperatures are very high during winters the land gets cooled fast and the temperatures ore very low places in North India have high annual range of temperature Places in the North lie far from the Equator/have higher, latitude/lie in the Temperate zone in the temperate zone experience maximum variation in summer and winter temperatures/angle of the sun's rays 13. winters are cold and summers are very hot places in South India are hot throughout the year / have low annual range of temperature South India lies close to the Equator/in the Tonid Zone/in low latitudes 14. tne rays of the sun are vertical almost throughout the year It is a region of intense heat There is not much variation between summer and winter temperatures ' hill stations / Deccan Plateau is cooler than the plains temperature decreases with the increase of altitude at the rate of 6 o C per 1000 metres of ascent (Normal Lapse Rate) hill stations/the Deccan lie at higher altitude and hence have lower temperatures 15. winters are cold in North India North India lies at higher latitude/far from the Equator/in the Temperate Zone In winter the rays of the sun are oblique, they travel d longer distance through the atmosphere, warm up a larger area and hence bring less heat 16. summers are comparatively cool on the coast coastal regions experience the moderating influence of the sea water heats up at a rate slower than land so cool sea breeze during the day lowers the land temperature 17. 18. summers are very hot in the interior land gets heated up very fast due to location far from the coast the regions do not experience the moderating influence of the sea Winters are comparatively warm on the coast during winters the sea is warmer than the adjoining land mass because water cools do down slower than land 19. the proximity of a water body causes the increases in the temperature land. Most of the Subcontinent remains dry in winter Central Asia and the Northern Plains are areas of low temperatures and high pressure in winter The surrounding water bodies of the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean are comparatively warmer and hence areas of low pressure The winds that blow in that season are cool dry off-shore winds that bring no moisture/rainfall 20. regions of winter rainfall and the sources of that rain North India. "Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Jammu and Kashmir receive winter from the Temperate cyclones/Westerly Depressions that drift towards India from the Mediterranean Region Tamil Nadu: the dry off-shore winds of the North Fast monsoon pick up moisture while passing over the Bay of Bengal abd deposit if on the SE coast of India 21. type of rainfall experienced over the Subcontinent orographic/refief rainfall caused by the presence of a mountain barrier lying perpendicular to the direction of the moisture bearing winds of the SW monsoon 22. regions of cyclonic rainfall in October / November Tamil Nadu experiences rainfall from the Tropical cyclones originating over the Bay of Bengal in winter Northern India (Punjab, Haryana, U.P. and Jammu and Kashmir)experience rainfall from the Temperate 23. cyclones/Westerly depressions from the Mediterranean Sea Thar is a desert Thar lies to the West of the Aravallis It receives no rainfall from the SW Monsoon Arabian Sea Branch as the Aravallis lie parallel to the direction of these winds and thus do not form a barrier to force them to shed moisture It receives very scanty rainfall from the deflected winds of the Bay of Bengal branch which shed their moisture on the eastern/windward side of the Aravallis; being on the leeward side/in the rainshadow, Thar receives very scanty rainfall and remains a desert 24. reasons why desert regions experience extremes of temperature / have high diurnal range of temperature/have high diurnal range of temperature during the day the sandy soil of the desert gets extremely heated due to the nature of the soil, lack of cloud cover and lack of vegetation cover during the night the desert cools very fast / there is rapid terrestrial radiation therefore the days are very hot and the nights are very cold hence the diurnal (daily)range of temperature is high 25. places on the windward side of mountain ranges experience high rainfall such places receive orographic type of rainfall the mountains force the warm rain-bearing winds to rise and on cooling, they shed moisture 26. places in the rain-shadow/ on the leeward side experience lower rainfall the moisture laden winds shed most of the rainfall on the windward side of the mountains once they cross over to the leeward side they have emptied themselves of moisture and hence the rainfall in that region is scanty 27. the South West Monsoon divides into 2 branches the triangular/ peninsular shape of the Indian Subcontinent forces the winds to split into the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Branches the Arabian sea Branch 28. the Arabian sea branch is of greater significance for India because: the Arabian Sea is a larger body of water and hence the winds earn/ 3 times the volume of moisture the entire impact of this branch is felt over the subcontinent the Bay of Bengal Branch benefits the subcontinent only partly as the wins blow onto Myanmor and South East Asia as well 29. the season of the Retreating monsoon means 30. the gradual withdrawal and Weakening of the South West Monsoon the reason for the retreat of the Monsoon: in October / November due to the migration of the Sun towards the Southern Hemisphere lower temperatures / high pressure begins to build up over North India the winds of the SW Monsoon reach only to the low pressure areas in central and South India which remain warm 31. Kerala has the shortest rainy season The winds of the SW Monsoon advance from the South to the North and withdraw from the North to the South Places in South India are the first to experience the burst of the Monsoon and the last to see it go Kerala being the Southernmost state of India has therefore the longest rainy season 32. Rajasthan has the shortest rainy season The winds of the SW Monsoon advance from the South to the North and withdraw from the North to the South Places in the North the last to experience the burst of the monsoon and the first to see it go 33. SW Monsoon withdraws from the North 34. Rajasthan being located in NW India has therefore a very short rainy season Same as Ans. 30 . Punjab receives rainfall from 3 sources SW Monsoon Arabian Sea Branch The deflected winds of the Bay of Bengal Branch In winter if receives rainfall from the Westerly Depressions from the Mediterranean Sea 35. Arabian Sea Branch - rainfall decreases from/South to North The monsoon bursts first over Kerala The winds begin to move towards the North , gradually emptying themselves of moisture 36. Therefore the rainfall is higher in the South Bay of Bengal Branch - rainfall decreases from East to West Due to the presence of the Himalayas the winds are deflected to the west As these winds move towards the West up the Ganga Valley, they gradually empty themselves of moisture Hence places in the East/ in the lower Ganga Valley have higher rainfall than those in the West/ in the Upper Ganga Volley 37. Western Coast has higher rainfall The western coast lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats The Winds of the Arabian Sea Branch strike the Mountains and bring heavy rainfall 38. Eastern Coast has lower rainfall The Bay of Bengal Branch by-passes the Eastern coast and strikes first the Ganga Delta and Garo- Khasi- Jaintia Hills The region receives scanty rainfall from the Arabian sea Branch being far to the East and hence in the rain shadow 39. Tamil Nadu / Andhra Pradesh experience the most disturbed eather of the year in Oct/ Nov During that period tropical cyclones develop over the Bay of Bengal due to local variations in Pressure These cyclones travel towards the Eastern / South Eastern Coast of India bringing torrential rainfall and strong winds 40. Eastern Coast has more rainy months but lower rainfall than e Western Coast The Eastern coast receives very scanty rainfall in the Season of the SW Monsoon as it lies in the rain shadow (ref. Ans.38) It receives some rainfall from the Tropical cyclones in Oct/ Nov It receives some rainfall from the NE Monsoon winds as they pick up moisture over the Bay of Bengal The quantity of rainfall received in those months is low The Western Coast receives rainfall only from June to Sept from the Arabian Sea Branch but the quantity is iar.ge as it lies on the Windward side of the Western Ghats 41. Economic benefit of winter rain in Tamil Nadu 42. 43. Rice and lea in the Nilgiris Economic benefit of winter rain in North India Kharif crops such as wheat and barley Rain facilitates the germination of seeds of this crop Local winds in the Hot Season and their economic benefit Mango Showers on the Western coast in April/ May benefit rubber and coffee plantations Nor westers (Kalibaisaki) in April/ May bring torrential showers which benefit showers which benefit in West Bengal and tea in Assam Loo is a hot and dusty wind that blows over the Northern Plain in April / May in Punjab, Haryana and U.P. 44. it never snows in the hills of South India even if temperatures drop to 0 o C snowline is the altitude at which snow occurs snowline varies with altitude South India is a region of intense heat as it lies, close to the Equator At this latitude the snowline occurs at a height above 5000 mtrs The hills of South India are low, less than 3000 mtrs above mean sea level, hence they do not experience snowfall 45. the Bay of Bengal Branch of the SW Monsoon is deflected westward the high Himalayas prevent the winds of the Bay of Bengal Branch of SW Monsoon from crossing into Tibet and Central Asia they force the winds to turn / deflect and the winds travel westward up the Ganga Valley INDIA - SOILS 1. soil profile diagrammatic representation of the section of the soil showing its successive layers: topsoil subsoil weathered rock bedrock / parent rock 2. soil the loose material that forms the upper layer of the mantle rock and is developed from it . contains varying proportions of silica, clay, chalk and humus 3. the importance of soil a very valuable resource on which the success of cultivation/ agriculture depends source of food directly (crops) and indirectly (meat, eggs, milk) source of raw materials for agro based industries like cotton textiles, jute, sugar source of clothing eg. Cotton and linen (direct) and silk , wool (indirectly) 4. humus the organic element of the soil formed from decomposed plant and animal remains an essential component of soil fertility 5. leaching removal of soluble material from the soil during periods of heavy rainfall dissolved minerals percolate to the lower layers of the soil leaving the topsoil infertile occurs under typical monsoonal conditions with marked wet and dry periods and alternating extremes of temperature example of leached soil: latente soil 6. in- situ soil / residual soil soil that is found where it has been formed eg. red , laferite or black soil 7. transported soil carried down by agents of gradation like wind or rivers eg. loess , alluviai 8. soil erosion detachment and transportation of topsoil by agents of denudation like wind, water depletion of nutrients due to improper/ unscientific methods of cultivation occurs when the rate of removal of soil particles is faster than the process of soil formation 9. reasons / types of soil erosion sheet erosion: steep slopes increase the erosive power of rain, causing the removal of vast stretches of top soil on the hills, eg. The Himalayas , Shivaliks and Nilgiris overflowing / flooding of the plains by the rivers, eg. Brahmaputra and Kosi in Assam gully erosion: water running downhill forming rills which deepen into gullies and ravines, rendering vast areas unsuitable for cultivation; such regions are called 'badlands', eg. the Chambal Valley erosion by wind- common in desert regions with little or no vegetation cover, where strong winds blow away particles of the soil or deposit desert sand over fertile regions rendering them barren eg. Thar Desert human activities such as improper farming techniques. overgrazing and deforestation make it easier for agents of denudation to remove the top soil 10. soil conservation steps taken to prevent soil from erosion aims at preventing the removal of top soil declaration soils damaged / impoverished by overexploitation or natural phenomena 11. Methods of soil conservation adding organic matter/ growing leguminous plants practicing crop rotation judicious use of artificial fertilizers prevention of overgrazing proper farming techniques: terraced farming, strip cropping, contour ploughing planting more trees 12. importance of vegetation / forests in soil conservation / preventing soil erosion plant roots bind the soil particles together, making it difficult for water and wind to remove them branches reduce the impact of rainwater on the soil falling leaves/ decaying vegetable matter contributes to soil fertility by providing humus ALLUVIAL SOIL 1. formation / origin riverine alluvium brought by the Ganga . Brahmaputra and their tributaries. formed by denudation of rocks and deposition of sediment by the rivers 2. types / varieties khaddar (new alluvium) bhangar (old alluvium) Khaddar Bhangar found in the lower levels in the plains near the rivers found in higher terraces above the finer in texture and non- porous more fertile new layers are deposited every year during the floods 3. characteristics upto 500 m deep yellow in colour made of fine silt rich in potash and lime in the Ganga delta also rich in humus moisture retentive 4. advantages nvers grey, coarse and porous less fertile moisture retentive; rich in potash and lime very fertile as it is replenished by annual floods 5. Disadvantages deficient in nitrogen deficient in organic matter 6. regions valleys of Ganga, Brahmaputra; Indus and their tributaries Eastern and Western Coastal Plains in the valleys and deltas of Narmada. Tapi, Krishna and Godavari Mates of Punjab. Havana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal Orissa 7. crops wheat, rice, sugarcane jute in Ganga Brahmaputra Delta 8. difference between the alluvial soils of North India and the Deccan Coastal strip alluvial soils of North India are yellow / lighter in- colour The soils of Deccan coastal Plains are darker in colour as he alluvium is mixed with the black soil since the rivers flow through the region of Black soil in the Deccan 9. Difference between the alluvial Soils of Ganga Delta and Ganga Valley the soils of the Ganga Delta are finer, more clayey and contain more humus the soils of the upper course of the rivers contain coarser panicles or sand , silt and clay RLACK-/ REGUR / COTTON. SOIL 1. formation / origin volcanic formed due to disintegration of basalt 2. location Deccan Trap legion Maharashtra and Gujrat 3. characteristics deep and fine grained vary in colour from black to chestnut brown rich in humus rich in LIMCAP (lime, iron, magnesium, carbonates, alumina, potash) moisture retentive, release moisture to the crops during the dry season sticky when wet and develop cracks when dry have self-ploughing /self-aerating capacity very fertile as found in the region of moderate rainfall hence have not undergone much leaching 4. advantages rich in LIMCAP moisture retentive, have self- ploughing capacity rich in humus very fertile 5. crops cotton tobacco, sugarcane wheat and millets RED SOIL 1. formation / origin weathering of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks 2. location Chhota Nagpur Plateau Malwa Plateau Karnataka Tamil Nadu (almost the entire state has red soil) 3. characteristics red due to high concentration of iron oxides rich in potash porous, does not retain moisture 4. rich in potash iron oxides 5. deficient in humus nitrogen lime phosphoric acid 6. crops wheat, pulses sugarcane, cotton LATERITE SOIL 1. formation / origin weathering of laterite rocks leached soils, formed due-to leaching during periods of intense rainfall 2. location summits of Eastern and Western Ghats Kerala Goa Tamil Nadu Karnataka 3. characteristics high content of iron oxides highly acidic does not retain moisture coarse and friable 4. disadvantages generally unsuitable for cultivation due to acidity and inability to retain moisture poor in nitrogen and lime 5. rich in : iron oxides 6. deficient in : nitrogen and lime 7. crops/ cashew and tapioca in Karnataka coffee is grown on literate soils INDIA-SOIL 1. Write down any two steps that can be taken by an Indian.farmer to prevent sou erosion? Ans 1) Planting of trees to act as wind breaks, afforestation, reafforestation. 2) Terrace farming 3) strip cropping 4) Prevent over grazing 5) Check burning of forests and pastures 6) making Bunds in fields, gullies and ravines 7) Contour ploughing 8) Plugging of Gullies 2. Mention any one measure taken by the govt. for soil conservation. 1) Contour ploughing 2) Maintaining permanent vegetative cover 3) Regulating stream flows 4) Constructing earth and masonry embankment in gullies and ravines 5) Creating wind breaks by planting double rows of trees 6) Terrace farming 7) Strip cropping 8) Afforestation 9) Reafforestation 10) Multipurpose projects 11) Growing trees in catchment areas 3. What is meant by soil erosion? It is the detachment and transportation of the upper layers on top soil, thus resulting in the deterioration of the soil, by running water and winds. 4. What is meant by soil conservation ? Protection of the layer of soil which is constantly shifted from one part of the land to another by wind, water. It is an effort by man to retain the fertility of soil and prevent soil erosion. It also ensures that land damaged by water and wind is reclaimed and its fertility restored. 5. Name one area where sandy soil is found on a large scale. Western Rajasthan, Thar Desert. 6. What are the causes of soil erosion ? 1) Deforestation on the hills leads to Cully erosion, 2) Overgrazing of the land by animals, 3) Heavy rainfall in the upper regions (catchment) and steep gradient enhances the eroding power of the rain water. 4) Continuous cultivation of a particular crop weakens the soil, so when the land is allowed to remain fallow, a severe heavy rain can cause sheet erosion. The agents causing erosion are 1. Running water 2. Wind 3. rain 7. Soil erosion has been a pressing problem in India. Give reasons for this soil erosion 1. In indiscriminately cutting down of forest 2. Overgrazing of the land by animals 3. Cultivation of land on slopes of hills without embankments or terracing 8. What is soil? It is the loose material which forms the upper layer of the Mantle Rock 9. What are the main substances found in (he soil? The main substances found in varying proportion in the soil are silica, clay, chalk, humus. 