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GRADE X BIOLOGY EXACT LOCATION AND FUNCTION SR NO. STRUCTURE 1 Cell membrane Outermost in animal cells. Lies next to cell wall in plant cells. Cell wall Surrounding plasma membrane/ cell membrane in plant cells. Centrosome Region surrounding the centrioles located near the nucleus in an animal cell. Chloroplast 1.In the cytoplasm of plant cells. 2.located mainly contained in the mesophyll cells located between the upper epidermis and the lower epidermis(i.e in palisade cells and spongy cells) of leaves. 3. Found in the guard cells of stomata and in the outer layers of young green stems. Regulates the entry of certain solutes and ions. 5. Chromatin fibres In the nucleoplasm in interphase stage of nucleus. Carry hereditary information or genes 6 Genes located on chromosomes. Encode particular protein which express in form of some particular feature/character or traits of the body of an organism 2. 3. 4. EXACT LOCATION FUNCTION Allows substances in solution to enter and leave the cell without hindrance and gives rigidity and shape to the plant cell. Region surrounding the centrioles located near the nucleus in an animal cell. Trap solar energy for photosynthesis. 1 7 Vacuoles Stomata 8 Clear spaces in cytoplasm with water or other substances in solution 1.Gives turgidity to plant cells by pressing against the cell wall. 2. storage of water and other substances, food, pigments and waste products. In epidermal layer on both Diffusion of gases carbon dioxide for surfaces of leaves, green photosynthesis and oxygen for surfaces of stem of cellular respiration. herbaceous plants. 9 Lenticels On the surfaces of old woody stem. Diffusion of gases carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for cellular respiration. 10 Hydathodes Guttation or Exudation 11 Thylakoids 12 Stroma On the margins of leaves at the tip of vein endings In the grana of chloroplast Matrix of chloroplast 13 Heart Located in the centre between the two lungs and above the diaphragm 14 Pacemaker 15 Tricuspid valve 16 Bicuspid or Mitral valve 17 Pulmonary Semilunar valves Located at the base of superior vena cava in the walls of right atrium. At the aperture between the right atrium and the right ventricle At the aperture between the left atrium and the left ventricle At the opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery Pumps oxygenated blood through aorta to all parts of body and pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary artery to lungs for oxygenation Initiates and regulates heart beat Site of light reaction of photosynthesis Site of biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis Maintains unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to right ventricle. Maintain unidirectional flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Maintains unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. 2 18 19 Aortic Semilunar valves Maintains unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. In the lumen of veins 20 Pocket shaped valves Tonsils 21 Spleen In the abdomen, behind the stomach above the left kidney. 22 Pancreas Located in the abdomen behind the stomach in loop of duodenum 23 Kidneys 24 Ureter 25 Renal Pelvis 26 Urinary Bladder 27 Bowman s capsule Glomerulus One on either side of the backbone and protected by the last two ribs Arising from the Hilum in the median surface of each kidney and connects behind the urinary bladder in the lower part of the abdomen Expanded portion of the ureter in each kidney Muscular sac in the pelvis just above and behind the pubic bone In the renal cortex 28 Sides of the neck. Lodged in the Bowman s capsule Prevents backflow of oxygenated blood from the aorta into the left ventricle. Maintains unidirectional flow of blood towards the heart Localize infections and prevent it from spreading to the body as a whole. Acts as a blood reservoir, produces lymphocytes, destroys worn out red blood cells, in an embryo it produces RBCs. secrets hormones Insulin and glucagon which regulates glucose concentration in blood. Secretes pancreatic juices for digestion. Primary excretory organs for removal of mainly nitrogenous waste products such as urea, uric acid etc. and also maintains osmoregulation. Transports urine from the pelvis region of kidney to the urinary bladder. Receives urine from the collecting ducts Stores urine temporarily till it is expelled. Receives the ultrafiltrate. Performs ultrafiltration. 3 29 Proximal Convoluted tubule Distal Convoluted tubule In the renal cortex. Reabsorbs2/3rd of water and much of glucose In the renal cortex. 31 Loop of Henle In the renal medulla 32 Central cortex Outer portion of the cerebrum Reabsorption of remaining chlorides and some water. Walls secreting potassium ions and foreign chemicals such as Penicillin and other drugs into forming urine Some absorption of water and sodium ions Enables us to think and reason out, invent, plan and memorize. 