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Ashoka Universal School Academic Session 2020-2021 Notes Notes Agriculture Part III & IV Les 17 & 18 [Commercial or Cash Crop] Sugarcane:Q1] What is Sugarcane? Why is it an important cash crop? 1. It is a tall perennial tropical and semi tropical grass, the stem of which is used to produce cane sugar and sucrose.It produces a sturdy stalk2 to 4 m high and about 4 cm in diameter. 2. The numerous stalk has no branches but have long narrow leaves arranged in two rows. The sugarcane is divided into several section called internodes which are connected by joints called nodes. Each node bears a small bud. 3. It is an important cash crop because it is an important source of sugar in India. India is a leading producer of sugarcane Q2] What are the geographical conditions required for sugarcane cultivation? Ans: Temperature:- 20 0 c to 260 c. It is sown in January and April. Frost is injurious to the growth of sugarcane plant. Rainfall:- 100 cm to 200cm . Plenty of water during the growing period is required so irrigation is necessary as growing period is more than 9 months. Water logging is to be avoided as it reduces the sugar content. Soil:- Should be alluvial or lava soil and well drained .Sugarcane is soil-exhausting so the soil needs regular nitrogen fertilizers to be added. Skilled labour for sowing and harvesting are essential Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 1 Q3] What are the two methods of propagations of sugarcane? Ans:- Sowing or propagation is carried by three methods a) By seeds:- The seeds are sown between January and April. This method is outdated. b) Sett method: Take cuttings of two or three joints from the top of a healthy cane. Plant them horizontally at equidistance i.e. 1.5 m to 2m apart in furrows and pile it up with fertilized soil. Within two weeks the buds on the nodes swell and burst. The young stalk emerges from the soil. The leaves appear soon after, followed by the appearance of nodes and internodes. Advantage:- High yield is obtained Disadvantage :- It takes time to mature, Needs more capital and labour , also needs fertilizer to be added. c) By ratoon cropping : It is the process by which the cane is cut close to the ground where the sugar content is concentrated. After the crop has been cut the stem begins to grow again and produces a second crop called ratoon Advantage:- This method saves time as it matures early. Less labour and capital is required as no extra expenditure is spend on preparing the field and planting the cane. Disadvantage:- It is soil exhaustive and the yield s thinner. The cane is with less sucrose. There is also increasing risk of pests and diseases. Q3] Ratoon cropping is becoming more popular Ans:- Because this method saves time as it matures early. Less labour and capital is required as no extra expenditure is spend on preparing the field and planting the cane. Q4] What are the two types of cane? Ans- Adsali and Eksali. Adsali is an 18 months crop and Eksali is 12 months crop Q5] What are the Products of Sugarcane? Ans:- The products are 1) Sugar sugar 4) Sugarcane juice 2) Jaggery or Gur 3) Icing 5) Powdered gur[Khandsari] Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 2 Q6] What are the by-products of sugarcane ? Ans- The by-products are as follows a) Molasses:- It is a kind of dark syrup that drains from sugar during the process of manufacturing. Use:- It is used to produce alcohol, fertilizer, rum, treacle and yeast. b) Bagasse:- It is the rejected cane after crushing the sugarcane . Uses:- Ploughed in the soil , fed to cattle and used for manufacturing paper, fibre-board and synthetic fibre c) Pressmud:- It is used to make wax, shoe polish and carbon paper. Q7] Why Maharashtra and southern states are becoming increasingly important for the production of sugarcane ? Or Why the yield of sugarcane higher in the Deccan ? Ans:1. Because it has effect of maritime climate 2. Tropical climate is more suitable to grow sugarcane 3. There is no effect lf loo and frost in peninsular India 4. The plantations are well planned and use of modern scientific agriculture methods 5. The capital investment is tremendous due to sugar lobby 6. Modern sugar factories are located close to the plantation. 7. Irrigation facilities and fertilizers are widely used 8. Mills are run on cooperative basis Q8] Where is the sugarcane research institute located? Ans:-It is located at Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu & Lucknow in UP. It is successfully conducting research on improved hybrid varities with much higher sugar content . Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 3 Q9] Why problems are the Northern States facing regarding sugarcane cultivation? Ans:1. Sugarcane is grown on small farms since it is soil exhausting 2. The farmers have to depend on irrigation 3. Production cost increases. 4. Sugar mills are located far from the growing areas hence delay in crushing leads to loss of sucrose 5. . The mills are old fashioned. 