10. What is silica? It is small crystalline grains which are the chief constituents of sand. It is derived mainly & by the breaking up of rocks which is very slow. 11. What is clay? Clay is a mixture of silicate and contains several minerals comprising iron, potassium, calcium, sodium, aluminium. 12. What is Humus ? or How is Humus formed? It is an organic matter. It is formed by the decomposition of plants remains, animal manure and dead animals and it is the most important element in the fertility of the soil. 13. What is the characteristic of Humas? 1. It is dark in colour 2. It is ferule. 3. It is organic matter 4. it retains moisture in the soil. 14. What us Top sail ? The upper layer of soil is top soil. 15. Why is Top soil important for plants? Top soil is full of life for there are millions of bacterial insects and worms in it. Top soil develop very) slowly. It is washed away then the soil becomes poor as most of the plant nutrients are found in this soil. 16. What is sub-soil ? It is soil that is found below the top soil. This is generally soil which consists of the parent material from which soil is formed. 17. What are the characteristics of sandy soil ? 1. It is soil 2. Porous 3. They dry up too easily/not water retentive. 18. What are the characteristics of clayey soil ? 1. It becomes sticky when wet and cracks when dry 2. It becomes water logged when there is too much of water 3. It is a heavy soil 4. It is water retentive. 19. Why do plants find it difficult to penetrate in clayey soil. Plants find it difficult to penetrate in clayey soil because it is not aerated. 20. What does loam consist of? Loom is a mixture of sand and clay, silt end humus. 21. Name status in India which have been devastated by soil erosion. (hills) U.P Parasthan, Assam. 22. On what does soil erosion depend? It depends on 1. Texture and structure of the soil 2. The climate 3. Slope of the land 4. Nature of cultivation 23. What is Gully erosion? Where would you find this? Gully erosion is caused as a result of running water. It occurs on steep slopes when no vegetation is left to arrest the flow of storm water which then finds its way downhill in a series of channels. They are found on the slopes of the hills, banks of rivers e.g. the banks of the Sabarmati and the Chambal. 24. What is sheet erosion ? Why is it harmful? How does it occur? The removal of an even layer from the whole top soil by water is known as sheet erosion. It is harmful because it removes the finer and more fertile of the It is harmful because it removes the finer and more fertile of the top soil. The main cause for this is cultivation. Cultivation weakens the soil. Rain water runs off the surface carrying away the soil. Wind too can take away a layer of soil. 25. Name areas in India affected by wind erosion7 Rajasthan and Punjab and Gujarat. 26. In what way is man responsible for soil erosion? Man is responsible for soil erosion through his activities like, 1. Deforestation 2. Overgrazing of land 3. Continuously ploughing of soil looser, the soil and then leaving it fallow causes erosion. 27. How can gully erosion be prevented in the Chambal valley/Sabarmati banks /Slopes of the hills / Garo, Khasi, Jaintia hills /Assam / Meghalaya? Gully erosion can be prevented by constructing bunds/dams according to the contour, ploughing along contour lines so that furrows run across the slope of the land. Planting of trees, constructing dams. Terracing the land. Plugging of gullies and ravines. 28. How do plants conserve the soil? Trees reduce the force of strong winds and blowing away of dust particules. Roots of trees, plants and grasses hold soil particles together and strengthen the soil. They also reduce the speed' of flowing water. 29. A) Name the type of soil which is common in the North West Part of the Deccan. Black soil region soil b) Describe its appearance and quantities 1. It is black to chestnut brown. 2. It is fine grained 3. Retain moisture when wet it is sticky, when dry it cracks. 4. Rich in lime, iron, potash magnesium, alumina, carbonates 5. 5. Poor in Phosphorous, organic matter and nitrogen 6. Name the crops which grow best in this type of soil. The crops that grow here are cotton, jowar, millets, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, oilseeds. 30. A) What kind of soil is found spread over large areas in the Northern Plains of India. Alluvial soil. 30. B) How has this type of soil come to spread over these areas ? The alluvial soil has spread over the Northern Plain by the River Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus and their tributaries as load. They are transported on Residual alluvium brought by the rivers from the Himalayas. 31. Name the most important soil found in India which also forms the largest group of soil in India and the richest soil. Alluvium. 32. Into how many kinds of soil is alluvium divided. Name them and differentiate between them. It is divided into two:They are Khadar and Bhangar Khadar I. New alluvium 2. Found at lower levels near the river 3. Sandy in composition 4. Lighter in colour Bhangar 1. Older clluvium: 2. Found in the higher plains and river terraces away from the rain. 3. Clayey in composition 4. Darker in colour 5. More fertile as it is being replenished 5. Less fertile as new silt is not added with every monsoon. regularly 33. What is alluvium rich in It is rich in Humus, lime, potash 34. What is alluvium poor in? It is poor in Phosphorous. 35. Name that soil that is found to a depth of 500 m in North India. Alluvium in the Ganga plain 36. Name the states where alluvium is found. It is found in the valleys and deltas of all rivers Indo Gangetic plain Punjab Haryana Bihar U.P. W. Bengal 37. Name the agent responsible for coastal alluvial. Sea waves, Ocean Currents and tides. 37. a) Why is the deltaic alluvia richer than coastal alluvial ? This is because the deltaic alluvial is constantly being replenished by fresh alluvial by the river, which is richer in humus than the coastal alluvial. 37. b) Name the Food Crops that are grown on this particular soil. Rice, wheat 37. c) Name the cash crops grown in alluvial soil. The cash crops are sugarcane, jute, oilseeds and cotton. 38. Name one state in which there is large areas of red soil. Tamil Nadu / Orissa. 39. State 2 reasons why the red soil is not very good for agricultural purposes? Why should fertilizers be added to red soil ? 1. It is poor in nitrogen, lime, phosphorous, humus 2. It is not water retentive 40. A) How does the soil of the central Maharashtra region differ, from that of Hie Yamuna- Ganga plain? Maharashtra - black or Regur soil Yamuna Ganga plain - alluvium/alluvial 40. b) Explain briefly how these soils have been developed Regur/black soil is of volcanic origin. They are formed from the weathering of the Deccan trap rock. Alluvium - refer to ans. 30b 41. With reference to the type of soil only state why 1. Jowar is grown in Maharashtra 2. Bajra is grown in Rajasthan 3. Sugarcane is grown in UP. i) Jowar is grown in Maharashtra because of the Black Regur soil which is rich in lime, iron, potash, magnesium, carbonates an J alumina and calcium, ii) Bajra is grown in Rajasthan because of the sandy soil found in this region. It is rich in soluble sales iii) Sugarcane is grown in UP because the soil is alluvium and this is rich in potash, lime, humus. 42. What are the characteristics of red soil ? 1. It is red in colour as it has a high iron content. 2. It is porous 3. It is friable 4. It is not water retentive 5. potash. . 43. What is responsible for the colour of the Red soil ? The high Iron Oxide content in the soil is responsible for the colour of the Red Soil. 44. Name the food crops and cash crops that thrive on die Red Soil. Food crops----> Wheat, Rice , Pulses. Cash Crops----> Cotton & Sugarcane. 45. a. What is necessary for the Red Soil to become productive? The Red Soil needs Fertilizers and Irrigation to become productive. 45. b. What is the -difference between the red soil found on the highlands and the red soils of the valleys and plains ? Highland Regions 1. Thin layer of red soil Valleys and Plains 1. Thick layers of red soils 2. Light in colour 2. Dark in colour 3. Less fertile 3. More fertile 46. What are the characteristics of Laterite Soil? Name one region where it is found ? The characteristics of the Laterite Soil are 1) It is Porous 2) Coarse 3) Red 4) Friable 5) Soft 6) It is acidic 7) A is not water renture 8) It is rich in iron. Laterite soil is found in the summits of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats , Parts of Kerala, Goo, A.P. , T.N. , Orissa & Bengal. 47. Name the states where Regur / Black/Cotton Soil is found ? It is found in Maharasira, Gujarat, A.P., M.P, & T.N. 48. Why is Late rile soil Red in colour? This is because of the high concentration of iron oxides in the soil. 49. What are the disadvantages of the Laterite Soil? The disadvantages of die Laterite Soil are : 1) It is highly acidic 2) It is not water retentive 3) It is poor in Phospheric acid, Potash & Lime. 50. Name the soil found only in the. Tropical Monsoon countries. Laterite. 51. How is the Laterite soil formed ? What do you understand by Laterite Soil? Laterite soil is formed due to weathering of the Laterite rocks caused by alternating extremes of temperatures and marked wet and dry seasons. It is formed due to intense Leaching during the periods cf heavy rainfall. All the soluble and light materials like silicates & aluminum hydroxides are removed and a hard stony heavy layer of iron oxides remain. Name the 2 main causes for the formation of laterite soil. (Answer same as above Ans 51) 52. Why are Laterite soils infertile /'Unsuitablefor agriculture? Laterite soils are infertile because they are1) Acidic 2) Do not retain moisture 3) They are poor in Phospheric acid, Potash and Lime. 53. What are the crops grown on the Laterite Soil ? Cashew, Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Tapioca. 54. What is Laterite Rock used for ? It is used for building. 55. Name two States which have desert soil. Rajasthan , South Punjab , Gujarat. . 56. Name the soil found in the arid zone of the N.W. part of the country, Rajasthan Bikaner / Jaisalmer , Jodhpur . Kutch South Punjab. Sandy soil / Desert soil. 57. Why are desert soils course ? They are coarse because the fine top soil has beer, removed by the wind. 58. a. How are desert soils formed? In arid regions or in deserts, the wind plays a very important part in depend on. As there is hardly any vegetation the wind lifts up the top soil and carries it on away leading behind the coarse sand. Scarcity of water too is responsible for this soil: 58. b. What is the main factor responsible for the formation of desert soil ? The main factor responsible for the formation of desert soil is the scarcity of rainfall 59. What are the characteristics of the soil of the Arid / Desert region / Rajas than / North west of Aravailis? The characteristics are :1) It is coarse 2) Sandy 3) Porous 4) Saline or Alkaline 5) Rich in soluble salts. 60. What are the disadvantages of Sandy soils? The disadvantage of sandy soil is that it is poor in organic matter, humus and nitrogen. 61. A) What crops-are grown on Desert Soil with irrigation? Wheat, Rice , barley, grapes , melons , Bajra. 61. b)Why are desert soils almost dry ? Desert soils are almost dry because the top soil contains moisture is absent / or removed and only coarse porous soil is left. The soil is not water retentive as it is porous. Due of the law amount of rainfall and high rate of evaporation. 62. What is meant by Insitu? Insitu means the soil is found in the area where it is formed e.g. The soils of the Deccan Plateau. 63. Name the soil formed Insitu. Black soil. Laterite Soil & Red soil. 64. In what way does the soil in the delta / valley of the River Ganga differ from the delta valley of the Riverer Godaveri? Ganga / Yamuna Valley/Delta Narmada / /Krishna Valley/Delta Lighter in colour Darker in colour Porous Non, Porous TapJ_/_Godaveri 65. Why are the alluvial soils of the Marinade / Tapi, Godaveri, Krishna Valley /Delta darker. This is because the Alluvial sail is mixed with Regur soils and this is black in colour. 66. Why is Khadar Soil more fertile that Banghar ? The Khadar soil is more ferule tlian Banghar as it is found in the lower beds of the Valley through which the river meanders and hence it is replenished by fertile silt regularly. 67. Name a soil that is formed as a result of Leaching. Laterite. 68. Name the four factors which affect the formation of soils. components of soil. What are the It is affected by : 1. kind of parent rock 2. climatic conditions weathering 3. natural vegetation 4. surface relief and drainage conditions. The main components - mineral components like sand and clay, humus or organic matter dead tissue of plants and animals. 69. How do new alluvial soils differ from old alluvial soils ? Refer to arts. '3 2 70. State 2 reasons why red soil is not suitable for agriculture. Red soil is not suitable for agriculture because it is poor in phosphorus, lime, humus, nitrogen and is not water retentive. 71. Name a state above Tropic of Cancer where red soil is found in India and one below the Tropic of Cancer. Above 23 N-Tropic of Cancer-M. P. Below 23 NT. Of Canar- T.N. Goa. KS 72. Give 2 differences between Island Alluvial and Coastal Alluvial. Inland Allin-ialiscoj.se Mainly sand Alluvial Fine Silt Mainly' silt and clay 73. Why are late rite soils generally infertile ? Unsuitable for agriculture and soil infertile because the soluble substances are washed way. It lacks Phosphoric acid, potash, lime, nitrogen It is acidic in nature It is not water retentive 74. Name the minerals that laterite soil contains. It contains oxides of iron and aluminum hydroxides. . 75. State 2 difference* between top soil and sub-soil. Top Soil Sub Soil It is full of life millions of bacteria, insects Made up of Parent rock material & worms Develops slowly and is made up (Inorganic matter), of decomposed matter (organic in nature). It is the up per-layer of the soil. It lies below the Top Soil Very Productive for plants. Not so Productive for plants. 76. Besides adding fertility to the soil, humus has another property. State it. It helps to retain moisture in the soil and to help the plant in absorbing materials from die soil for building its body. 77. Name the parent rock of Regur soil. Deccan Trap Rock which is Basaltic (Volcanic Igneous Rock). 78. What Geographic term is used for the following: a) Due to heavy rainfall, soil nutrients are washed down thereby rendering the top soil infertile or poor leaching. b) Which Indian soil is most affected by this process mentioned in (a) Laterite Soil 79. Why is humus important for agriculture ? Humus is important for agriculture became it is rich in organic matter, and has been formed by the, decomposition of plant remains, animal manure, and dead animals and is the most important element in the fertility of the sail. It also helps to retain moisture m the soil and to help plants in absorbing materials from the soil for building its body 80. Name the soil that contains both sanay and day loamy soil. 81. Name the soil that is found in large quantities and which also contributes to the agricultural wealth of India Alluvial soil, 82. Name the soil found in the Kachchh, Rajas than. West of the Aravallis, South Punjab. Desert soil or sandy soil. 83. Name the soil found in the Sunderbans Alluvial. 84. Name a Mate north of the Tropic of Cancer where you have large Quantities of red soil Madliya Pradesh. 85. In what way does Regur soil help agriculture ? Regur soil help's agriculture because (LJPMA'C) it contains lime, iron, potash, magt'e$ium carbonates, alumina, calcium, They are water retentive. 86. Name 6 major groups of soil in India. Which one of them is the most important ' agriculturally ? They are 1) Alluvial 2) Regur /Black 3) Red 4) Laterile 5) desert/sandy 6) Forest or hill soil. The one most important, agriculturally is alluvial soil. 87. Why do we say that Regur, lateritc, red, sandy soil have been called 'Insitu' ? This is because the: action, of wind and running water in transporting and redepositing them has been limited. 88. Name the main parent rock of the red soil. Metamorphic Crystalline rock 89. State the importance of soil as a resource, It is the most important natural resource on which all life depends as a source of food directly or indirectly. 90. Name 2 major type's of soil in India. hey are : - I) Alluvial 2) Regur / BLick 91. What kind of soil would you find in a) Arunachal Pradesh b) P.ann of Kachchh c) Konkan Coast d) Malabar Coos'. e) Kanara Coast - Mountain Soil - Allwal Soil - Alluvial Soil - Alluvial Soil - Alluvial Soil . f) Coromanclei Coast - Alluvial Soil g) Sundarbans . - Alluvial 1 oil h) North Cirear Coast - Alluvial Soil i) Jaisaimer - Desert Soil/'Sandy j) Chota Nagpur - Red Soil k) Mahva Plateau - Red Soil l) Summits of Garo, Khasi, Jaintia - Laterite m) Almora & Garhwal (U.P) - Mountain Soil 92. How are Mountain or hill soils formed ? Hill soils or mountain soils are formed as d result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth. It is rich in humus and iron but deficient in lime. 93. Why is Mountain soil suitable for tea and coffee plantations ? This is suitable because it is rich in humus /organic matter and iron. 94. Name the states rich in hill soils. Jamtnu. & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh 95. What is responsible for the changing nature of the hill soils ? Altitude is the main reason for changing the nature of the hill soil. 96. Name the state richest in hill soil. Jammu & Kashmir. 97. Why does the hill soil have abundant humus ? This is because it is made up of decayed forest matter as the hills have abundant forest cover. ' 98. Name the areas subjected to soil erosion. The Siwaliks - Dun to deforestation causing landslides , Ravines farmad on the banks of the Yamuna, Chambal, Mahi and Sabarmati, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Bharaipur South Punjab, Rajasihan - Because it is a desert and there is no vegetation as a result of scanty rainfall. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya - Cause - Deforestation, steep gradient and heavy rain. The Nilgiris - Cause - steep gradient & heavy rainfall and defect methods of farming. Chota Ncgpur Plateau - Cause - Open cast mining and deforestation 99. Why does desert soil have a high content of salt in them because this area is no subjected to rainfall so the salts are not washed away, more over this area excessive evaporation, which leaves behind the salt. 100. a) State why some soils have re: colour ? b) Which are. (he soils that are red in colour ? Ans. Ans. a) TIk soils arc red because of the high content iron oxide in them. b) The soils that are red are:- 1) Laterite soil 2) red soil 101. Why 2 reasons for the high fertility of alluvial soil. 1) It contains, potash, humus and lime. 2) It is water retentive 102. What is leaching ? Leaching is a process of washing away of soluble and lighter particles of the soil as a result of seasonal rainfall. This leaves behind (he hard heavy stony substances having the soil very acidic. 