33 Cerebellum Just at the base of the brain and under the cerebrum 34 Corpus Callosum 35 Medulla Oblongata Between the two cerebral hemispheres internally Lowest portion of the brain at the base of the skull 36 Pons varolli 37 Thalamus 38 Hypothalamus 39 Midbrain 40 ANS 41 Sympathetic nervous system 30 1.Helps in maintaining body balance, posture and equilibrium along with the internal ear. 2. Coordinates the working of voluntary muscles Transfers nerve impulses from one cerebral hemispheres to the other. Controls involuntary activities of internal organs like peristalsis of the alimentary canal, movement of breathing, beating of the heart etc. Centre of the brain Breathing along with the Medulla below the cerebellum oblongata In the Diencephalon Relays pain and pressure impulses from the various parts of the body to the cerebrum Below the thalamus in Controls body temperature, anger, the Diencephalon hunger, thirst and the pituitary gland. Small tubular part of the Reflexes involving eyes and ears brain Pair of chains of Controls involuntary actions of the internal organs nerves and ganglia on either sides of the backbone Nerves arise from the Prepares the body for violent actions spinal cord between against abnormal conditions the neck and the waist region 4 42 43 Para sympathetic c Nervous system CSF 44 Spinal cord 45 Lacrimal glands 46 Yellow spot 47 Blind spot 48 Aqueous chamber 49 Vitreous chamber 50 Ear ossicles Anteriorly in the head and the neck and the other posterior in the sacral region Between the meninges, ventricles of the brain, central canal of the spinal cord. Extends from the MO down almost the whole length of the backbone to the end of the second lumbar vertebrae and lies within the neural canal of the vertebrae Upper sideward portion of the orbit At the back of the eye almost at the center on the horizontal axis of the eyeball. Lateral to the yellow spot on the nasal side of the retina. Front chamber between the lens and the cornea Larger cavity behind the eye lens and retina in the eye. In the middle ear cavity wherein the handle of the Malleus is attached to the inner surface of the ear drum, and the flat part of the stapes to the oval window and the Incus is found in between the two. Concerned with re-establishing normal conditions after the violent act is over. Acts like a cushion and protects the brain and spinal cord for injuries by absorbing mechanical shocks Concerned with reflexes below the neck, conducts sensory impulses from the skin and muscles to the brain, conducts motor responses from the brain to the muscles of the trunk and limbs Secrete tears that have bactericidal lysozymes to kill germs, lubricate the eyes, and keep the front face of the eye clean by washing away dust particles. Region of acute, brightest and color vision. Point of no vision and origin of optic nerve. Filled with aqueous humor that keeps the lens moist and protects it from physical shock, refracts light. The vitreous humor helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball and protects the retina and the nerve endings. Their lever like movement transmits and amplifies sound vibrations from the tympanum to the oval window. 5 51 Eustachian tube 52 Organ of Corti 53 Adrenal Glands Fitting like caps above the kidneys 55 Pancreas 56 57 58 59 60 61 Connecting the middle ear cavity with the pharynx In the median cochlear canal In the abdomen behind stomach the stomach in the duodenal loop of small intestine. Thyroid Bilobed, butterfly like structure saddled onto the trachea, just below the larynx in front of the neck. Pituitary Small projection hanging from the base of the midbrain below the hypothalamus. Testes In thin walled cutaneous pouches called scrotal sacs extraabdominally Leydig s or Packaging tissues interstitial cells between the coils of the Seminiferous tubules. Epididymis Fitting like a cap on the upper pole of the testis Vas Deferens Arising from each Testis, travelling upward through the inguinal canal, looping over the ureters of their side, coming together and joining the urethra at the back of the urinary bladder. Equalizes air pressure on either side of the Tympanum allowing it to vibrate freely. Converts sound vibrations to nerve impulses, helps in differentiating between sounds of various pitches. Secretions of Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids by the Adrenal Cortex and Adrenaline and Nonadrenaline by the Medulla. Islets of Langerhans that secrete Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin. Secretes Thyroxine and Calcitonin Secretes Gonadotropins, other tropic hormones, Oxytocin, ADH. Spermatogenesis. Secrete androgens of which the main one is Testosterone. Stores sperms for some days till they mature and motile Transports sperms from the epididymis region of Testis to the urethra. 6 62 Seminal vesicles 63 Prostate gland 64 Open into the urethra just before it enters the penis 65 Bulbourethral or Cowper s gland Penis 66 Ovaries 67 Oviducts 68 Uterus 69 Placenta In women that are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. One on either side of the uterus opening near the ovary In the pelvic cavity between the Urinary Bladder and the rectum Disc-like structure attached to the uterine wall. 70 Amnion Between the posterior surface of the urinary bladder and the rectum Surrounding the urethra close to its origin from the urinary bladder In front of the scrotum Sac around the embryo even before the formation of the allantois Produces a secretion that serves as a medium for transportation of the sperms and activates them. Pours an alkaline secretion into the semen as it passes through the urethra and this neutralizes the acid in the female vagina. Its secretion lubricates the tipof the penis during coitus. Serves for passing out of semen and urine. Oogenesis. Site of fertilization Site of implantation of the blastocyst and growth of the fetus. Allows diffusion of Oxygen, nutrients, from mother to the fetus, eliminates carbon dioxide, urea and other wastes from fetus to the mother, acts as an endocrine gland and secretes estrogens and progesterone. Has the amniotic fluid that protects the embryo from physical damage by jerks or mechanical shocks, keeps even pressure all around the embryo, allows the fetus, some restricted movement, prevents sticking of the fetus to the amnion. 7
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