6. Sub-tropical climate is not that ideal 7. Prices are fixed by the government and does not depend on quality so farmers are dissatisfied Q10] Name the areas where sugarcane is cultivated . Ans:- In North :-Uttar Pradesh. Punjab, Haryana, Bihar In south:- Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu , Karnataka Q11]Why is manure essential for ensuring high yields of sugarcane? Ans:-Sugarcane is a soil exhaustive crop. It depletes much of the nutrients of the soil. Therefore, the regular supply of manure is essential in order to obtain high yields. Q12] Why are irrigated lands considered good for sugarcane cultivation? Ans:- In sugarcane cultivation an optimum land of soil moisture is necessary to be maintained at all stages of its growth. Also it requires alternate periods of wet and dry conditions. The growing season of the crop is usually 9 to 12 months. That is why irrigated land are ideal for sugarcane cultivation Q13] How is sugarcane processed after harvesting? Ans:-The cane is processed in 24 hours. The juice is removed and boiled with lime, stirred and filtered. Of the total production about 50% is used for gur and 30% for white sugar. The juice is crystallized by adding lime. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 4 Q14]Give two conditions other than climate for the growth of sugarcane. Ans:- i) Rich alluvial soil and Black regur soil. Regular fertilizer needs to be added ii) Availability of water for irrigation throughout the year. Q15]State the rank of India in world in the production of sugarcane. Ans:- India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world after Brazil. Q16] Give three geographical requirements for the growing of sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh. Ans:- 1) Temperature :- 20 0 c to 26 0 c, 200 frost free days. 2) Rainfall:- 100 to 200 cm . plenty of water during the growing period . irrigation may be necessary as the growing season is usually 9 months. 3) Soil:- Alluvial and well drained soil. Fertilizer needs to be added. Q 17 Give reasons India produces nearly 37 % of the world s sugarcane but only about 5% of the world s cane sugar Ans- Because Indian cane is thin in quality , the sucrose content is less and the mills are located in distant places from the growing areas so loss of sucrose takes place. Q18 What advantage does south India have over the north with reference to sugarcane cultivation? Ans- In South India the following are the advantage a) Tropical climate and maritime climate is more suitable to grow sugarcane b) Sugarcane mills are close to the farms so loss of sucrose is less c) Sugarcane mills are run on cooperative basis. d) The problem of frost and Loo is not faced in south India. e) Regular irrigation and fertilizer should be provided. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 5 Cotton:Q1] What is cotton? Ans:-It is the most important fibre used in making clothing. China is the world s leading producer of cotton followed by USA. A bale of cotton weighs about 218 kg. Q2] What are the three main kinds of cotton or types of cotton? Ans:- 1) American upland [ long staple] 2) Egyptian [ long staple] 3) Sea- island , mostly from West Indies [ Most costly and superior silken long staple.] 4) Asiatic cotton, it grows only in China, India and Pakistan Q3]Why cotton is grown as an annual crop in India? Ans:- Because it has two advantages , first , it eliminates pests because new plants are grown each year and second, it allows for early picking from low shrubs. Q4] India contributes less than 10% of production even though it has the largest land area under cultivation? Ans:- Because of low yield per hectare and the Sucrose dries as the factories are located far from the growing areas. Q5] What is staple? Ans:- It is the length of the lint fibres. The longer staple forms sturdier threads and hence are considered superior . Short staple is less than 2.2cm , Medium staple is 2.2 to 2.8 cm and long staple is above 2.8 cm . India produces mostly short staple cotton in southern India while long staple is becoming increasingly important in north especially in Punjab and Haryana. Q6] What is Ginning ? Ans:- Ginning is the separation of seeds and short fibres or linters from the raw material fibre called lint. After ginning, lint is packed in bales and sent to factories to be made into thread. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 6 Q7 State the uses of cotton seeds and plant? Ans:- The seeds are used to make margarine and soap, also used for cooking oil. Their residue forms cattle feed. Farmers plough the stalks and leaves into the soil to form humus, Margarine is made from it The linters are used in the production of cellulose which is later used in synthetic textile industry. Q8] What are the geographical requirements for cotton cultivation? Ans:- 1) Temperature - 21 0 c to 30 0 c and at least 200 frost free days. 2) Rainfall :- 50 cm to 100 cm , well distribute during the period of growth if it is a Kharif crop. If it is rabi, it requires irrigation facility. It should be protected from boll weevils. Abundant sunshine is required during ripening and picking 3) Soil:- Usually cotton is grown on alluvial soil or Black cotton soil or regur soil . Salty sea breeze is highly beneficial. 