103. What kind of soil is formed in the Terai Region ? How has this soil been formed ? The soil formed in the Terai region is Mountain Soil, It has been formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth. It is rich in humus and iron but deficient in lime. CLIMATE (i) Give Reason : 1. Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December. Because Mumbai has a coastal location and hence the sea moderates its temperature whereas Kanpur is in the interior and hence has a contiential location with colder winters. Mumbai is also closer to the Equator than Kanpur. 2. The Punjab gets rain in winter. Punjab receives light to moderate and at times even heavy rainfall 50 to 70 cm. due to the westerly depressions, temperature cyclones coming from the Mediterrancean sea. 3. The Indian subcontinent is called the Sand of Contrast. or There are great variations in the climate of the Indian Sub-continent. (i) The Indian sub-continent extends from 8 N- 37 N and a distance of 3200 km from North to Suth. Thus there is a great variation in the climate. (ii) A great latitudinal extent, extending into two climate zones Tropical and Temperature Zone. 4. The Himalayas act as a climate divide. The Himalayas act as a Climate Divide by trapping the rain-bearing winds in summer and causing them to shed their moisture over a greater post of the land located south of tit which experiences tropical climate, while in north of it, the climate is of temperate type. 5. The Indo-Gangetic Plain gets some rainfall in the month of December and January. They get winter rainfall from the Westerly depressions originating in the Mediterrancan Sea, these winds move towards the East bringing in the Temperate Zone & it is in the pathway of these depressions. 6. The Indian Subcontinent gets most of its rainfall only in four months of the year. The summer mths May + June, the sun is drawing towards the Trophic of cancer of a low pressure develops in the that Desert, so this draws the S.W. Mansoons towards India. The S.W. Mansoons winds pass over an extensive oceanic area where steady evaporation has been talking place for some months. They enter the Indian seas at the end of May the current then divides due to the topography of South India & Sri Lanka and advance into India giving rains to the entire region. The ntire country receives rain during the methods of June. 7. Chennai has more rainy season months but less rain than Mumbai. i) Mumbai lies on the Windward side of the Western Ghats while Chennai lies the Rain-Shadow Area & receives less rain from S.W. Mansoon Arabian Sea Branch. ii) Chennai receives its second rainfall from North-East Mansoon Winds alongwith Retreating winds. Therefore, Chennai gets rainfall summer as well as Winter. 8. It is cooler on the mountain slopes than on the plaints during summer. Because the temperature decreases with increasing attitude that there is a depth of 6 Calcius 9. Why does central Maharashtra have only a rainfall? Because this region is located on the leeward side or in the rain-shadow region of the Western Ghats South-West Mansoon Arabian Sea Branch Shed their moisture on the windward side of the Western Ghats. 10. What is meant by the season of retreating Mansoons? Name West Mansoon The rain is experienced from November to January 11. An Inter-School Football Match at Vishakhapatnam from November 1 to 3 had to be cancelled because of bad weather. Give an explaination for technical name of this season in India, the pressure conditions over the Bay of Bengal This season in India is the season of Retreating Mansoons. The atmosphere conditions over the Bay of Bengal during this season are very unstable causing severe cyclones. There are depressions of low pressure systems and shifting pressure belts takes place. The months of October and November are the rainiest months for Vishakhapatnam. Winter rainfall takes place over the region. 12. What is meant by rain shadow area ? Give an example and state the mountains which are responsible for the rain shadow area. Rain shadow is the area beyond the leeward slope of the mountain where there is little or no precipitation. Places East of the Western Ghats of the North of the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia fills. Places Pune, Bangalore, Dispur, Guwahati, Shillona. 13. What is the economic importance of the following. a) Kalbaisakhis It blows & brings rain in West Bengal and Assam. It is benefinicial for tea crop in Assam and for rice and jute crops in West Bengal. b) Mango Showers It brings rain on the Kerala coast. They are early rain showers of the south-west monsooms which are god for the mango trees & tea crop c) Cyclonic Rainfall Cyclonic rainfall in Punjab during winters is highly useful for rabi crops in Punjab, Haryana and Western Utter Pradesh. These cyclones come for the Mediterranean Sea. d) Relief Rainfall Relief rainfall in Tamil Nadu is beneficial for the millets and rice crops. 14. State two important characteristic feature of the monsoon rainfall in India. i) Most of the rainfall takes place with short period of three to four months. During this seasons maximum rainfall takes place within a particular period of a month. ii) Rainfall comes in dounpours rather than gentle and 15. Define Jet Streams. The air currents blowing in upper layer of the atmosphere are known as it streams these help western disturbances to enter into India. 16. Define Western Disturbances. Western Distribances which original over the Mediterranean Sea cause light rainfall substain the flow of water in the Himalayan rivers during summer months. 17. Mention the factors affecting the climate of India. a) Latitude b) Influence of the Himalayas c) The large coast-line d) Altitude e) Western Disturbances f) Low Pressure region of central Asia and Tibet g) Jet Streams 18. Define Annual range of Temperature It is the difference between the highest and the lowest temperature in a year. 19. Name the local winds a) Low b) Kalbaisakhi c) Mango Showers d) Cherry Blossom 20. Name the four seasons of India. 1) The flat, dry weather reason-March to May 2) The Rainy season June to September 3) The Retreating of South West Monsoon Season October to November 4) The cold Weather Season December to February 21. What are cherry blossoms? Thunder stroms developed in hot weather season cause some rainfall in Karnataka. These rains are known as Cherry blossoms. These are quite useful for coffee plantation. 22. How is average rainfall calculated? Average rainfall Total Annual rainfall Number of Months. 23. Give an account of the general weather conditions during the cold weather season in India. 1) The cold season starts in December and lasts until February. 2) The temperature in Northern plains is low but the Deccan Plateau is warmer. 3) The days are warm and nights are cool. 24. Differentiate between SW Monsoon and NE Monsoon? S.W. Monsoon (Summer) 1 N.E. Monsoon (Winter) They blow during the months of 1 They blow during the months of June to September 2 December, January and February. These cause heavy rainfall almost 2 These cause very less rainfall throught India. 3 These monsoon travel from sea to 3 These monsoon travel from land to land 4 These sea. are characteristics by 4 This is very pleasant season with obbressive heat and low temperature. Annual range of temperature for place y . = Max Min = 34-35 = 9 C c) Name the winds bringing rain to the above places. Place X = i) South-West Monsoon Arabian Sea Branch. ii) South-West Monsoon Bay of Bengal Branch iii) Westerly Depression Place Y = i) South-West Monsoon Arabian Sea Branch ii) North-East Monsoons d) Name a city where the above temperature and rainfall conditions are likely to be found. Place X = i) Delhi Place Y = i) Chennai e) Justify your choice of the city Place X is Delhi because i) The rainfall is less ii) Receives little winter rainfall iii) The range of Temperature is more Place Y is Chennai because i) The rainfall is more ii) Receives more winter rainfall iii) The range of Temperature is less. 25. A) Why does Kanyakumari experience an equable climate Because it is situated close to or along the coast, hence the influence of the sea has an effect on the temperature. The diurnal range of maritime climate Therefore, the annual range in temperature is low. b) Why has Chennai a lower annual range of temperature than Lucknow? Because i) Licknow is situated in the interior of the country and hence experience contientality whileChennai is along the coast so it experience the moderating influence of the sea therefore it has maritime climate. ii) Lucknow is further from the equator while Chennai its closer to the equator. As we go further away from the Equator the range in temperature is more. c) Give one reason to justify that the Himalayas Oct as the Climate Divide. The Himalayas oct as a Climate Divide by trapping the rain- bearing winds in summer and causing them to shed their moisture over a greater part of the land located south of it, the climate is of temperatue type. It also stops the cold winds of is the worth from coming to India. d) What is the cause of winter showers in Western Utter Pradesh and Punjab? They get winter rainfall from the Westerly Depression (Temperature Cyclones? Originating in the Mediterranean Sea, as they lie in the temperature zone and are therefore in the Bathway of these AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES: Supply of raw materials, particularly those large in volume or perishable. 1. Iron and steel industry is located in Damodar Valley where iron ore, coal, limestone, manganese and dolomite are available. 2. Cotton industry flourishes in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Trichy because Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are major cotton growing areas. 3. Jute industry is developed in West Bengal because Hooghly basin is the main jute growing region. 4. Cement industry is well developed in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu where limestone deposits are found. POWER in the form of coal, HEP and gas. Examples: Bombay-Pune industrial region depends on HEP from the Western Ghats. TRANSPORT: Railway lines, navigable rivers and canals, sea coasts. WATER SUPPLY Examples: Cotton- bleaching and dyeing Iron and steel Silk [reeling) t Jute (retting) MARKET (DEMAND) CLIMATE Examples: Cotton and jute: Humid, warm climate. LABOUR: Skilled and unskilled GOVERNMENT POLICIES: Government influences location of industries by providing infrastructure [roads, electricity) marking, industrial-zones and offering tax-concessions. What are industries? Industries-are engaged in converting raw materials into finished products. What are the advantages of industrialization? Reduce dependence on agriculture. Provide employment and raise standard of living. Expand trade and commerce. Improve balance of payment by decreasing imports and increasing exports. Reduce dependence on foreign countries, particularly in the field of defense. Boost agricultural production by generating greater demand for raw materials for agro-based industries. What are key industries? Key or basic industries are those on which other industries depend for raw materials and in infrastructure of these industries is taken as an index for the country's economic growth. Examples: 1. Iron and steel industry: Provides raw materials to produce machinery, railroads, construction and on which industries such as defence equipment, automobile, engineering goods etc depend on for raw materials. 2. Cement industry: Provides cement for construction of factories, townships-; roads, bridges, dams and multipurpose project and is therefore essential for providing infrastructure. 3. Sulphuric acid: Heavy chemical used in leather tanning, oil iron and steel industry and in production of explosives. What consumer or secondary industries? Produce goods meant for consumption or direct utilization. Example: automobiles watches, electrical goods, electronics. 1. Heavy industries: Use heavy and bulky raw materials Use large amounts of power Involve large transport cost Finished products are bulky, Examples: cement, ship building 2. Light industries: Both raw materials and Finished products are not heavy Can possibly employ female labour Examples: textiles, electronics 3. Large scale industries: Employ a large number of workers Require large capital investment Examples: iron and steel. 4. Small scale industries: Employ relatively small number of workers The capital investment is less than 20 lakhs of rupees What is The economic importance of small or medium scale industries? Provide ancillary or subsidiary products for large scale industries Since 92% of India's industries are in the small and medium sector, they provide employment opportunities to the largest section of industrial labour force. Agro based industries: Utilize agricultural products Examples: cotton, jute, sugar. Mineral based industries: Use raw materials obtained from minerals such as coal, iron ore, bauxite. Examples: cement, iron and steel. Forest based industries: Use wood for timber, wood pulp Examples: paper, furniture, matches: What is the economic importance of agro based industries? Backbone of Indio's industrial development Major foreign exchange earners for the countiy-fjute-andccttonj Help to develop agriculture by generating greater demand for agricultural products Support a number of related industries like transport, packaging, dyes and chemicals, machinery and spare parts Public sector: Owned and controlled by the Central Governments its agencies, State Governments and comprises of public utilities like railways, road transport/services, airways, ports, posts and telegraphs, power and irrigation, defence production, heavy and light steel, ship building and refineries. Private sector: Owned and managed by private industrialists as joint stock companies or proprietary concerns. Example: TISCO. Joint sector: Owned jointly by Government and private individuals who have contributed to their capital. day-to-day management Is1 in private -hands. Example: Mangalore Refinery. Co-operative-sector: Owned and run co-operatively by a group of people who usually produce the raw materials. Example: sugar mills, milk, oil mills (extraction of vegetable oil from oil seeds) SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES: Characteristics: 1. Industrial units with investment in plant and machinery upto Rs.750, 000 2. Located in Urban areas 3. Produce goods for focal and foreign markets 4. Production with help of simple tools arid equipment. Examples: 1. Bicycles and their parts 2. Sowing machines 3. Electric fans 4. Footwear Economic importance f advantage! of small scale industries; 1. Occupy a prominent position in Indian economy because they employ more than 30 million people of the industrial labour force. 2. Small scale units function as ancillaries to large industrial undertakings. Problems of small scale industries: 1. Defective and unorganized marketing2. Lack of finance, 3. High production cost 4. Lack of technical knowledge COTTAGE INDUSTRIES: Characteristics: 1. Traditional in nature 2. Located in the home of the producer 3. No hired labour, work done by family members 4. Goods are handmade or produced using simple tools 5. Provide occupations subsidiary to agriculture. Examples: 1. Handmade paper 2. Ivory carvings 3. Decorative sandalwood articles 4. Coir products Carpentry Economic Importance (Advantage) of Cottage Industries: 1. Provide port time employment to formers during offseason 2. Help to preserve traditional skills and crafts 3. Earn voluble foreign exchange because many products, mainly. handicrafts, are exported Problems faced bv Cottage Industries: 1. Lock of effective marketing 2. Lock of innovation 3. Exploitation of craftsmen by money-lenders and middle-men 4. Lack of finance. VILLAGE INDUSTRIES: Characteristics: 1. Located in rural areas 2. Cater to local requirements 3. Make use of locally available raw materials Examples: 1. Village oil mills 2. Soap making 3. Leather tanning 4. Cotton, woolen, silk textiles 5. Carpets 6. Shawls 7. Gur Economic importance: 1. Speed up development of rural areas by providing employment 2. Help to decentralize industries 3. Prevent the shift of population from rural to urban areas Problems (Same as cottage industries] STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT TO ENCOURAGE VILLAGE/COTTAGE/KHADI INDUSTRIES: 1. Setting up of ALL INDIA HANDICRAFTS BOARD: to improve marketing and sales, provide training and research, revive old traditional crafts and develop new designs. 2. Setting up KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES COMMISSION: to develop and modernize these industries 3. Encouraging co-operative movement in rural areas and providing financial assistance to craftsmen FOOTLOOSE INDUSTRIES No particular locational factor is predominant Raw materials are available in most regions Markets for finished products are scattered everywhere Produce mostly consumer goods like soaps, cosmetics, toys ANCILLARY INDUSTRIES: Manufacture components and spare parts for large scale industries TERTIARY INDUSTRIES: Public utility based services which help other industries. Eg. Transport, railways, roads INDUSTRIAL REGIONS; 1. NORTH EAST INDUSTRIAL ZONE: (Damodar-Hooghlv region/Ruhr of India) Location: 1. Chota Nagpur plateau 2. States: Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal Main Industries: 1. Jute 2. Iron and steel 3. Chemicals 4. Locomotives 5. Aluminum 6. Cement Raw Materials: 1. Coal 2. Iron ore 3. Mica 4. Manganese 5. Limestone 6. Bauxite 7. Copper 8. Timber 9. Sabai grass 10. Bamboo n.Jute 11. Tea Power: 1. Abundant supply of thermal and hydel power from multipurpose projects on Rivers Damodar and Hooghly. Transport 1) Ganga and its tributaries 2) Development of river ports e.g. Kolkata, Hooghly and Haldia 3) Large network of roads and railways Other Facilities: 1) Supply of abundant and unskilled cheap labour from Orissa and Jharkhand BOMBAY - PUNE INDUSTRIAL ZONE : Consists of: 1) Bombay 2) Thane 3) Kahan 4) Pimpri 5) Pune Raw Materials: 1. Raw cotton from the Deccan POWER: 1. HEP from the Western Ghats Transport: 1. Deep water harbour facilities at Bombay convenient for import of raw materials/like fine cotton, wool, petroleum, sulphur and machinery and export products. 2. Good communication facilities by rail and road. of Finished Main industries: 1. Cotton woolen-and synthetic-textiles 2. Ship building 3. Pharmaceuticals 4. Automobiles 5. Machine tools 6. Petrochemicals III. AHMEDABAD-BARQDA REGION: Raw materials: 1. Cotton 2. Limestone 3. Petroleum 4. Salt manufactured along the coast Power: 1. Mainly thermal power, but also nuclear power Transport: 1. Harbour at Kandla and proximity to Bombay port Main industries: 1. Cement: Dwarka, Porbander 2. Cotton Textiles: Ahmedabad 3. Chemical Industries: Okha 4. Art Silk: Surat 5. Petrochemicals: Ankleshwar, Jamnagar To encourage Industrial growth of the region; A FREE TRADE ZONE has been established around Kandla. IV. CALCUTTA-HOWRAH REGION: Raw materials: 1. Jute 2. Coal Power: 1. Thermal Transport: 1. Water transport by Ganga and her distributaries 2. Plentiful supply of water 3. Abundant labour Main industries: 1. Jute 2. Leather 3. Paper 4. Automobiles V. SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL REGION: Raw materials: 1. Cotton 2. Silk 3. Sugarcane 4. Tobacco 5. Rubber 6. Limestone Power: 1. HEP: Mettur, Sharavati, Shivasamundaram As well as nuclear power Main industries: 1. Bangalore: Aircrafts, machine tools 2. Bhadravati: Iron, steel 3. Coimbatore: Cotton textiles 4. Alwaye: Fertilizers 5. Madras: Tanks, railway, coaches, automobiles VI. PUNIAB-HARYANA REGION: A number of small scale industries in the area: 1. Tractors : Faridabad 2. Woollen hosiery : Ludhiana 3. Sports goods : Jalandhar 4. Carpets : Panipat 5. Brass : Jagadhri 6. Bicycles and bicycle parts : Sonepat TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 1. Based on raw materials, textile industries can be divided into : a) Fibre of Plant origin Eg. Cotton, Jute b) Fibre or animals origin Eg. Silk, wool c) Man-made fibres Eg. Nylon, Rayon ,Terylene COTTON TEXTILES: Economic Importance 1. The base on which Indian Industrialization was built. 2. Single-Largest industry, providing employment to millions of workers, directly & indirectly. 3. Supports a large no. or other industries like dyes & chemicals, packing materials, machinery and spare parts. 4. It is developed in almost all parts of the country. 5. Cotton textiles are a large item of export, thus it earns foreign exchange. Problems of cotton Textile Industry: o Inadequate supply of raw materials as India produces short & medium staple cotton and fine long staple o cotton is imported, mainly from Egypt. o Existence or uneconomic & sick units. o Outdated & worn-out machinery o Low productivity of workers o Competition in the export market from & Korea, Taiwan & Japan o Competition from synthetic textiles, which are easier to maintain & cheaper. Main Centres Maharashtra : Mumbai Gujarat : Ahmedabad Madhya Pradesh : Gwalior Tamil Nadu : Coimbatore Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur W. Bengal : Calcutta Reasons for the Development of Cotton Textiles in Bombay: 1. Black regur soil of the Deccan Plateau produces the raw cotton required. 2. Long staple cotton from UAR (EGYPT) and modem machinery can conveniently be imported as Mumbai has excellent harbour facilities. 3. The humid climate favours the production of yarns of finer counts. 4. Soft water for dying and bleaching is plentiful. 5. Cheap power is available from Tata Hydroelectric systems at Khopoli, Bhivpuri. Cotton Textile Industry in Gujarat - reasons: 1. Gujarat is one of the main cotton growing regions. 2. The mills specialize in weaving. 3. Ahmedabad is the 2nd largest centre of the industry in India. Cotton Textile Industry in Tamil Nadu- reasons 1. Tamil Nadu has the largest number of Cotton Mills. 2. The mills manufacture yarn to meet the needs of handloom weavers. 3. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore region is the South Cotton growing tract 4. Availability of cheap hydel power. 5. Mills are of smaller size & specialize in spinning. Cotton Textiles in Calcutta 1. Being near Jharia and Raniganj coalfields, it has sufficient power supply. 2. Humid climate facilities the spinning of yam of finer counts. 3. Soft water supply from R. Hooghly for bleaching and dyeing. 4. The harbour of Calcutta provides excellent facilities for export of finished goods & import of raw material & machinery. DISADVANTAGES As West Bengal is not a Cotton-growing region, raw material has to be imported or brought from the Deccan Plateau. WOOLEN INDUSTRY: Requirements Wool, Wool Waste Rags Cleans, soft water for scouring of wool & dyeing. REASONS WHY IT IS NOT WELL DEVELOPED IN INDIA : o India is a topical country and woolen clothes are required only in Northern India during the winter months, hence there is not much demand. o people are usually poor & cannot afford to spend on costly woolen clothes. o Indigenous wool is of poor quality; for superior quality wool, India has to depend on foreign countries like UK and Australia. WOOLLEN Industry is well developed in Rajasthan/ Kashmir/ Punjab; o Due to cold climate, there is demand for woolen clothes in winter. o Indigenous wool is available as these are sheep-rearing regions. WOOLLEN handloom industry utilizes indigenous wool to produce : a) Carpets : Srinagar, Agra b) Shawls : Srinagar, Amritsar c) Blankets & rugs : Amritsar, Jaipur. In spite of its warm climate. Bombay is a centre of woolen textile industry because: o It has harbour facilities for import of fine wool from UK & Australia, thus raw material is available. Centres: a) UP : Kanpur b) Gujarat : Ahmedabad c) M. P : Gwalior Silk Industry: Varieties of silk: o Mulberry o Non-mulberry : Eri, Muga ,Tassar Economic Importance o Indian Silk is exported & hence earns foreign exchange. o The Industry provides employment to men & women & in less developed areas, like Assam & Meghalaya. Sericulture: o The art of rearing silkworms to obtain silk fibre. Reeling o Process of cooking cocoons in hot water & unwinding the silk fibre. Reasons whv Mulberry Silk Industry is well developed in Karnataka o Climate is favourable for rearing of silkworms, with temperatures of 16 C-31 C. o Mulberry is raised as a bush plantation. o Plenty of soft water, free from alkaline salts & iron. JUTE INDUSTRY: Products: Gunny bags ,ropes ,Gunny cloth, Rugs, Coarse carpets Economic Importance Of lute Industry. o Jute is the 2nd important Agro-based industry after cotton textiles. o Of vital imp. in the country's economy as it is one of the principal earners of foreign exchange, therefore, its known as the 'golden fibre. o Provides employment & means of livelihood to a large number of farmers traders & workers. Advantage of Jute Products; a) Reusable b) Have resale value c) Can withstand rough handling & bad weather d) Cheaper than synthetic substitutes e) Versatile, can be put to a variety of uses PROSPECTS OF TUTE INDUSTRY : o Government has encouraged research in new uses & new product from jute. o Jute is increasingly used to manufacture new products like upholstery, electric insulation, carpets & water proof materials. LOCATION :W.Bengal has the best facilities for this industry & jute mills are concentrated along R. Hooghly because o Raw material of jute is grown in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region; Superior quality is grown in Bihar, o Assam & Maharashtra. Coal & Power: Jharia, Raniganj, Asanol A network of river transport along the Ganga / Brahmaputra & their distributaries plays a vital role in the o collection of raw jute & distribution of jute products. The region is linked by road & railways as well. Availability of inexpensive labour. Humid climate facilities spinning. Ample water for retting. o Kolkata : port facilities for export. PROBLEMS of jute industry: A) In the Domestic market: o Competition from substitutes such as synthetic ropes, rail cloth, packing paper & synthetic fabrics. o Jute production fluctuates, depending on rainfall. o Raw material shortages as after the Partition, 70% of Jute producing areas became a part of the then East o Pakistan, Bangladesh today. o Labour problems and strikes are frequent. o Old & obsolete machinery which should be replaced by new & modern equipment. o Unreliable supply of raw material as jute is a rain fed crop. B) In the International Market: o Stiff competition from foreign countries like B'desh, Thailand & Brazil. Substitute such as sisal, hemp, linseed provide competition from former USSR. o Due to bulk handling of agricultural commodities by countries like USA, Australia, Canada and Argentina, the demand for gunny bags has been drastically reduced. SUGAR INDUSTRY Sugar belt: U.P. and Bihar Largest no. of Sugar mills: U.P. Largest Sugar Producer: Maharashtra Products: White Sugar Brown Sugar Jaggery Products: o Bagasse : Manufacture of paper, card board and insulation board & fuel in sugar mills. o Molasses: Dark entailed syrup used for synthetic rubber, alcohol & rum. o Pressmud: Shoe polish. Carbon Paper, Extraction of wax Economic Importance o 2nd largest agro industry [after the cotton textile industry]. o Provides employment to a large no. of population in the rural areas, particularly in the co-operative sector. Problems / Reasons why the location in UP-Bihar belt isn't satisfactory o Sugarcane is a tropical Crop & the Climate in UP & Bihar are not ideally suited for it. o Small holdings, limited use of fertilizers .therefore the yield is low. o Crushing season is short Si the industry is seasonal. o Mills are far from the fields, which increases transport cost & leads to delays in crushing & lowering of o sucrose content. Worn-out machinery & the milling efficiency low. Reasons for the migration of the sugar industry to the Deccan/S. India; o Geographical conditions are better suited for sugarcane cultivation because of temp [20-30 C], rainfall [100-200 cm], no frost or water logging & well-drained black soil. o Cultivation is more scientific, holding large, fertilizers more commonly used, hence higher yield. Longer crushing seasons. o Mills all closer to the fields, therefore, there is no loss of sucrose due to delays in transport. o The "Sugar Lobby" in Maharashtra is responsible for large capital investment in this industry. Prospects: o Research centres have been opened at Lucknow and Coimbatore to bring about improvement in the industry. o New varieties have been evolved for a better quality of cane. o New varieties are being experimented with which will ripen at different times and provide the sugar factories with work all year round. o Maximum utilization of by-products. NATURAL VEGETATION Q. 1. Define Afforstation or Define Deforestation. OR Distinguish between Afforestation & Deforestation. Afforstation Deforestation 1. The scheme of plantation of new forest 1. The removal of trees and other is called afforestation vegetation which hold the soil together is called deforestation 2. This protects soil from getting eroded 2. This causes soil erostion. Q. 2. Mention the direct advantages of forests. 1. The provide structural timber, firewood, plywood, matchwood, wood for making furniture, wood for charcoal, gum, canes and fibers. Bamboo and grass are used for making paper and artificial fibres. 2. Besides the above these are so many other forest products like leaves, fruits, flowers, medicinal herbs & plants, beeswax, honey turpentine, oil and lac. 3. Forest provides grazing grounds & fodder for cattle as well as shetter for birds and wildlife. 4. Forests provides employment for many people as many industries depend upon forest raw materials. 5. Forests provides facilities for hunting and are a source of recreation. 6. They are a source of revenue to the Government and account for a part of India s export income. 7. Tourist attraction. Q. 3. Mention the indirect advantages of forests. 1. Trees & plants prevent soil erosion, especially on fill slopes by checking the runoff and reducing the velocity of flood water. 2. The branches of trees and the tall grasses softer the impact of heavy rain on the soil 3. The intense tropical heat is temperes by the presence of trees. 4. Forests prevent disastrous floods. 5. Forests help in conservation of soil fertility due to formation of humus. 6. They also help in causing rainfall by observising much of the sun s insolation and by supplying water-vapour to the atmosphere. Q. 4. What is re-afforestation? It is planting of two saplings to replace every tree falled in the areas which were once forested. Q. 5. Define Silviculture. Silviculture means timber farming that is the preparation of the soil to grow trees for timber. Q. 6. Mention the factors that have led to the destruction of forests. OR G.R forests have been shrunk to a great extent. 1. Increases in population 2. Providing land for growing crops. 3. Urbanization, establishments of industries and new township. Q. 7. Mention the effects of the shrinkage of forests.. 1. Problems of soil erosion. 2. Deterioration of physical and climate conditions. 3. Spreading of desert areas in the various parts of sub-continent. Q. 8. What is the role of government towards afforestation. 1. The government initiated the vanmahotsava programme in 1950. Many trees are planted to maintain the ecological balance and ozone layer. 2. Many forest areas are declared as reserved sanctuaries. 3. Forests are protected from fires. And diseases by a special forest protection squad. 4. Cutting off forest is a legal offence. Q. 9. Tropical Evergreen Forests are found on the Western Slopes of Western Ghats. The western slopes of the western ghats receive heavy rainfall of more than 200 am annually from the south-west monsoon winds, The soil, temperature as well as elevation of land favour the growth of such forest. Q. 10. What is the name given to forest found in the Delta of the Gang? Why is it named so? It is known as Sundarbans. These are known as Sundarbans from the Sundri trees found in this regions. Q. 11. On what does natural vegetation depend?. 1. Climate 2. Soil 3. Altitude & Other local factors. Q. 12. Give two reasons why re-afforestation is undertaken in India.. 1. This is because people have cut down trees indiscriminately for cultivation. 2. Realizing that trees are important for population control. 3. To prevent soil erosion 4. To prevent floods 5. To help retain moisture in the ground 6. Moderate the climate of a place. Q. 13. Name the vegetation type found in saline environment under tidal influence Name the most important tree associated with this type of vegetation. The vegetation found in saline environment under tidal influence are called Tidal forests. The important trees found in tidal & deltic forest of littoral forests are Sundari, Gurjan & Flintal. Q. 14. Name the economically most important vegetation belt of India Tropical Deciduous Forests. The Monsoon Forests. Q. 15. Name one region in India for each of the following. 1. Tropical evergreen forests North East India, West Bengal & Orissa 2. Thorn & Scrub Forests North West India, Rajasthan & Drier parts of the Punjab & Gujarat Q. 16. Name one region in India for each of the following. Rainfall ranging between 200 cm to 300 cm. Q. 17. What are the main characteristics of the trees found in Tropical Evergreen Forests? 1. The trees require even temperature & high humidity. 2. The trees are very tall and can upto the height of 60m. 3. The trees do not shed their leaves. Q. 18. Which regions of India have Desert Vegetation? Flow are they adapted to climate? Regions: Rajasthan, Drier parts of Punjab, Gujrat Adaptations: 1. Have thorns to minimize loss of water & to protect them from animals. 2. Have long roots which enable them to obtain water from deep underground 3. Leaves are modified into thorns to conserve water. Q. 19. Where is xerophytic vegetation found? Give two ways in which it is adapted to the climate conditions of that area. Refer to the above answer. Q. 20. Define natural Vegetation. The plant cover that has not been disturbed over a long to so as to allow its individuals species to adjust themselves fully to the climate & soil conditions. Q. 21. Define Flora Flora refers to plants of a particular region or period, listed as species and considered as a group. Q. 22. Name one region in India for each of the following. Vegetation refers to the assemblage of plant species living in association witrh each other in a given environment set up Q. 23. Define Forest Forest refers to a large tract of land covered by trees & shrubs. Q. 24. What constitutes the natural vegetation of an area? Grasses, Shrubs the natural vegetation on their own without any interference, constitute the natural vegetation of an area. Q. 25. G.R. The carpet layer of herbs and grasses cannot grow in evergreen for. Because of the dense canopy of trees which do not allow enough sunlight to reach the grouns. Q. 26. G.R The Tropical Evergreen Forests appear green all the year round. The trees in these forests do not have a fixed time to shed their leaves, to flower or for fraction. That is why these forests appear green all the year round. Q. 27. G.R. The evergreen forests have not been fully explointed. Because of tangled mass of canes, Palms, Bamboos, Ferms & Climbers along with the tank of means of transport. Q. 28. G.R. The tropical Deciduvous forests are commercially the most explointed. Because besides providing valuable timber, they provide various other products. E.g. sal, Teak, Shisham & also Sandalwood which is in great demand in India & above. Q. 29. What are the factors which affects the distribution and type of vegetation. 1. Temperature 3. Precipitation 2. Sunlight 4. Soil 5. Relief Q. 30. Mention any two factors responsible for deforestation. 1. Overgrazing by animals. 2. Coreless management of forests. Q. 31. Why are the leaves of the Thrown forests small & stems succulent? Leaves of the Thorn Forests are mostly small to minimize evaporation, and the stems are succulent to conserve water. Q. 32. Great variety of vegetation is found in different parts of India. 1. Unequals distribution of rainfall & temperature. 2. Different regions have different type of soil. Q. 33. G.R. A few species of plants are endegered in India. 1. Human Activities: Various human activities like expansion of agriculture, mining, industrialization etc. are responsible for deforestation. 2. Pesticides & Pollution: The use of pesticides and the population of the environment threature many species of plants throughout the world. 3. Industrialization: Popullation due to chemical & industrial waste is also causing a great threat to natural environment. Q. 34. Mention any two movements associated with forest conservation of India? 1. VanMahotsav 2. Chipko Movement Q. 35. Distinguish between Dry deciduous & Moist Deciduous. Dry Deciduous 1. 2. Moist Deciduous These are found on the peninsular plateau 1. They occupy vast areas between the Thar and the plains of Bihar & Uttar Desert, the Himalayas and on the Pradesh eastern slopes of Western Ghats. These are found where rainfall is 70-1002.cm.These are found where rainfall is 100-200 cm. 3. Teak is the dominant species. 