4) Cotton is a soil exhaustive; hence fertilizers have to be used regularly. 5) Good drainage is necessary as water logging is harmful. 6) Abundantly cheap manual labour is required for sowing and picking. Q9] What method is used for propagation of cotton ? Ans:- Drilling method is more popular than broadcasting. It is a Kharif crop . Sowing is done from April to August . Often mixed cropping is practiced and millets , pulses and some oilseeds are grown with cotton to add fertility to the soil as they are leguminous plants. Q10] When is cotton harvested? Ans:- It is harvested from October to March. Frost is injurious to the crop and there should be no rain at this time as the cotton bolls most ripen. Q11] Which insects destroy the cotton crop? Ans:- The boll worms , boll weevils and wilt . they can be controlled by pesticides and fungicides . Boll Weevils lay 10 to 13 million eggs in one season so it is difficult to control hence plants need to be destroyed Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 7 Q12] Explain the processing of cotton after picking and ginning. Ans:- After picking and ginning the grading is done , packing in bales , spinning into yarn , weaving , bleaching, washing, dyeing and printing are the main processes that lint undergo after picking and Ginning Q13] Name the states / areas where cotton is grown. Or Name the state which grows long staple cotton. Ans:- Northern :- Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. The highest yield of long staple cotton in India is in Punjab with 20 % of the total output. * Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana grow staple cotton on a large scale. Southern part:- Maharashtra, Tami Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh Q14] Name the hybrid varieties of cotton and where it was cultivated first . [ Not in syllabus] Ans:- The two varieties are 1) Arunabha which produces 5.8 tons per hectare under irrigatttion 2) Abhadita- It is rainfed and produces 1.8 tone per hectare * These varieties are environment friendly and matures in 140 days . It has been cultivated on a farm belonging to the Indo- American Hybrid Seeds Corporation in Dharwad district of Karnataka. Q15] What are the advantages of growing the variety Arunabha and Abhadita? [ Not in syllabus] Ans:- the advantages are:- 1) they are ecofriendly as pesticides are not used. 2) They are pest and disease resistant 3) require less fertilizer Q16] What are the problems for cotton cultivation Ans:- 1) Frost destroys the crop, so at least 200 frost free days are necessary for the crop to grow. 2) Rain should be experienced only during the earlier part of the growing period. During ripening rain should not come other wise the fibre becomes muddy and discoloured 3) Cloudy weather is harmful to the healthy growth of cotton plant. The storm and windy weather is harmful to the cotton pods as they fall off. 4) Abundant cheap skilled labour is required for picking , pest control etc. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 8 5) A beetle called boll weevil lays eggs insides the cotton boll and destroys the crop. A single boll weevil can produce 10 to 13 million young ones in a single season and they are extremely difficult to control. The infected plants have to be destroyed 6) Sunshine during picking time is essential to ripen the pods. Q17] (i) How is cotton harvested ? (ii) Why is dry weather necessary at the time of harvesting of cotton? Ans:- (i) The cotton is harvested when the cotton bolls ripens and burst into white , fluffy and shiny bolls of fibre. The crop is harvested in three to four pickings as the cotton boll matures (ii) Dry weather and sunny days at the time of harvesting of cotton , help ripening and bursting of cotton bolls. Q18] What is the objective of the government agencies to purchase cotton from the farmers? Ans:- In several states government is the wholesale buyer of raw cotton from the farmers. The guaranted price is fixed for the various grades of Kapos[ raw state of cotton] . This gives farmers security , as they are paid a fair wage. 1) to ensure that the farmers get legitimate price of his product. 2) To produce good quality of cotton for mills. 3) To supply unadulterated cotton to consumers at fixed price. Q19] What advantage does long staple cotton have? Ans:- It forms sturdier threads and hence considered superior. Its length is above 2.8 cm Q20] Explain why:i) Gujarat and Maharashtra are the leading cotton producing states of India Ans:- Because 1) Favourable climate:- Cotton needs warm climate . with temperature between 20c to 28 0 c at least 200 frost free days and rainfall 50 cm to 120 cm , well distributed during the period of growth or irrigation facility in rabi season. 