3. Sal is the dominant species Q. 36. G.R. The evergreen Forests are found on the Western side of the Western Ghats whereas Tropical Moist Deciduous forests are found on the eastern side of the Western Ghats.? The western side of the Western Ghats receives more reinfall as it is on the windward side so Tropical Evergreen Forests are found on this side whereas eastern side of the Western Ghats is on the leeward side which receives less rainfall so Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests are found. Q. 37. G.R. Forests play a significant role in the prevention & control of soil erosion. Forests play a significant role in the prevention and control of soil erosion by water & wond. Deforestation leads to increased runoff of rain water & its diminished sppeage & storage in soil. The structure of the soil suffers, loosens the soil which is carried away to other regions. The fertility of the soil is thus lost and it becomes barren & unproductive. Q. 38. G.R. Forest increases the fertility of the soil. The follen leaves of trees add humus to soil after their decomposition. Thus forests help in increasing the fertility of soil. Q. 39. G.R. Forest check on spread of deserts. Sand particles are blown away by strong winds in the desert and are carried over long distance, thus resulting in the spread of deserts. The roots of trees and plants bind the sand particles and do not permit their easy transportation by wind. The forests also add humidity to the atmosphere and further help in checking the spread of the deserts. MINERALS 1. CLASSIFICATION o Metallic minerals, e.g. iron ore, manganese,bauxite o Non-metallic minerals: e.g. limestone o Energy minerals: e.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas 2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS o The economic development of a country is influenced by the availability of minerals o Minerals form the base of industrial development o Agriculture is affected by the availability of minerals necessary to manufacture fertilisers COAL 1. ORIGIN o Solid stratified rock of organic origin o Originated from the accumulation of vegetable matter In swampy areas o Subjected to heat and pressure, the vegetative matter changed into coal o Coal is found as a sedimentary rock 2. CLASSIFICATION ANTHRACITE BITUMINOUS 90% carbon content Ranks highest Shiny, lustrous, jet black completely compressed Burns slowly without smoke Leaves very little ash 50-80% carbon content Hard, black and compact Used for domestic purposes Cooking coal used in iron smelting Most common Variety in India LIGNITE PEAT 40% carbon Least carbon content Brown First stage of Contains a lot of transformation moisture wood into coal Inferior variety 3. USES o Generating thermal power o Manufacture of iron and steel o Manufacture of cement, potteries,burning of bricks,fertilisers o Manufacture of chemicals like ammonia, benzol. 4. OLDEST COALFIELD: RANIGANJ 5. LARGEST COALFIELD: JHARIA 6. COAL IN INDIA: 2 geological ages GONDWANA COAL TEERTIARY COAL Older, formed 200 min years ago Younger, formed 55 mln years ago Accounts for 98% of total reserves Higher moisture content More sulphur Free from moisture Found in Assam, Arunachal, Meghalaya Small quantitiesw of sulohur and Brown coal in Neyvelli in T.N. belongs to phosphorous Found in this era river valleys: Damodar- Mahanadi-Godavari 7. MAIN COALFIELDS STATE COALFIELDS Jharkhand Jharia, Palamau Orissa Talcher, Sundargarh Madhya Pradesh Singrauli, Chhindwara Chattisgarh Rampur, Korba Maharashtra Chandrapur, Wardha Valley Andhra Pradesh Warangal West Bengal Raniganj, Parulia PETROLEUM SINGLE LARGEST ITEM OF IMPORT IN INDIA 1. ORIGIN o Formed from soft parts of marine organisms o Found in underground reservoirs in sedimentary rocks o Associated with natural gas 2. USES o Fuel: petrol, diesel,jet fuel, kerosene, LPG o Manufacture of petrochemical products like synthetic rubber and fibres, PVC, printing ink, paints and varnishes o Generating Thermal Power 3. MAIN OIL FIELDS OFF-SHORE NORTH EAST WESTERN REGION Mumbai High Digboi Kalol 176 km off the coast of Mumbai in the Arabian Moran Koyali Sea Kosamba Bappapung SAGAR SAMRAT- a self propelled drilling Ankleshwar platform is used 4. MAIN REFINERIES-STATEWISE STATE REFINERIES MAHARASHTRA TROMBAY (2) ASSAM DIGBOI, NOONMATI, BONGAIGAON ANDHRA PRADESH VISHAKAPATNAM, TATIPAKA BIHAR BARAUNI GUJRAT KOYALI KERALA KOCHI TAMIL NADU CHENNAI, NAGAPATTINAM WEST BENGAL HALDIA UTTAR PRADESH MATHURA, PANIPAT 5. REFINARIES OF THE COST WESTERN COAST EASTERN COAST TROMBAY VISHAKAPATNAM KOCHI CHENNAI HALDIA 6. REFINERIES IN THE INTERIOR DIGBOI NOONMATI BONGAIGAON BARAUNI KOYAL1 MATHURA PANIPAT 7. PUBLIC SECTOR REFINERIES TROMBAY DIGBOI NOONMATI VISHAKAPATNAM BARAUNI KOYALI KOCHI CHENNAI HALDIA MATHURA 8. PRIVATE SECTOR REFINERIES - RELIANCE PETROLEUM LIMITED AT JAMNAGAR IN GUJRAT 9. JOINT SECTOR REFINERIES - MANGALORE REFINERY 10. REASONS WHY MANY REFINERIES ARE LOCATED ON THE COAST 2/3 of India's petroleum requirements are met through imports, mainly from the countries of the Persian Gulf This oil is brought by tankers via sea route Locating refineries near the cast/ port helps to reduce further transport costs It also helps to reduce the risk of transporting this inflammable material 11. OLDEST OILFIELD - DIGBOI 12. LARGEST OIL FIELD - DIGBOI 13. MOST PRODUCTIVE OIL FIELD-MUMBAI HIGH IRON ORE INDIA IS THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF IRON ORE IN THE ASIAN CONTINENT 1. ADVANTAGES OF IRON ORE FOUND IN INDIA The iron ore found in India is one of the best in the world, with iron content 4963% Iron ore deposits are found close to deposits of coal, dolomite, limestone and manganese and therefore well utilized in iron and steel plants 2. VARIETIES OF IRON ORE MAGNETITE HAEMATITE The best quality Pure iron 60-70%pure content over 70% Dark Reddish in brown to black in colour Found Possesses in magnetic Jharkhand, LIMONITE iron 35-50% pure content colour Yellow or light brown in colour Orissa, Found in West Bengal and UP Madhya properties Found in Tamil Pradesh Nadu and Karnataka 3. USES OF IRON ORE Manufacturing of steel Manufacturing auto parts, Magnets Biochemical and metallurgical research 4. LOCATION OF MAIN IRON ORE DEPOSITS STATE iron DISTRICT/LOCATION CHHATTISGARH Bastar and Durg JHARKHAND Singhbhum and Palamau ORISSA Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, Sundargarh KARNATAKA Bababudan Hills and Kudremukh GOA North Goa ANDHRAPRADESH Anantpur, Cuddapah TAMIL NADU Salem, Arcot MANGANESE India exports manganese ore to USA, UK, JAPAN, FRANCE 1. USES An important raw material for iron and steel industry as it makes steel tough and rust-resistant Used in manufacturing black enamel, bleaching powder and in glass industries Used in dry cell batteries 2. LEADING PRODUCER - MADHYA PRADESH 3. LOCATION OF MAIN DEPOSITS STATE DISTRICT/LOCATION MADHYA PRADESH Chhindwara, Balaghat ANDHRA PRADESH Nizamabad, Vishakapatnam JHARKHAND singhbhuin, Plamau KARNATAKA Shimoga, Bellary ORISSA Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Talcher BAUXITE INDIA IS AN EXPORTER OF BAUXITE 1. USES MAIN SOURCE OF ALUMINIUM USED IN AIRCRAFTS, AUTOMOBILES, COACHES, SHIPPING INDUSTRY AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES USED IN ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY FOR TRANSMISSION CABLES 2. ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM Lightweight Strong Rust resistant 3. LARGEST ALUMINIUM PLANT- RENUKOOT IN UTTAR PRADESH 4. MAIN DEPOSITS STATE DISTRICT/LOCATION MADHYA PRADESH CHHATTISGARH JHARKHAND MAHARASHTRA Balaghat,Shahdol Durg, Bilaspur, Palamau, Ranchi Kolhapur, Ratnagiri LIMESTONE 1. ORIGIN Sedimentary rock Formed from shells and skeletons of marine animals 2. USES Cement industry As flux in iron and steel industry Production of caustic soda, soda ash, bleaching powder Fertiliser industry Manufacture of paper and glass 3. MAIN DEPOSITS STATE DISTRICT/LOCATION JHARKHAND GUJRAT CHHATTISGARH ORISSA Singhbhum, Patamau Dwarka, Porbandar Bilaspur, Durg Birmitrapur, Sundargarh RAJASTHAN Lakheri NATURAL VEGETATION 1. TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS Not well exploited due to tangled canes, bamboos, palms, ferns and climbers Yield hard, durable, fine-grained wood RAINFALL TEMP FEATURES Over 250 cm 25*C-27*C Dense multilayered TREES LOCATION Rosewood Ebony Very tall trees above Chaplas Gurjan 45 m Telsur No carpet layer due to Sissoo lack of sunlight Toon Western slopes Western Ghats Evergreen, no fixed season for flowering and shedding leaves Andaman and Nicobar Islands and of Hills of NE Region 2. MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS Commercially most exploited forests Provide wood and other products like lac, sandalwood oil RAINFALL TEMP FEATURES TREES LOCATION 100-200 cm 26*C-27*C Shed leaves for 6-8 weeks during the hot dry season to prevent loss of moisture Sal Teak Shisham Mulberry Mahua Palas Semul Sandalwood Foothills of Himalayas in the NE Eastern slopes Western Ghats Orissa 3. DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS Large tracts have been cleared for agriculture of Provide timber and other products like fruits, lac, medicinal plants RAINFALL TEMP FEATURES 70-100 cm 23*C-27*C In many places have been open stretches of grass TREES LOCATION Tendu Sal Palas Shed leaves Amaltas completely during the Khair hot dry season Axlewood Utter Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Tamil Nadu 4. TROPICAL THORN FORESTS RAINFALL TEMP FEATURES TREES LOCATION Below 50cm 25*C-27*C Stunted trees Large patches of Course grass Plants remain leafless for most part of the year Ber Babool Date palm Neem SW Punjab Haryana Utter Pradesh Central and Estern Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Gujrat 5. HIMALAYA MOIST TEMPERATE FORESTS RAINFALL TEMP FEATURES TREES LOCATION 100-300 cm 12*C-13*C Mixed species of broad-leafed evergreen and conifers Contain scrubs, creepers and ferns Oak Fir Spruce Deodar Cedar Maple Birch A belt at 1500-3000 m altitude between Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh TREES LOCATION 6. HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE FORESTS RAINFALL Below100cm TEMP FEATURES Junipers Areas above Maple Oak 1500 m altitude in Ladakh and Sikkin 7. ALPINE FORESTS Trees yield valuable timber Provide gums, resins, fruit roots and medicinal plants and herbs Vegetation varies according to altitude FEATURES TREES LOCATION Features vary with altitude At the foothills deciduous forests Wet temperate forests at 1000-2000 m Pine forests at 1500m-1750m Blue pine and spruce at 2250m- 3000m Evergreen broad -leaved trees in the higher mountain ranges Temperate grasslands found in higher reaches alpine forests and pastures with stunted conifers Mosses and lichens at the highest altitude below the snow line Where rainfall is scanty, dry xerophytic vegetation found, e.g on the northern slopes of the Himalayas below the snowline Silver Fir Pine Cinchona Oak Fir Spruce Maple Deodar Brahmakamal Kuth THE High Himalayas Altitude 2800m4000m 8. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN FORESTS RAINFALL TEMP FEATURES TREES LOCATION Above 150 cm 18*C-24*C A mixture of tropical and temperate vegetation Deodar Chir Blue Pine Spruce Walnet Birch Cypress Jamun Vindhyas Nilgiris Western Ghats 9. LITTORAL / MANGROVE FORESTS Also called Sundarbans from the Sundri tree in the Ganga Delta RAINFALL TEMP FEATURES TREES LOCATION Dense and impenetrable Evergreen trees Stilit like roots Canes Palms Sundry Wet, swampy,marshy areas of river Roots submerged in water at high tide deltas and estuaries, flooded by sea water, tidal creeks, mud flats Sundarbans in West Bengal Coastal Orissa and Andhra Pradesh 10. USES OF MAIN TREES TREES USES SAL Hard tough wood used for beams, bridges, doors and railways sleepers Construction, ship-building, furniture TEAK SHISHAM MULBERRY SEMUL ROSEWOOD KHAIR Hard wood used in construction, railway sleepers, musical instruments Hockey sticks, badminton and squash racKets, cricket stumps Soft white timber used for making toys, match boxes and packing cases Furniture and decorative carving CHIR Hard wood used for ploughs, handles,. Wood extract used in tanning and dyeing Fruit rich in vitamin C. Wood is hard and durable and used for boats and agricultural implements Sturdy and durable woodxonstruction, railway sleepers, floor boards, Tea chests, furniture, matches,. Yields resin and turpentine BLUE PINE Doors, windows, furniture. Yields resin and turpentine SPRUCE Packing cases, wood pulp CYPRESS Furniture EBONY Ornamental carving, piano keys JAMUN Construction, house building, furniture SUNDRI Construction and boat making WALNET Musical instruments/cabinet work, ornamental carving BER DEODAR SANDALWOOD Carving ornamental objects. Oil extracted to used in perfumery and soaps CINCHONA Bark has medicinal value, used in treatment of malaria NEEM BABOOL AMALTAS Bark and roots have medicinal value in skin infections, diabetes, allergies. Used as insecticide Bark and gum have medicinal value TENDU Fruit, seeds, roots and pulp have medicinal value. Used in Asthma, ringworm Leaves used in bidi making MAHUA Flowers used for making wine PALAS Leaves used in rearing shellac worms 11. ROLE OF THE FORESTS IN PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT Moderate climate, control humidity, temperature and precipitation Maintain purity of air by absorbing carbon dioxide Control soil erosion by wind and water Decaying leaves provide humus to the soil 12. USES OF FORESTS Provide timber used in construction, furniture,boat and ship building Provide gums , resins and turpentine Provide roots, barks, fruits and herbs that have medicinal value 13. REASONS FOR FOREST SHRINKAGE IN INDIA Demand for more agricultural land due to rapid population growth Demand for pasture land and overgrazing by domestic animals Demand for land for settlements and industries Construction of multi-purpose river valley projects Increasing demand for timber 14. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION Increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Increasing greenhouse effect in the atmosphere Increasing soil erosion 15. PRACTICES/METHODS AIMING AT FOREST CONSERVATION Massive programme of tree plantation on degraded and deforested lands and lands unfit for agriculture (re-afforestation and afforestation) Stopping indiscriminate felling of trees and planting saplings in the ratio 1:10 for every tree felled Using alternative sources of energy to firewood, e.g bio-gas , solar or tidal energy 16. OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL FOREST POLICY Preservation and restoration of ecological balance Preserving remaining natural forests Checking soil erosion in the catchment areas if rivers and lakes Massive afforestation and social forestry programme Meeting the energy, wood and fodder requirements of tribal population from other sources 17. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL FORESTRY/EXTENSION FORESTRY/VANAMAHOTSAVA Management and protection of forests and afforestation of barren lands in order to bring about environmental, social and rural development. It consists of reorganising existing forests for the benefit of people living in them and better joint management of forests it is people -oriented and aims at satisfying the needs of the people and the government 18. OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL FORESTRY Providing fuel, fodder, timber and other forest products to rural people Developing local cottage industries by providing raw materials Conservation of soil and water Providing-employment opportunities to rural people 19. FEATURES OF SOCIAL FORESTRY Raising plantations with the participation of local people Taking pressure of the forests Making use of fallow land Ensuring quick benefits, short crop rotation and sustainable forestry 20. DEFINITION OF AGRO-FORESTRY A part of social forestry , represents the intermediate stage between forestry and agriculture Sustainable management of a piece of land through combined production of agricultural crops, forest crops and animal rearing Ensuring most efficient use of land , according with the practices and lifestyle of the local people 21. OBJECTIVES OF AGRO-FORESTRY To reduce pressure on natural forests for obtaining timber and other products To check soil erosion and maintain soil fertility To maintain ecological balance along with proper utilisation of farm resources To make the best use of man-power, land, livestock in order to obtain food, fuel, fodder, livestock AGRICULTURE Factors which favour the development of agriculture in India: 1. Vast stretches of fertile arable land in the Northern Plains, the Deccan Trap Region and in the coastal plains & deltas. 2. Year-long growing season due to the warm tropical climate. 3. Varying Climatic conditions which enable cultivation of a variety of crops. 4. Conditions suitable for developing irrigation facilities, particularly in the N. Plains, with their perennial rivers & alluvial lowlands. Economic importance of agriculture : 1. Source of food for the population as it provides cereals, pulses, edible oils & spices. 2. Source of raw materials for agro based industries which form the backbone of India's economy, eg. Jute & cotton textile industries. 3. 2/3 of total population are directly or industry dependent on agriculture for their livelihood as cultivators or by working in units processing pulses, oil seeds or sugar. 4. Provides commodities for export & is therefore a major Foreign exchange earner. Eg. Tea, coffee, Jute, cotton, spices, rubber. Characteristics of Indian Agriculture : 1. Pre-eminence of food crops over cash crops necessitated by large population & the need for self sufficiency in food production. 2. Two growing seasons : a) Summer crops (Kharif) : seeds are sown at the beginning of the monsoons in June & crops are harvested in early November. Eg. Rice, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane b) Winter crops [Rabi) : Seeds are sown in Oct. / early Nov. & Crops are harvested in March. Eg. Wheat, tobacco, gram, mustard. 3. Great variety of Crops is grown, ranging from tropical Crops like rice, jute, rubber, subtropical like cotton & tea and temperate like wheat & barley. 4. Small uneconomic size of holdings due to farm fragmentation because of inheritance laws. Problems of Indian agriculture & their solutions: 1. Excessive dependence on rainfall which is seasonal, erratic & sporadic Solution : Better irrigation facilities, particularly fn drought-prone areas & areas that do not receive winter rainfall. 2. Soil erosion Solution : Better farming techniques like terrace farming, contour ploughing , strip cropping, plugging of gullies, restoring vegetal cover. 3. Loss of soil fertility due to prolonged cultivation Solution -. Planting leguminous plants, increased used of manures & chemical fertilizers, crop rotation. 4. Small uneconomic size of holdings due to farm fragmentation & inheritance laws. Solution : Consolidation of holdings and encouraging Cooperative farming. 