2) Black cotton soil is suitable for cotton cultivation It is available in Maharashtra and Gujarat. This soil is very fertile and cotton is soil exhaustive crop Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 9 Q21] Why must cotton bolls be picked immediately? Ans:-Cotton is picked immediately after the bolls burst, else it is destroyed by pest such as birds, boll worms, boll weevils and wilt . Sudden rain may spoil the cotton fibre. Soil:- it grows well in Black regur soil all this conditions prevail in Maharashtra and Gujarat hence they are the leading producer of cotton. Jute:Q1] What is jute? Ans:- It is a long, soft, shiny fibre that can be spun into coarse strong threads. Both the fibre and the plant from which it comes are commonly called jute, Q2] Why jute is known as golden fibre? Ans:- Because of its colour and value as a foreign exchange earner . It is also known as brown paper bag of whole sale trade since it is widely used as a wrapping material- gunny bags or sacks. Q3] What are the uses of jute? Ans:1) It is used in making cloth to wrap bales of cotton 2) Gunny bags, hessian cloth , rope, string, carpets, fibres and twine is made. 3) It is also used in furnishing material, shopping bags and sail-cloth 4) Very fine threads of jute are made into imitation silks. 5) Jute butts- the coarse ends of the plants are used to make inexpensive cloth. Q4] What are the geographical requirements for growing jute? Ans:- Jute is a rainy season crop, grows well in the warm humid parts of India , Bangladesh and China. 1) Temperautre:- 24 c to 35 0 c or have an average of 27 c during the period of growth. The damp, hot and humid atmosphere is most suitable. 2) rainfall :- 150 cm to 200 cm 3) Soil:- A rich loamy , alluvial soil formed in delta regions with comparatively flat topography Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 10 Other requirements: The crop is soil exhaustive and the soil is replenished by fresh deposits of alluvium during annual floods . Plentiful labour is required The crop should be protected from fungal disease due to jute mites. Plenty of clear soft water for processing is required which is provided by river Ganga and Brahmaputra Q5] How is jute sown? Ans:- Sowing is done in March to May . Before sowing the jute fields are ploughed. Sowing is done by transplantation method Q6] When is jute harvested? Ans:- Jute is ready for harvesting after 4 to 5 months , when the plant grows tall to a height of 3m to 4m. The harvesting period is June to September. They are harvested after they bloom but before the flower goes to seed. Q7] What is retting? Ans:- Retting is soaking of the stalks and the removal of the fibre from the bark after the plants are retted or submerged in a pool of gently flowing clear water for 20 to 25 days to separate the long strands of fibre from the stem .This process is known as retting. Q8] How is jute processed? Ans:- 1) retting is followed by rinsing , washing, cleaning and drying in the sun, It is then graded and made into bundles which are pressed into bales. Jute for export is pressed into bales that weigh about 180 kg each and the jute for local market is pressed into bales weighing from 55 kg to 150 kg. Q9] What is Mesta? Ans:- Mesta is a substitute for jute. It is a coarser fibre, inferior to jute in quality and strength and is used for making gunny bags. It tolerates drier conditions and is grown in more or less the same areas where jute is grown. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 11 Q10] Name the areas where jute is grown Ans:- The areas are 1) The Ganga- Brahmaputra valley and the delta in West Bengal. 2) It is also grown in the deltas of the river Mahanadi and river Godavari 3) Assam is the second largest producer of jute. 4) Other states are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal , Tripura, Orissa Q11] Who is giving stiff competition to jute? Ans:-Stiff competition is offered in international market by Bangladesh , Philippines and also by synthetic fibre such as Nylon. Q12] What was the setback to the jute industry in India ? Ans:- In 1947, when Bengal was divided into west Bengal { India} and east Bengal [ Pakistan now Bangladesh] the jute mills were in our territory while the jute fields were allotted to Pakistan. This was the setback to the jute industry . This led to the loss of many foreign markets. Q13] Why West Bengal is best suited to growing of jute? Ans:- because 1) The delta region is rich in alluvium which is replenished by floods every year . [ Khadar soil] 2) It is hot all the year round with heavy rainfall above 200 cm 3) The land is flat and there is plenty of fresh soft water for retting from Ganga- Brahmaputra. 4) It has excellent port of Kolkata for trade and transport Q14] Why are floods beneficial for the growth of Jute? Ans:-Jute is soil- exhaustive and soil is better replenished by fresh deposits of alluvium during annual floods. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 12 Tea:It is a brevarage crop and also a plantation crop . In 1823, a Britisher, Robert Bruce, located wild tea plants in Assam, but it was Lord William Bentick, the British Governer- General, who took steps to cultivate tea on large scale. India is the largest producer of Black Tea. China is the second largest producer of tea. Q1] Name three types of tea. Ans:- 1) Black tea 2) Green tea 3) Oolong tea. Most of the green and oolong tea come from China, Japan and Taiwan Q2] What is Green tea? Ans:- Green tea is made by steaming the leaves in large vats which prevent the leaves from changing colour. The leaves are crushed in machines and dried in ovens. There is no fermentation in the processing of this type of tea.. it is popular in China and Japan . Q3] What is oolong tea? Ans:- This tea is made by partially fermenting the leaves which give them a greenish brown color. It comes from China , Japan and Taiwan. Q4] What is the geographical requirement for tea cultivation? Ans:- Temperature:- 24 c to 30 c , but 25 c is most suitable. Rainfall:- 150 cm to 250 cm, well distributed throughout the year Soil:- The soil must be well drained and rich in nitrogen. Sandy loams are the best. As water must drain away hence grown on hill slopes up to an altitude of 2000 m. Stagnant water is harmful , hence drainage is given priority when plantation are at lower level. Frost is injurious to the growth of new plants. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 13 Q5] What are the methods of tea propagation [ sowing of tea]? Ans:- 1) Tea is grown by sowing these seeds in nursery beds where they germinate and grow for 9 to 12 months. . After this they are transplanted to the tea gardens or tea estates. 2) By Clonal planting:- Cutting are taken from a tea plant called the mother plant known for its better yield, special flavor and quality, and then grown so as to to produce tea shrubs yielding the same superior quality of tea. They are first grown in nurseries and a year later when they are about 20 cm high they are transplanted to the main tea garden or plantation. This method is known a clonal planting and is becoming increasingly popular. Q6] What are shelter belts? Ans:- The tea shrubs are grown at a distance of 1 m in rows. Rows of shade-giving trees are planted alternately with tea shrubs. They are called shelter belts. They help to reduce summer temperature , controls soil erosion , provides additional income to the farmers and helps to restore soil fertility. Q7] What is a flush? Ans;- It consist of several leaves and a bud. It takes 40 days for a tea plant to produce a full flush of leaves ready for picking. Q8) What is fine plucking? Ans:- For the finest quality tea , they pluck two leaves and a bud. This is called fine plucking . Q9) Why is regular pruning of tea done? Ans:- It is done to keep the shrubs at the required height of 1 m to facilitate plucking and the growth of fresh , softer New leaves or flush . Q10 ) What are the main process involved to prepare black tea? Ans:- 1)Withering:- The leaves are spread over shelves called withering racks and air is blown over the leaves to reduce their moisture content and to make them soft and flexible. 2) Rolling:- This twist the leaf to break its cells, exposing their juice to the air for fermentation, which in turn helps to give tea its special flavor. 3) Fermentation:- Fermentation or oxidation of tannin gives the tea leaves the red color as they change chemically under controlled humidity and temperature in the fermenting room where they are spread on racks. 4) Firing:- leaves are placed on conveyor belts in an oven with temperatures of 70 c to 75 c to dry them and give them their rich black color. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 14 5) Sifitng:- Sifting of large and small broken and unbroken leaves is done with the help of special sifters with holes of different sizes. 6) Tasting and blending:- Tea grown in different parts of the country vary in taste, flavor and quality, so special tea- tasters with sensitive taste buds are employed to taste and blend tea to evolve a special brand or quality of tea. 7) Grading:- This is done according to quality and brand and given fancy name eg- Darjeeling or Nilgiri tea or orange pekoe, Brooke Bond, Lipton and Tata Tea. 8) Packing:- Packing is done in tinfoil and plywood Chests protects tea against dampness. 9) Export:- Tea is exported from Kolkata which is the largest tea exporting port in the world, and Kochi for tea produced in the South 10 ) CTC machine ie. Crushing, tearing, and curling machine is now widely used as it combines all the stages of processing. It is labour saving compared to orthodox method. Q11] Name the areas where tea is produced largely. Ans:- The areas / regions are :- The Brahmaputra and Surma valleys of Assam which is the largest producer of tea. Darjeeling in West Bengal also produces tea on large scale In the south- the slopes of Nilgiri hills, Anaimalai hills, Cardamom and Palni hills Q12) Name the leading producers of tea. Ans:- In North the states are The Leading state is Assam[ Brahmaputra valley and Surma Valley] West Bengal [ Darjeeling hills] , Other states are Tripura, Manipur & In the south they are Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu . Q13) Name the most important port for the export of tea. Ans:- The Kolkota port is the most important port for export of tea in North [ It is the world s largest exporter of Black tea in the world and Kochi for the export in the south. Q14] What conditions favor growth of tea in the Nilgiri hills? Ans- 1] Hills slopes help the rain water to drain away. 2] Cool climate on hill slopes help the leaves to add flavor 3] The soil on Nilgiri hill slopes i.e red soil is suitable when fertilizer is added. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 15 Q15] Why blending is necessary for tea? Ans- Because it gives special aroma and to make many proprietary brands. Q16] (i) Name the leading producer of tea in India. (ii) What factor have helped it to become the leading state. Ans (i) Assam is the leading producer of tea in India Mostly grown in Brahmaputra valley and Surma Valley (ii) Because of low altitude, rich loamy soil conditions, heavy rainfall Q17] What is the difference between rabi and Kharif crops? Name a very important typical rabi and Kharif crop grown in India ? Ans:- Kharif crop Rabi crop 1) Kharif crops are sown in the monsoon season. 1) Rabi crops are sown in the winter season. 2) They are Sown in June & July & harvested in 2) They are Sown in Oct Nov & harvested in the the month of October - November month of March- April. 3) Rice, jowar, bajra, cotton, jute etc are Kharif 3) Wheat, Gram, barley and mustard are the main rabi crop. crop Coffee: The name coffee is derived from that of the highland district of kaffa in Ethiopia. It was introduced in India by the British in 1830 Q1] Name the three type of coffee which is commercially cultivated. Ans: - Arabica: - Superior quality [ Takes time to grow more than 7 years ] Robusta: - It is cheapest [ Grows faster in 5 to 6 years ] Liberica: - used to make instant coffee. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 16 Q2]What are the Geographical Condition to grow coffee? Ans:- Temperature:- 15 c to 28 c [ 30 0 c] Rainfall:- 125 cm to 200cm well distributed throughout the year. [ 200 cm ] Soil:- Black regur soil, well drained with humus, red and late rite soil are ideal. Grown on the slopes to prevent water logging Frost is injurious to coffee plant and so are the direct rays of the sun ,hence shelter belts are provided. Q3] How are coffee seeds planted? Ans:- Seedlings or cuttings [ colonel planting] are prepared in nurseries or beds and transplanted after 6 months to 2 years in furrows, 3 m apart, Saplings are protected by the shade of tree eg- silver oak, jackfruit, bananas. Interplanting with oranges, cardamom and pepper. Vines is usual and supplements the farmer s income. Q4] How are coffee berries processed? Ans:1. After the berries are picked they are put through a bath of running water called Sluice .Where sticks, leaves and bad berries float and can be removed. 2. The good berries then go to a pulping house where machinery removes the pulp & skin. 3. The beans then run through a series of fermenting and washing tank. 4. The coffee beans are then dried and left to cure for several weeks. 5. Hulling and peeling are the next steps. Hulling machine removes the parchment and silver skin 6. The beans are separated and sorted till only the best and largest beans are left. 7. At roasting plant, the beans are emptied into chutes leading from an upper to a lower floor where blending machine blends the different types of coffee. 8. For oversea export coffee beans are graded and packed in sacks of 60 kg. Q5] What are the special processing methods of coffee ? Ans- 1) Wet method or parchment method:This method is used for parchment of coffee which consists of removal of the skin , pulping, fermentation, washing and drying. Nowadays there are mechanized process on coffee estates. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 17 2) Dry Method or Native Method :The covering is removed by drying in the sun . Seeds are pounded to remove the outer covering. The colour, flavor and taste of coffee are the result of roasting. Q6] Name the areas where coffee is grown in India. Ans:- In South- the Nilgiris are the most productive areas, Cardamom hills, Palni hills, Anaimalai hills State;- Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh and Orissa Q7] Name the most important port for the export of tea. Ans:- In North east Kolkata port and in South Kochi and Chennai Oil Seeds:1. Ground nut [ Bunch type and runner type ] Season -Kharif Temperature -20 c to 28 c Rainfall-50 cm to 75 cm Soil- Dry, light and sandy States[leading states]- Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Us e s- Nuts are eaten raw,cooking oil, soap and margarine, residue is used as feed for cattle and other animals, leaves and stalks are provides good fodder, used as rotation crop 3) Sarson, Rai / Rape seed/ Mustard Season rabi Temperature -10 c to 20 c Rainfall-50 cm to 100 cm Soil- Alluvial soil States[leading states]- Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh , Haryana Us e s- residue is used as feed for cattle and other animals, used as rotation crop, is used for seasoning curries pickles and making toilet articles. 