5. Low yield due to limited consumption of Manures, poor quality of seeds & inadequate Crop protection. Solution : More widespread use of HYV's (high yielding varieties) seeds, insecticides, pesticides & fertilizers which are made available to the farmers at subsidized rates, through Co-op. Societies. 6. Poverty & j illiteracy of farmers resulting in inability to use more scientific methods of cultivation & invest in improvements Types of Farming: 1. Most of agriculture in India is of subsistence type: Practiced for the Maintenance of the family with only a small surplus to be marketed. Farms are small & yields low. Old Methods of cultivation & limited fertilizers are used. A large variety of crops is grown to meet the family's need. 2. Commercial farming: Crops best suited for soil & climatic conditions are grown. Modern methods of irrigation are employed. The Crops are meant for sale. 3. Slash & burn cultivation (jhumming): Practiced in N-E Hilly Regions of Tropical forest in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland. A Patch of forest is cleared & the slumps of felled trees burnt so that the ash adds to the soil fertility. Crops are grown using primitive tools. After a few years the soil gets exhausted the jhum is abandoned & the cultivators move to another patch. Wasteful method- large tracts of forests have been destroyed & the cultivators lead an uncertain existence. 4. Intensive farming: Practised in areas with femteed cultivable land and dense population. More than 1 crop per year is raised. A lot of labour, capital & skill is applied, HYV seeds, fertilizers & irrigation are used, Yield per hectare is high. 5. Extensive farming: Practised in areas where land is abundant & population less. Machines are used to compensate for scarcity of labour. Only one or two varieties of crops are grown. Land is left uncultivated for periods of time to allow the soil regain fertilitly. Yield per hectare is low, though overall, on account of large fields, the output is high 6. Mixed farming: Cultivation of crops is combined with livestock rearing, vegetable gardening & poultry farming. Crop rotation is practised to maintain soil fertility offers security to the farmers who in case of crop failure, have other sources of income. 7. Dry farming: Practised in areas of less than 500cm of rainfall, where irrigation facilities are not available. Efforts are made to conserve soil moisture & utilize the limited rain water. Short maturing, drought resistant crops & grown, eg. Millets. 8. Plantation farming: A large unit producing a single crop on a scale resembling factory production. Scientific methods of cultivation & special Implements are used. Locally available cheap, skilled labour is employed. Professional managers are employed. Large capital investment is required as the crops take years to mature. The produce enters the international trade. Eg. Tea, Coffee, Bananas ,Rubber,Spices, Coconuts IADP Intensive Agricultural District Programme. A programme of agricultural development introduced by the Government in 1962. I CAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research, which played an important role in introducing the Green GREEN REVOLUTION A programme of agricultural development introduced by the Indian Government in 1962 aimed at boosting agricultural production of food crops by application of science and technology to cultivation. It introduced HYV seeds, extended irrigation facilities, more wide-spread use of machinery and chemical fertilizers better crop protection through use of pesticides and insecticides. Better credit facilities and financial assistance to the farmers It resulted in: Substantial increase in the production of food grains Better yield per hectare Raising of 3 crops of rice in certain states like West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu FOOD CROPS ZAYAD CROP The third annual crop of seasonal fruits and vegetables, grown in April /May between the rabi and kharif crops RICE 1. Kharif crop in North India, grown throughout the year in the South 2. Methods of sowing: broadcasting dibbling drilling transplantation DIBBLING A method of sowing rice/wheat in which seeds are dropped at regular intervals in furrows made by the plough DRILLING A method of sowing of wheat/rice where seeds are dropped in a straight line at regular intervals through a bamboo shaft attached to the plough Advantages: Greater economy in using seeds Easier to weed and harvest BROADCASTING A method of sowing wheat/rice where seeds are scattered in the field by hand TRANSPLANTATION A method of sowing eg. Rice ,in which seeds are first planted in specially prepared nursery beds After 4 weeks the seedlings are uprooted and replanted in the fields. JAPANESE METHOD The method of rice propagation which results in the highest yield. It consists of: Use of HYV seeds Sowing of seeds in raised nursery beds Transplanting seedlings in rows at regular intervals for easy weeding and fertilizing Regular irrigation Heavy manuring in both the nurseries and in the fields 3. Types Of Rice upland rice grown on terraced hills, depends on rainfall lowland rice grown in flat low lying fields with irrigation 4. Rice Producing States Tamil Nadu West Bengal Andhra Pradesh 5. States Producing 3 Crops Of Rice West Bengal Kerala Tamil Nadu Bihar 6. Requirements temp 22-32oC rainfall 150-300 cm alluvial loamy soil with impervious subsoil as rice needs flooded fields 7. Factors Favouring Cultivation In West Bengal high temperature throughout the year fertile alluvial soil adequate rainfall above 150 cm 3 crops of rice are raised: AMAN (winter crop] AUS (autumn crop) BORO (summer poor quality crop) WHEAT : 1. Rabi crop as it is a temperate crop requiring relatively low temperatures during tfte growth period' high temp and heavy rainfall are harmful. In India such conditions exist only in North India in winter 2. Varieties hard macaroni wheat grown on rain fed black soils of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh bread wheat grown on irrigated alluvial soils of UP, Punjab, Haryana 3. Main Producers Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh 4. Factors Favouring Cultivation In Uttar Pradesh fertile Gangetic alluvial soil winter rain which helps the grain to germinate summer rainfall of 12-100 cm sufficient irrigation facilities low winter temperatures 5. Conditions temp 10 - 15oC in the growing period and 20 - 25 oC while ripening rainfall 50 -100 cm, winter rainfall is beneficial soil: well drained alluvial or black, rich in humus and lime 6. Diseases rust and smut 7. Rotation Crops: maize jowar bajra cotton gram linseed and mustard this mixed cropping pattern helps to meet the farmer's need for cereals pulses and oil seeds, helps to maintain soil fertility and is an insurance against diseases and crop failure MILLETS 1. Examples jowar bajra ragi 2. Known As Hardy Crops resistant to drought / dry crops can be grown on inferior soils can be grown in areas too hot for wheat and too dry for rice 3. Uses in India used as a substitute for wheat and rice, consumed by the poor elsewhere in the world mostly as cattle and poultry feed. 4. Main Producers UP Maharashtra Rajasthan Kamataka Andhra Pradesh 5. Consitions temp27-32 C rainfall 50-100 cm no special soil requirements, grown even on inferior alluvial or sandy soils. 6. Reasons Why Cultivation Is Lagging Behind limited market demand farmers prefer to cultivate more lucrative crops PULSES 1. Examples peas, beans lentils eg. Masur, tur, gram, moong, urad 2. Economic Importance nutritive, rich in proteins, essential in a vegetarian diet leguminous plants with high nitrate content, help to restore soil fertility by nitrogen fixation hence make excellent rotation crops 3. Main Producers Haryana Punjab Up 4. Uses Of Gram / Channa (Most Extensively Cultivated Pulsel human consumption as dal, flour fodder for cattle green foliage eaten as vegetable COMMERCIAL CROPS OILSEEDS: 1. economic demands great demand as an export product since vegetable oil is a healthier alternative to animal fat extraction of oil is an important village industry which provides employment in the rural areas the extracted oil is used as a cooking medium oil is also used in a number of industries to produce paints, varnishes, printing ink cosmetics and perfumes castor and linseed oil is also used as lubricant oil cake makes excellent cattle feed 2. reasons why production has not risen in proportion to other crops / is lagging behind despite great demand in the domestic as well and international markets, farmers prefer to cultivate other more lucrative crops 3. Most important varieties. India is the world leader in sesamum and groundnut production Other oil seeds: mustard, castor, coconut, rape seed, sunflower, soybean 4. Edible Seeds groundnut sesamum sunflower coconut mustard 5. Non Edible Seeds castor linseed (obtained from flax plant which in other parts of the world is used to produce linen fabrics) 6. Uses Of Groundnut kernels eaten raw or roasted extraction of edible oil cake used as animal fodder 7. Uses Of Sesamum seeds eaten and used to make sweets extraction of edible oil oil used in perfumery oilcake fed to pigs and cattle 8. Uses Of Mustard / Rape Seed extraction of edible oil oil used in pickles and for seasoning oil cake fed to cattle and used as fertilizer 9. Uses Of Linseed drying oil, used in paints .varnishes .waterproof fabrics .printing ink, oil cloth seasoning of wood not fit for human consumption ,but the oil cake can be used as cattle-feed and manure. 10. uses of castor seeds oil unfit for human consumption and oil cake not fed to cattle as it contains poison oil used in inks, paints varnishes lubricant for high speed engines oil cake can be used as fertilizer leaves fed to silkworms 11. Uses Of Cottonseeds Cotton is mainly cultivated for fibre and the seeds are a byproduct extracted oil is a good substitute for olive oil and used in salad dressing oil used to manufacture soap and margarine linters (small fine hair adhering to the seeds) are used in the production of paper, synthetic rubber, rayon and explosives oil cake is used as livestock fodder 12. Uses Of Soybean soybean has gained popularity in India only recently it is valuable on account of its high protein content as well as oil content has low cholesterol and fat content used to produce soya sauce, tofu ,soya milk oil used in margarine, soap, paints and varnishes can be used as a substitute for meat (soya chunks) OIL CAKE A residue left after oil is extracted from the oil seeds. It is used as Cattle and poultry feed Fatilnar SUGARCANE 1. Methods Of Propagation sett method rationing 2. Main Products sugar brown unrefined sugar jaggery sugarcane juice 3. By- Products And Their Uses molasses: rum yeast industrial alcohol bagasse : paper, synthetic fibres ,fuel for sugar mills pressmud: wax, shoe polish, carbon paper 4. Sugar Belt States up Bihar 5. Reasons Why It Is Cultivated In Uttar Pradesh fertile alluvial soils irrigation available in drier tracts from canals and tubewells 6. Reasons Whv Location Is Not Satisfactory sugarcane is a tropical crop that cannot withstand frost, climatically the Northern States are not ideally suited for it the industry is seasonal in those states, mills are occupied only 9 months in a year holdings are small factories are far from the fields which leads to increase in transport costs and drying of cane which needs to processed within 24 hours to prevent loss of sucrose 7. Reasons Why the Deccan / South India Are Better Suited For Cultivation Better suited geographically, higher temperatures, rainfall and humidity Well planed plantations Larger plantation, more scientific of cultivation are used factories are colder to the fields which prevents delays in crushing cane and reduces transport costs sugar lobby in Maharashtra is responsible for large investment to improve the sugarcane cultivation 8. Problems Of Sugarcane Growers In North India high cost of production as the crop depends on irrigation small uneconomic holdings delays in crushing due to long distances between the fields and the sugar mills seasonal character of the industry due to climate which is too cold in winter inability of the farmers to obtain sufficient manure to restore the fertility of the soil as sugarcane is a soil exhausting crop 9. Steps Taken By The Govt. To Improve Production setting up Sugarcane Research Institute in Coimbatore to conduct research on improved cane varieties with higher sucrose content setting up fertilizer factories to restore soil fertility as sugarcane is a soil exhausting crop construction of irrigation facilities to provide water regularly to the farmers establishing cooperative societies of sugarcane growers 10. Requirements temp 20 - 30 C rainfall 200-300 cm or sufficient irrigation facilities but waterlogging is harmful alluvial or black, well drained .with nitrogen fertili2ers RATOONING Allowing the stems and rootstock left in the soil after harvesting to grow to produce the second crop Eg. Sugarcane Advantages: Ratoons mature early The method is time saving and economical as there is no need to prepare the soil or plant the crop Disadvantages: Canes are thinner, with lower sucrose content The method is soil exhausting The crop is more prone to diseases SETTS Cuttings of sugarcane .consisting of 2-3 joints taken from the top of healthy cane, which are used in propagation ,by planting them horizontally in furrows. COTTON 1. Varieties short staple medium staple long staple grown mainly in Punjab and Haryana 2. Requirements temp 20 - 32 o C, frost free rainfall 50 -120 cm soil: well drained, ideally black or alluvial, rich in LIMCAP 3. Stages In Processing picking of lint ginning grading packing in bales spinning into yarn weaving into fabric bleaching and dyeing 4. Problems Of Cultivators frost destroys the plant unseasonal rain makes the lint mouldy and discoloured diseases / pests like boll weevil, pink boll worm and wilt Reasons Why It Is Cultivated In Gujrat Gujrat lies in the belt of black cotton soil which is ideally suited for this crop. Rainfall of about 100 cm per year Dry weather an brilliant sunshine during the harvesting season. GINNING Seperating cotton seeds from the raw material fibre called lint using machines called saw or roller gins. JUTE: 1. Uses: gunny bags, rope, string, twine, carpets, cloth, upholstery, shopping bags 2. Known As The Brown Paper Of Wholesale Trade used to pack many commodities like rice, wheat, sugar, cotton in bales, 3. Known As The Golden Fibre major item of export from India and thus a significant foreign exchange earner. 4. Economic Importance major foreign exchange earner an important industry that provides employment to a large number of people 5. Advantages Of lute Products durable, resistant to moisture reusable have resale value 6. Requirements / Factors Fovouring Cultivation In West Bengal temp 21-35 oC heavy rainfall of 150 - 200 cm damp hot climate soil: rich alluvial in the delta regions, replenished by annual floods as jute is a soil exhausting crop flat topography sufficient fresh clean flowing water for retting (in West Bengal from Ganga and her distributaries) 7. Main Producers West Bengal Bihar Assam 8. Stages in processing Retting rinsing and washing cleaning and drying grading pressing into bales RETTING A microbiological process in which the outer bark of jute is softened after being immersed in soft, clean, gently flowing water for 2-3 weeks, to facilitate the removal of the fibre. 9. Problems competition from synthetic packaging materials ( competition in the international market from other jute producers like Bangladesh, Brazil and Thailand increased importance of other fibres like hemp and sisal loss of fertile jute growing regions to East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, after Partition. TEA 1. Varieties black - fermented green - not fermented oolong - partially fermented 2. Stages In Tea Processing withering rolling fermentation firing sifting tasting and blending grading packing 3. Tea Packing processed leaves are packed in tinfoil and in plywood chests to protect from moisture and preserve the flavor 4. Main Producers Assam (largest) Brahmaputra and Surma Valley, Assam tea is known for its colour West Bengal ,Darjeeling- known for flavour Tamil Nadu- Nilgiris, produce fine flavoury tea Karnataka Coorg district Kerala - Kottayam and Quillon Dist. 5. Main Exporting Ports Kolkata is the largest tea -exporting port in the world, exports Assam tea and tea from other North Eastern States Cochin exports tea produced in South India 6. Economic Importance tea is a major foreign exchange earner as India is an exporter of Tea plantations provide employment to both men and women supports related industries like transport, plywood, fertilizers 7. requirements temp 10-35 oC rainfall 150 - 250 cm well distributed throughout the year soil: well drained, rich in humus, iron and nitrogen usually grown on hill slopes for better drainage as stagnant water is harmful to the plant 8. Reasons Why Assam Is The Largest Producer over 200 cm of rainfall high temp and high humidity for 9 months in a year morning fogs which are beneficial 9. no harmful frost fertile well drained soils on the hill slopes abundant labour for plucking and processing 10. Reasons Why Tea Is Cultivated In The Darieelinq District Of West Bengal well drained red soils on the hill slopes of the Himalayas rainfall 250 - 500 cm per year moderate temperatures Reasons Whv Tea Is Cultivated In The Nilgiris In South India rainfall over 350 cm per year, well distribute as the region receives rainfall from SW Monsoon, the Retreating Monsoon and also some winter rain red and yellow laterite well drained soils uniformly high temperatures CLONAL PLANTING A method of propagation in which cuttings from a mother plant known for superior characteristics are taken and planted to produce crops of the same quality PROCESSING OF TEA FERMENTING Tannin in the tea leaves is oxidized and the leaves change colour to copper red FIRING A stage in tea processing in which the fermented leaves are placed on conveyor belts and passed through special ovens at temperature of 70-75 degrees Celsius to give them the characteristic black colour ROLLING Imparting the characteristic twist to the tea leaf, breaking the leaf cells to expose the natural juices to fermentation. SIFTING Separating the processed tea leaves according to their size PRUNING Training the tea plant into a bush by removing the central leader stem and trimming lateral stems. Advantages: Encourages the growth of soft leaves Keeps the height of the bush at a convenient level for hand plucking of leaves FINE PLUCKING A method of plucking tea leaves to obtain the finest tea by removing two-leaves-and- abud. COVER CROPS Crops planted between the rows of tea or coffee bushes, eg. Leguminous plants. Advantages: Help to conserve the soil by adding nitrogen and humus Keep down soil temperatures in summer Provide additional income to the farmer COFFEE 1. Varieties Arabica - finest Robusta Liberica - used to make instant coffee 2. Main Producers Karnataka Kerala Jamil Nadu Nontraditional areas: Orissa and Andhra Pradesh where coffee is grown on experimental basis. 3. Reasons Why Karnataka Is The Main Producer largest coffee producer, the main districts are :Chikmagalur, Shimoga and Coorg rainfall of 125 - 300 cm per year from the SW Monsoon dry sunny weather during the harvest time in Oct - Nov suitable for drying of berries well drained laterite and red soils rich in humus and iron oxides slopes are well protected from heavy rainfall, strong winds and sunlight 4. Problems low yield and fluctuating production limited domestic demand competition in the international market by other coffee producers like Colombia, Kenya and Brazil to combat these problems Coffee Board has been set up in 1957 for the development of coffee industry, improving yield and quality 5. Economic Importance exported, thus earns foreign exchange requirements 6. Requirements temp 18-28 oC rainfall 125 - 200 cm per year, well distributed soil :well drained laterite or red soil rich in humus hill slopes are preferred for better drainage as stagnant water is harmful 7. Methods Of Processing wet/plantation method dry/ native / cherry method WET /PLANTATION / PARCHMENT METHOD : A method of coffee processing where the outer covering of the beans is removed by fermentation. Later the thin skin -like parchment covering the beans is removed by hulling using special machines DRY/NATIVE /CHERRY METHOD: A method of coffee processing in which the cherries are dried in the sun to remove the beans. The skin like parchment is later removed from the beans by hand-pounding HULLING Removal of thin parchment -like skin from coffee beans ROASTING Imparting the characteristic brown colour, taste and aroma to the coffee beans. RUBBER (a native tree of the Amazon jungle / Brazil in South Americo) 1. Requirements temp 21 -35o C rainfall 175 - 300 cm, well distributed throughout the year soil: alluvial, red or laterite, well drained sloping land is preferred as it makes the work of tappers easier 2. Stages In Processing straining of latex to remove impurities coagulation by adding formic or acetic acid to the latex to obtain a soft, spongy block called coagulum passing through a series of rollers to remove excess moisture drying of rubber sheets in smoke houses at 45 - 60 o C grading and packing in bales 3. Propagation by seeds more popular: by bud grafting 4. Main Producers Kerala Tamil Nadu Karnataka Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5. Reasons Why It Is Cultivated In Kerala 75 % of rubber grown in India is cultivated in Kerala the rubber tree is an equatorial tree and Kerala has an almost equatorial climate , with high temperatures, high humidity and heavy rainfall well drained alluvial soils long rainy season as the state receives rainfall from the SW Monsoon and from the Retreating Monsoon 6. Uses Of Rubber tyres, tubes sports goods and foam rubber jootwear cushions, mattresses insulation for cables and wires 7. Vulcanized Rubber adding sulphur to rubber during processing makes the rubber elastic, stronger and more durable 8. Synthetic Rubber produced from benzene and molasses e.g. at Vadodara and Bareilly 9. Export Of Rubber rubber is exported in the form of ribbed smoked sheets and crepe rubber sheets exported to Japan and Germany after being treated with acetic acid , ammonia or other preservatives to prevent spoiling 10. Rubber Demand In India Is Not Met Through Domestic Production synthetic rubber is produced India imports rubber from Malaysia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka BUD GRAFTING Insertion of a strip of bark containing a bud taken from a high yielding tree under the bark of a young seedling ;after they have united, the seedling is cut above the graft Eg. Rubber TAPPING A skilled procedure of removing latex from the rubber tree by a process of controlled wounding of the bark to cut the latex tube without damaging the cambium. It is carried out in the morning because Latex flows freely There is lesser chance of rain To avoid the heat of the day LATEX rice obtained from the Rubber tree by tapping COAGULUM A soft spongy block of coagulated latex obtained after formic/acetic acid has been added to it MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES: IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Considered a key / basic industry because : Steel is required to produce machinery, engineering goods, defence equipment, railway engines and coaches, ships, a number of consumer goods and for construction. Production & consumption of steel is an index of a nation's economic activity & the standard of living. RAW MATERIALS 1. Iron ore; coking coal; manganese. 2. Fluxing materials (silica and limestone) 3. Galvanizing materials like tin, nickel and chromium. 4. Manganese is used to remove impurities and make steel tough and rust-proof. 5. The impurities are drawn from the iron are as slag, which is used as a substitute for limestone in cement production. That is why cement factories are often located near iron & steel plants. STAGES / STEPS IN STEEL.MAKING Reduction of iron ore to pig iron in blast furnaces. Purification of pig iron into steel. Shaping of steel by rolling, casting and forging. LOCATION OF IRON & STEEL INDUSTRIES: IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY is raw material driven & located close to sources of iron ore, coal, limestone etc. is these are bulky commodities involving high transport cost. Irt India, the industry is concentrated in the Damodar Valley Region where these raw materials are available. The Region is known as the "RUHR of INDIA Advantages of Mini Steel Plant: Help to conserve natural resources like iron ore & coal because they utilize scrap & use electric furnaces. Help to decentralize iron & steel industries as they are located in industrial towns. Require lower capital investment. Meet country's demand for special steel & alloys. Disadvantage of Mini Steel Plants: Supply of iron scrap is unreliable. Power shortages can make them in operational. Integrated Steel Plant Mini-Steel Plant All processes, from handling of ra1 Special steels are produced, utilizing scrap materials to shaping of steel, are carried iron. out in 1 complex. Use electric furnaces. Use blast furnaces Located in industrial towns Located close to sources of raw materials like iron ore & coal. Capital investment is comparatively less. Involve heavy Capital investment EG: Solan (near Shimla) Kudremukh Eg: Bokaro (Karnataka) BhilaiRourkela MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PLANTS: In the Private Sector: 1. Tisco (Tata Iron and Steel Company). Location : Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, set up in 1907. Collaboration / Technical aid : USA Facilities: Iron ore : Singhbum, Mayurbhanj Coal : Jharia Limestone & dolomite : Gangapur, Singhbum Manganese : Naomundi Water : R. Kharkai, R. Subarnarekha Transport : well connected by road & railways, close to Calcutta port Public Sector: Bhilai Steel Plant : [Pulsating Giant] Location : Durg district in Chattisgarh Collaboration : Former U.S.S.R. a) Iron ore : Durg, Chanda b) Coal : Korba, Raniganj, Jharia c) Manganese : Balaghat d) Limestone : Nandini e) Power : Korba Thermal Power Station f) Water : Tendula canal. Facilities: 2. Duraaour Steel Plant: Location : West Bengal Collaboration : British a) Coal : Raniganj, Jharia b) Iron ore : Singhbhum, Keonjhar c) Limestone : Birmitrapur d) Manganese ore : Sundergarh e) Water : R. Damodar f) Transport : Connected by a navigation canal to R. Hooghly & Calcutta. Facilities: 3. Rourkela Steel Plant Location : Rourkela, Orissa Collaboration : Krupps & Demag of former W. Germany a) Iron ore : Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar b) Coal : Raniganj, Jharia, Talchar, Korba Facilities: c) Limestone & dolomite : Birmitrapur d) Manganese : Naomundi e) Power : Hirakud Power Project [HEP] f) Water : R. Sankh 4. Bokaro Steel Plant: Location : Jharkhand Collaboration : Former U.S.S.R Facilities: a) Iron ore : Bonaigarh, Naomundi b) Coal : Bokaro, Jharia c) Limestone : Palamau d) Dolomite : Bilaspur e) Water : R. Damodar f) Power : Thermal: Bokaro & Chandrapur Power stations. 5. IISCO : [Indian Iron and Steel Co.) [Formerly in Private Sector] Location : West Bengal Facilities: a) Iron ore : Singhbhum, Mayurbhanj b) Coal : Ranjgarj, Jharia c) Limestone & dolomite : Gangapur d) Water : R. Damodar e) Transport : Close to Calcutta port. ' 6. Visveswarya Iron & Steel Plant [Formerly in Private Sector] Location : Bhadravati (Karnataka) Facilities: a) Iron ore : b) Limestone : c) Coal : d) Power : Kemmangudi [ Bababudan Hills ]. Mandigudda Charcoal from forests in W. Ghats is used. Mahatma Gandhi HEP Stn Sharavati HEP Stn e) Water : R. Bhadra 7. Salem Steel Plant Location : Tamil Nadu Produces high grade, mirror Finish stainless steel 8. Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. Location : Karnataka Produces Iron filings for export from Mangalore. 9. Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant: Location : Andhra Pradesh Advantages: Having been set up in 1992, it is the most modern plant & has adopted the latest technology. Close to the port of Vishakapatnam & hence makes use of imported high grade coking coal. ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY: Raw Material: Bauxite Advantages: Light J)urable,_Good Electrical conductivity. Uses: Aircraft building Railway carriages Automobiles Electric cables Domestic utensils CENTRE : Aluminium Plant at Renukoot SHIP BUILDING Necessary Facilities: Deep, navigable water, on the coast or a Nearness to sources of iron & steel. Highly skilled technical labour. Coastal demand for vessels. Main shipyards: Mazagaon docks Hindustan : Hindustan shipyard : Bombay Vishakhapatnam Garden Reach Workshops : Calcutta Cochin shipyard : Cochin CALCUTTA (REASONS) Deep water facilities (R.Hooghly) Availability of iron & steel integrated steel plants at: Durgapur VISHAKAPATNAM (REASONS) a) Coastal location b) Iron & Steel from nearby integrated steel plant at Vishakhapatnam. RAILWAY LOCOMOTIVES & COACHES Electric locomotives : Chittaranjan Diesel locomotives : Varanasi Railway Coaches : Perambur near Chennai Rails & sleepers : Bhilai AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY: Hindustan AERONAUTICS Ltd. (HAL) : has facilities at Bangalore. Hyderabad. Nasik & Kanpur. HEAVY ENGINEERING Ranchi HEAVY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) : Bhopal, Hyderabad,Bangalore MACHINE TOOLS Bangalore Pinjore Hyderabad HEAVY ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES EXAMPLES: Ship building Aircraft Railway rolling stock Automobiles Agricultural machinery Heavy machinery REQUIREMENTS: Heavy and bulky raw materials, mainly iron and steel Enormous amounts of power Huge capital investment Large transport cost Intensive labour ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Major line of industries, next only to iron and steel Cover a wide range of industries and contribute substantially to the manufacture of industrial machines Promote the growth of a large number of ancillary unit sthat produce components like rubber, plastic aad other spare parts Account for 1/3 of the production capital in the organised sector Account for 1/3 of the total industrial output Generate 30% employment in the public sector Contribute 10% of the total exports AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY LOCATION: Near iron and steel centres as steel is the main raw material Proximity to places producing tyres, tubes, batteries, paints, and various plastic parts The industry is market oriented and tends to be located near large cities which offer ready market REQUIREMENTS: Raw materials like steel,iron,aluminium,paints Finished goods like batteries, tyres, tubes, rubber parts Coal or hydroelectric power PRODUCTS: Trucks, buses, passenger vehicles, two and three wheelers CENTRES: Mumbai -Fiat Gurgaon -Maruti Kolkata- Ambassador > Pune- trucks and buses Faridabad-tractors ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION Telephones and telephone switching systems Teleprinters and fax machines COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Computers and computer components Printers and scanners TELEVISION AUDIO SYSTEMS Stereo players,CD and DVD players Car audio systems SPACE TECHNOLOGY Satellites Radars Meteorological stations and equipment PETROCHEMICALS Petrochemicals are derived from various chemical compounds, mainly from hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are derived from crude oil and natural gas. Among the various fractions produced by distillation of crude oil, petroleum gases, naphtha, kerosene and gas oil are the main raw materials for petrochemical industry. Ethane, propane and natural gas liquids obtained from natural gas are also used in the Petrochemicals industry. Petrochemical industry plays a vital role in economic growth and development of manufacturing sector. The Petrochemical industry, which entered in the Indian industrial scene in 1970s, registered a rapid growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Petrochemical industry mainly comprise of synthetic fibre / yarn, polymers, Synthetic Rubber, Synthetic detergent and plastic processing industry. Today, petrochemical products comprise the entire spectrum of daily use items and cover almost every sphere of life like clothing, housing, construction, furniture, automobiles, household items, agriculture, horticulture, irrigation, packaging, medical appliances and electronics PRODUCTS Synthetic fibres and synthetic rubber Plastic Dyes and chemicals Insecticides and fertilisers Printing inks and carbon paper RAW MATERIALS Important organic chemicals derived from petroleum, coal and LPG Naphtha, ethylene and benzene ADVANTAGES Cost effective as produced on a mass scale Raw materials are easily available Substitute natural and therefore often scarce raw materials like leather, rubber, natural fibres and paper Do not depend on agriculture for raw materials DISADVANTAGES Not bio-degradable LOCATION Usually located near oil refineries as these provide a supply of raw materials CENTRES Union Carbide India Ltd. at Trombay Udex plant in Koyali (Gujrat) The Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd at Jawaharnagar near Baroda Petrofils Cooperative Ltd a joint venture of Govt. of India and Weavers Co-op. Society at Vadodara in Gujarat MINERALS IN INDIA Q. 1. Define Minerals. Minerals are natural substances of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties. e.g. Metalic & Non-Metalic Minerals Q. 2. Distinguish between the Metalic and Non-Metalic minerals. Metalic minerals. Metals are malleable. Non-Metalic minerals. Non Metalic minerals brittle in i.e. they can be beaten into sheets Metals are ductile i.e. they can be nature. Non metals are not ductile drawn into wires Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Q. 3. Non- metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity expect graphite. Mention the unique characteristic of minerals. The unique characteristics of minerals are: 1. Minerals are not evently distributed over space 2. Minerals have inverse relationship in quality and quantity i.e. good quality minerals are less in quantity than low quality minerals. 3. Minerals are exhaustible over time, so they need to be conserved. Q. 4. G.R. The economic development of a country is influenced by the availability of minerals. 1. Minerals form the base for several large-scale industries. 2. Agriculture, too, is influenced by the availability of minerals in the form of fertilizers and agricultural equipments. Q. 5. The distribution of mineral depositsin India is uneven. How does it affect industrial development in the country? The minerals are the backbone of industry 1. There are mainly no minerals in northan part of the country. So this part is backward in industry. These are mainly agricultural states. 2. Jharkhand and Orissa have rich resourses of minerals so they are also rich in industry. Q. 6. India is rich in mineral resourses Justify the statement by giving four examples. 1. Nature has richly endowed India with iron ore, both in quantity and quality. It has more than 20% of the worlds iron ore reserves. 2. India is the world s largest producer of mica and produces about 60% of the world s production of mica. 3. India is the fifth largest producer of manganese in the world. 4. There are extensive and sufficient deposits of boxite in the country. Q. 7. Define Coal Coal is a combustible matter, It is compressed of organic and mineral matter. It is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and also small amounts of phosphorus and sulphur. Q. 8. Where does coal occur or found? Coal occurs as a sedimentary rock in association with carbonaceous shale, sandstone and even fine clay. Q. 9. How is coal Formed? The mass of vegetative matter was probably changed into coal by heat and pressure generated by the increasing weight of overheating sediments and also by movements of the earth. Q. 10. Q. 11. Name the four varieties of coal. 1. Anthracite 3. Dignite 2. Bituminous 4. Peat Coal plays a major role in the industrialization process Justify statement by giving two examples OR Importance of coal. 1. It is the main source of energy. More than 60% of commercial energy is obtained from coal. 2. It is used as basic input in iron and steel industry. Q. 12. Which is the best quantity of coal? Name a state of India where it is found? Anthracite is the best variety of coal. It is found in Jammu and Kashmir. Q. 13. Give the characteristic of Anthractice coal or G.R. Anthractice is the best variety of coal. 1. It is shiny and lustrous, almost jet-black 2. It is completely compressed and shows no banded structure 3. It has a carbon content of 90 per cent 4. Burns slowly without smoke 5. Burns for a long time and leaves very little ask behind 6. It has a high heating value Q. 14. Which variety of coal is used for the production of coke & gas? Name a state of India where it is found. Bituminous is used for the production of coke and gas. It is found in Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. Q. 15. Give the characteristics of Bituminous coal OR G.R Bituminous coal is used in Industries/Household 1. It is black and lustrous. 2. A fine carbon content varying from 50 to 80 per cent 3. It is hard and compact 4. Has the widest utilization for domestic purpose. Q. 16. Give the characteristics of Lignite coal 1. It is brown or brownish in colour. 2. It is a lower grade coal. 3. It comprises of 40 per cent carbon. 4. It has a good deal of moisture and less of combustible matter 5. It has large quantities of ash 6. Its by-product can furnish several materials for industries. Q. 17. Give the characteristics of Coal. 1. It is the first stage of transformation of wood into coal. 2. It has the least carbon content. 