4) Name the Oil seed which is mainly rain fed crop. Ans- Groundnuts is an oil seeds which is mainly a rain fed Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 18 Differentiate between Withering Firing The leaves are spread over shelves Leaves are placed on conveyor belts in an oven. called withering racks Air is blown over the leaves to reduce The temperature is 70 c to 75 c to dry them and their moisture content and to make give them their rich black colour them soft and flexible Monocultur Multiple e cropping Single crop is grown year after year When two or more than two crops are and all round the year is called grown simultaneously in the same field is monoculture called multiple cropping Eg:- Rubber plantation, tea, Eg:- Wheat and mustard coffee plantation Molasses Bagasse It is a kind of dark brown syrup that It is the rejected cane after being crushed It is ploughed into the soil, fed to cattle and drains from sugar during the process of manufacture It is used to produce industrial alcohol, fertilizers, rum,treacle and used as fuel for mills. Nowadays it is used yeast in manufacturing paper, fibre-board and synthetic fibres. Retting Ginning Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 19 Retting is soaking of the stalks and the Ginning is the separation of seeds and removal of the fibre from the bark after short fibres or linters from the raw plants are retted or submerged in a pool material fibre called lint. of gently flowing clear water to separate the long strands of fibre from the stem. The fibres are hung up or spread on thatched roofs to dry for two or After ginning lint is packed in bales and sent to factories to be made into thread three days. The jute is then piled in boats for transportation to processing centers. Ratooning Sett method It is the process by which the cane is T his method consist of two or three joints cut close to the ground where the taken from the top of a healthy cane, planted sugar content is concentrated in horizontal, equidistance furrows and piled with fertilized soil. It yields thinner cane and yield is low Its cane is thick and yield is high It requires less capital and labour It requires more capital and is labour hence decreases cost intensive hence requires more cost It matures early than sett crop It take time to mature than ratoon crop Lint Mesta The raw fibre of cotton is called lint Mesta is the substitute for jute, It is a coarser fibre, inferior to jute in quality and strength and is used in making gunny bags. Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 20 Q Give reasons:1. Regur soil is most suitable for cotton cultivation A- Cotton is soil- exhaustive , hence black regur soil is suitable for cultivation It is very fertile and retains moisture 2. Jute cultivation is most successful in West Bengal. 1. West Bengal is most suited to growing of jute because the delta region is rich in alluvium. It is hot all he year round with heavy rainfall of above 200 cm , the land is flat and there is plenty of fresh soft water for retting from the distributaries of Ganga and Brahmaputra. 3. Karnataka is the largest producer of coffee. A- Karnataka is the largest producer of coffee because coffee can be grown well at the altitude of 1,100 m to 2,400 m in tropical highlands it has temperature between 18 c to 28 c, rainfall between 150 cm to 200 cm and has red and lateritic soil which is suitable for growing coffee 5. There has been an increase in the export of oilseeds from India to the west. Ans:-Oilseeds play a very important role in the Indian economy and is in great demand as an export product, especially since the west has become more e and more health- conscious and is substituting animal fats for vegetable oils as a cooking medium. 6. Darjeeling has always been famous for tea. Ans-Tea can be grown at an altitude from 900 m to 2000m . The soil should be well drained and rich in nitrogen , Sandy loams are the best. . Rainfall should be well distributed 150 cm to 250 cm [ 200 cm] , temperature should be 10 c to 35 c .[ 20 to 28 0 c] All these favourable conditions are available in Darjeeling hence it is famous for tea . 7] Sugarcane production is increasing in Maharashtra Ans- The southern States of Maharashtra have well planned plantations Large farms are under sugarcane cultivations use of modern Scientific agricultural methods . The capital investment is tremendous, Modern sugar factories are located close to the plantation hence loss of sucrose do not take place. Irrigation facilities and fertilizers are widely used to ensure good crop of sugar cane. Good credit and banking facility Prepared By Sandhya Borade Page No 21
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