3. It is interior to the other three varities of coal. Q. 18. Mention the uses of Coal 1. Coal is used as a source of power for running machines, trains, ships and dynamos. 2. Coal is used for the manufacturer of iron and steel. 3. Coal is used as a source of direct heat for domestic purposes in the potteries and for building materials like cement, burning of bricks and tiles and in iron and brass foundries etc. 4. Coal is also used to obtain ammonia and benzol. Q. 19. Name the by-products of coal. The by-products of coal is ammonia and benzol. Q. 20. Name any two raw materials derived from coal. Coke and Coal tar. Q. 21. Why is coal called black gold? It is called black gold because of its high utility as a sourses of energy and as a raw material for a large number of industries. Q. 22. Which state is the largest produce of coal in India? Jharkhand in the leading / largest produce of coal in India Q. 23. Name the oldest and the largest coal-fields in India? Largest coal-fields -> Jharia in Jharkhand Oldest coal-fields -> Raniganj in West Bengal Q. 24. Distinguish between Anthracite and Lignite coal. Anthracite This is the best quality coal containing about 80% carbon It has the highest heating value Q. 25. Name the largest lignite fields in India? Lignite It is a larger grade coal containing about 60% carbon It has the low heating value The Neyveli lignite field in Tamil Nadu is the largest lignite deposit in South India Q. 26. Explain the distribution of coal in India? 1. Nearly three of the coal deposits are located in the Damodar river valley. The places are Raniganj, Jharia, Giridih & Bikaro 2. The other river valleys associated with coal deposits are the Godavari, Mahandi, Son and Wardha. Q. 27. Mention the demerits of coal in India? 1. The quantity of coal required for producing coke as an essential input in steel industry is deficient. 2. The Indian coal has high ash content and low colorific value. Q. 28. Explain the need of conversation of coal. 1. It is a non-renewable resource. 2. It is a backbone of industrialization process. Q. 29. Distinguish between Gondwana coal fields and Tertiary coal fields Gondwana coal fields Little over 200 million years in age Tertiary coal fields About 55 milion years ago Godwana fields are of bituminous quality (50 to 80% of carbon) Tertiary fields abound in Lignite quality (40% of cotton) Gondwana coal is almost free from moisture Contains sulphur and phosphorus in small variable quantities Usually possess a higher moisture content Conditions more sulphur and are associated with marine sediments Q. 30. Define Damudas The important coal bearing formations are collectively known as Damudas. It belongs to the lower Gondwana system. Q. 31. Define Petroleum The word Petroleum has been derived from the word Petra which means rock and oleum which means oil This petroleum means rock oil Q. 32. Q. 33. Name two by-products of petroleum 1. Lubricants 3. Caselene 2. Kerosene 4. Tar 5. Paraffin wax Briefly mention how petroleum is obtained? Petroleum is being obtained from the sedimentary rocks. It is formed from the organic decomposition of the remains of marine products deposited in silt or time. High heat and pressure changes the organic remains into mineral oil and natural gas. Q. 34. G.R. Petroleum is called liquid gold or State the uses of Petroleum 1. Petroleum is used as fuel, so it plays a major role in transportation on land, on sea and in the air. 2. Ptroleum after refining is used for the production of various petrochemical products. 3. Petroleum is used in a few thermal stations for power generation. 4. It is used as lubricants for machinery. 5. Kerosene oil, by-product of petroleum is used as a domestic fuel. Q. 35. Name a few fuel derivatives of petroleum 1. Ethane 4. Jet Fuel Q. 36. 2. Diesel 5. Kerosene 3. Gasoline 6. Liqueified Petroleum Gas (LPG) G.R. Demand for petrol and petroleum products is increasing. 1. It is one of the major sources of commercial energy 2. Due to increased pace of industrialization in India. Q. 37. Which region/state is the largest producer of Petroleum in India? Name the refinery where the production is refined. Bombay-High or Mumbai-high (Maharashtra) is the largest producer of mineral oil. It produces more than 60% of the total production. The mineral oil obtained from the region is refinery in Trombay. Q. 38. Name the agency which explores mineral oil in India The oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) Q. 39. Name some oil fields in the Eastern Region. 1. Oil first discovered Makum in Assam in 1867 2. First well drilled Digboi in Lakhimpur district of Upper Assam 3. Other centres of oil in Assam Bappapung, Moran, Housapung, naharkatiya Q. 40. Name The two oil fields of western India 1. Ankleshwar Q. 41. 2. Ahmedabad Name two offshore oil fields of India 1. Mumbai High 2. Bassein Q. 42. Name two offshore oil fields of India 1. Arunachal Pradesh Manabhum 2. Tripura-Mamunbhanga Q. 43. With reference to Bombay high oil field answer the following 1. Where is it located It is located on the continental shelf of the coast of Maharashtra about 176 km north-west of Mumbai 2. Name the platform designed. Sagar Samrat 3. When was it found? In 1974 4. Why is it known as Mumbai High? Mumbai High is so called because of the height of the syncline of the rock structure in which the oil has been struct. It is higher than the normal height and oil is taken from the depth of over 1,400 meter. 5. What is Sagar Samrat? It is a self-propelled jack-up type of drilling platform. Q. 44. Name some refineries in India. In India there are 18 oil refineries. (15 in public Sector,01 in Private Sector & 02 in Joint Sector) Sr. No. Sector Refinery State Year 1. Public Digboi Refinery (IOC) Assam 1901 2. Public Trombay Refinery (HPCL) Maharashtra 1954 3. Public Trombay Refinery (BPCL) Maharashtra 1955 4. Public Vishakhapattanam Ref. (HPCL) Andhra Pradesh 1957 5. Public Noonmati Refinery (IOC) Assam 1962 6. Public Barauni Refinery (IOC) Bihar 1964 7. Public Koyali Refinery (IOC) Gujrat 1965 8. Public KOCHI Refinery (BPCL) Kerala 1966 Q. 45. 9. Public Chennai Refinery (IOC) Tamil Nadu 1969 10. Public Holdia Refinery (IOC) West Bengal 1975 11. Public Bongaigaon Refinery (IOC) Assam 1979 12. Public Mathura Refinery (IOC) Utter Pradesh 1982 13. Public Numaligarh Refinery (IOC) Assam 1999 14. Public Panipat Refinery (IOC) Utter Pradesh 1999 15. Public Tatipaka Refinery (ONGC) Andhra Pradesh 2001 16. Private Jamnagar Refinary (RPL) Gujrat 1999 17. Joint Mangalore Refinery (ONGC) Karnataka 1996 18. Joint Nagapattinum Refinery (CPCL) Tamil Nadu 1993 Name the country which is leading producer of iron ore. India Q. 46. Name different types of iron ore found in India. 1. Haematite Q. 47. 2. Magnetite 3. Limonite Which is the best quality iron ore? Mention its two characteristics. Magnetite Characteristic : 1. It contains more than 70% of iron 2. It has excellent magnetic qualities. Q. 48. Name the states where the different varieties of iron-ore are found. 1. Haematite Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra 2. Magnetite Tamil Nadu and Karnataka 3. Limonite Garshwal (Utterakhand) Mirzapur district (Utter Pradesh) Kangra Valley (Himachal Pradesh) Q. 49. Name any two countries to which iron ore is exported. 1. Japan Q. 50. 2. Korea Mention the uses of iron-ore 3. European 4. Gulf Countries or What is the importance of iron? 1. It is the backbone of modern industry. It is used in the manufacturing of iron and steel. 2. It is used for making machines, agricultural implements, nails, wires, pins, etc. Q. 51. Name the states that lead in the production of iron ore. Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, Karnataka, and Goa Q. 52. Name the iron producing states of India. Also mention two mines of each state. 1. Chattisgarh Bailadilla, Bastar, Durg 2. Jharkhand Singbhu, and palamau 3. Orissa Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, Sundargarh, Guttack, Koraput 4. Karnataka Babobudan, hills in Chikmaglue Sunder, Bellary, Hospet, Shimoga, chitradurg 5. Goa 6. Andhra Pradesh Sahaqalim, Sanguem, Satara, Ponda Anatipur, Khammam, Krishna, Kurnool, Cuddapah, nellora 7. Tamil Nadu Salem, North Arcot, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatre, Madurai. Q. 53. 8. Maharashtra - Ratnagiri, Chandrapur 9. Rajasthan Moriza in Bhilwara & Udaipur - Name any two states where minor deposits of iron ore are prevalent. 1. Assam 3. Utter Pradesh 2. West Bengal 4. Jammu Kashmir 5. Punjab Q. 54. Where is the largest single deposit of iron ore found in India? A larger deposits of iron ore 1500 million tones is found at Chirla in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Q. 55. Name the region from where the Bhadrawati from works gets its iron-ore requirement. Kudremukh in Karnataka which means horse s month 1000 million tones. These deposits provide raw material for the Bhadravati from Works. Q. 56. Q. 57. Name important parts in India for the export of iron ore 1. Marmagoa 3. Paradip 2. Vishakhapatnam 4. Mangalore Name the country which is the largest important of iron ore from India. Japan Q. 58. With reference to Manganese answer the following questions: 1. Any three uses 1. It is used for making iron and steel and its alloy. 2. It increases the strength of steel 3. It is used for making paints, glass, chemicals etc. 2. Which states produce manganese in India? 1. Orissa 4. Jharkhand 7. Maharashtra 2. Andhra Pradesh 5. Karnataka 8. Rajashthan 3. Goa 6. Madhya Pradesh 3. Name its largest buyer & others. Japan is its largest Buyer Other Countries 1. U.S.A 4. Netherlands 2. U.K. 5. West Germany 3. France 6. Belgium 4. Which state is the leading producer od Maganese in India. Madhya Pradesh Q. 59. What is meant by ore? Rocks containing minerals in concentrated from are called ores Q. 60. Name an important ore of aluminium Bauxite Q. 61. G.R. Aluminium is used in making aircrafts. 1. It is lightweight and strong. 2. It is rust resistant metals. Q. 62. Uses of Bauxite Pg.151 Total Geography Q. 63. Q. 64. Name the states where bauxite is found in India. 1. Jharkhand 4. Chattisgarh 7. Tamil Nadu 2. Maharashtra 5. Orissa 8. Goa 3. Madhya Pradesh 6. Karnataka 9. Gujrat Where is the largest aluminium plant situated in India? Where does it gets its supply from? The largest aluminium plant in India is at Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh It gets its supply of bauxite from Amarkantak plateau and Ranchi. Q. 65. Mention the uses of lime stone 1. It is used in the cement industry. 2. It is used as flux in the iron & steel industry 3. It is used in the production of fertilizers 4. It is used in making of glass and paper. Q. 66. Name the limestone producing states of India Also mention two mines of each state. Pg. 152 and Pg. 153 Total Geography Q. 67. G.R. India imports mineral oil Or Why does India have to import oil? 1. Less reserves as compared to production. 2. Increasing number of automobiles and industries day-to-day 3. Lack of technology and capital for exploiting the present reserves. Q. 68. Why are petroleum refineries located near the coast of India? Two-thirds of the petroleum required is imported, thus refineries are near the coast. Q. 69. Q. 70. With which minerals do you associate the following places. 1. Balaghat - Manganese 2. Durg - Iron ore 3. Ankleshwar - Mineral Oil 4. Palamau Iron ore - 5. Raniganj / Jharia - Coal 6. Renukoot - Bauxite 7. Adilabad - Limestone Which region is the largest producer of petroleum in India? Name the refinery where the production is refined. Mumbai High is the largest producer of mineral oil. It produces more than 60% of the total production. The mineral oil obtained from the region is refined in Trombay Q. 71. With reference to mineral oil found in India, answer the following. 1. Any two-oil-fields of North East India 1. Digboi 2. Naharkatiya 2. Any two oil fields of Western India. 1. Ankleshwar 2. Kalol 3. Any two off shore oil fields of India. 1. Mumbai High 2. Bassein 4. Oldest oilfield in India. Digboi oilfield situated in Lakhimpur district of Assam 5. Largest & New oilfield in India Mumbai High 6. Two coastal oil refineries 1. Trombay Refinery (BPCL) in Maharashtra the west coast. 2. Chennai Refinery in Tamil Nadu on the south-east coast. 7. Two important oil fields. 1. Digboi in Assam 2. Kalol in Gujarat 3. Mumbai High in Maharashtra 8. Two important oil belts. 1. Assam-Arakan belt 2. Gujarat Combay belt. TRANSPORT THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT FOR THE ECONOMY 1. Facilitates the movement of raw materials from factories to markets 2. Links backward areas with better developed areas and thus helps in better utilisation OF resources 3. aids the process of industrialisation and Urbanisation 4. helps to combat scarcity of goods by enabling their quick movement 5. helps to minimise effects of natural disasters 6. enables easy movement of not only goods but also people NEED FOR INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN INDIA India is a vast country Efficient Transport strengthens the economy ROAD TRANSPORT NHAI -NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA responsible for development, maintenance and management of national highways implementing connectivity of highways to major ports undertaking developmental activities under NATIONAL HIGHWAYS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (NHDP) The main projects undertaken by NHAI are: GOLDEN QUADRILATERAL, an expressway to connect Mumbai-Delhi-Kolkata -Chennai and NORTH-SOUTH corridor connecting JAMMU AND KASHMIR WTH KANYAKUMARI EAST-WEST CORRIDOR joining ASSAM with PORBANDAR in GUJRAT National Highways Main roads constructed and maintained by Central Government Connect major ports, state capitals and large tourist and industrial centres Facilitate inter-state transport and movement of defence personnel and materials in strategic areas Express highways The most significant feature of land transport Cemented six-lane roads Provide smooth high speed movement MAJOR EXPRESS WAYS Ahmedabad-Vadodara Delhi-Gurgaon Mumbai-Pune Noida-Greater Noida Banealore-Mysore Ciorridor State highways Constructed and maintained by state governments Link with National Highways, district HQ, important towns, tourist spots and ports within the stae District roads Roads within a district Connect centres of production with markets Connect smaller towns with state and national highways Rural roads Constitute 80% of total length of roads Help to move agricultural products and products of small-scale industries Border roads - BOARDER ROAD ORGANISATION (BRO) Improvement of these roads leads to better defence preparedness Snow clearance The world's highest road from Manali to Leh International highways Constructed through finance provided by the World Bank Promote links and better relations with neighbouring countries ADVANTAGES OF ROADS DISADVANTAGES OF ROADS Even the smallest villages can be reached, more flexible than Unsurfaced roads are not suitable for rail transport vehicular traffic Poorly maintained Can be constructed where terrain is Multiple poll and octroi duty collection difficult Help farmers points slow down movement to move perishable High volume of traffic, congestion and products quickly Cheap and easy to construct and slow movement , Heavy commodities like iron or coal maintain cannot betransported by roads Can act as feeders to railways for distribution and collection of goods MAXIMUM ROADS ARE FOUND IN THE NORTHERN PLAINS BECAUSE: The terrain is flat and thus suitable for road construction The region is densely populated on account if fertile soils NORTH-EASTERN STATES DO NOT HAVE GOOD ROADS BECAUSE: The terrain is hilly and difficult There are many swift streams and thick forests Economically, the region is not well developed RAILWAYS IMPORTANCE OF RAILWAYS IN INDIA Help in accelerating the development of industries and agriculture Railways are the .principal mode of transportation for both freight and passengers Carry a variety of agricultural and industrial goods ports and major urban centres have their own freight lines Operate both long distance and suburban networks The largest employer in India Most efficient and cost effective method of transportation Introduction of railways in India 1853 the first railway line between Mumbai and Thane Nationalised in 1951 to become one of the largest railway networks in the world Suburban trains - Electric trains Handle commuter traffic in large metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata TRACK SYSTEMS 1. Broad Gauge: Account for about 75% of total length of rail routes Distance between the rails about 1.7 m Almost all major rail links are broad gauge Connect major towns, ports and industrial areas Eg. Konkan Railway Line considered an engineering marvel 2. Metre gauge Distance between the rails is 1 metre 3. Narrow gauge Distance between the rails o.6 mts Confined mainly to the hilly areas FACTORS THAT HAMPER THE FLOW OF GOODS AND PASSENGERS: Existence of 3 gauges Tracks are unable to carry increased load of passangers and cargo Unsatisfactory maintenance of tracks and bridges ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS Help in easy movement of bulky and perishable commodities DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS Routes are not flexible Rails cannot be laid in hilly and remote Transport raw materials and finished goods to the markets areas Steam engines that depend on coal Bring rural areas closer to cities produce air and noise pollution Provide safe and comfortable passenger journey Facilitate easy movement of police, defence personnel and equipment AIRTRANSPORT AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA Manages domestic and international airports Provides safe and efficient air travel Provides aeronautical communication services in the country NATIONAL AIRLINES Indian Airlines and Air India have now merged Pawan Hans provides helicopter services in hilly areas, tourist places and in the petroleum sector PRIVATE AIRLINES Jetair, Goair, Kingfisher,Indigo CARGO SERVICES Blue Dart Aviation Pvt ltd ADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS DISADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS Fastest and most comfortable form of Expensive-fuel, servicing, air terminal transport, particularly in a vast country facilities,, therefore still considered a like India luxury Can cross mountains, deserts, water bodies Very useful during natural calamities to airlift people and airdrop supplies Often disrupted due to weather conditions Utilises huge quantities fuel/petroleum Limited carrying capacity REASONS FOR RECENT VIBRANT GROWTH OF AIR TRANSPORT IN INDIA Rapid economic growth and increasing prosperity of the people Favourable government policy and Entry of private and low cost airlines of
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