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New York Regents Living Environment June 2012

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LIVING ENVIRONMENT The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Tuesday, June 19, 2012 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only Student Name _____________________________________________________________ School Name ______________________________________________________________ Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. A separate answer sheet for multiple-choice questions in Parts A, B 1, B 2, and D has been provided to you. Follow the instructions from the proctor for completing the student information on your answer sheet. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination. Record your answers for all multiple-choice questions, including those in Parts B 2 and D, on the separate answer sheet. Record your answers for all open-ended questions directly in this examination booklet. All answers in this examination booklet should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record all your answers on the answer sheet or in this examination booklet as directed. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the declaration printed on your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration. Notice... A four-function or scientific calculator must be made available for you to use while taking this examination. The use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you use any communications device, no matter how briefly, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you. DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN. LIVING ENVIRONMENT Part A Answer all questions in this part. [30] Directions (1 30): For each statement or question, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. 5 A single-celled organism is represented below. 1 One characteristic of all living things is that they (1) develop organ systems (2) produce identical offspring (3) maintain internal stability (4) synthesize only inorganic matter X 2 The diagram below represents interactions between organisms in a stable ecosystem. Structure X carries out a function most similar to which structure in a human? (1) lung (3) ovary (2) brain (4) heart D C 6 Parrots are tropical birds. However, in some areas of New York City, some parrots have been able to survive outdoors year-round. These parrots survive, while most others cannot, due to (1) overproduction of offspring (2) extinction of previous species (3) asexual reproduction of parrots with a mutation (4) a variation that allows these parrots to live in colder climates B A Which statement correctly describes organisms in this ecosystem? (1) Organisms in level B obtain their energy directly from the Sun. (2) Organisms in level C obtain their nutrients directly from organisms in level D. (3) Organisms in level A are herbivores. (4) Organisms in level D are heterotrophic. 7 Changing one base in a gene could have the most direct effect on the (1) function of the membrane of a cell (2) sequence of building blocks of a protein found in a cell (3) number of mitochondria in a cell (4) type of carbohydrates synthesized by a cell 3 Due to overfishing, the number of fish in the ocean could drastically decrease. This will cause (1) an increase in the stability of the oceans (2) an increase in the salt content of the oceans (3) a decrease in the stability of the oceans (4) a decrease in the oxygen available in the oceans 8 An alteration of genetic information is shown below. A-G-T-A-C-C-G-A-T A-G-T-G-A-T 4 Which substance can enter a cell by diffusion without having to be digested? (1) water (3) starch (2) protein (4) fat Living Environment June 12 This type of alteration of the genetic information is an example of (1) deletion (3) substitution (2) insertion (4) recombination [2] 9 The table below shows adaptations in two organisms. Environmental Adaptations Organism Environment Adaptation desert rat hot and dry comes out of burrow only at night Arctic poppy plant cold and windy grows low to ground next to rocks The presence of these adaptations is most likely the result of (1) reproductive technology (3) asexual reproduction (2) natural selection (4) human interference 10 The diagram below represents an activity that occurs in the human body. A person exercises and body temperature increases. Small blood vessels near the surface of the skin increase in diameter. This diagram best illustrates (1) active transport (2) maintenance of homeostasis Body temperature decreases. (3) synthesis of nutrients (4) differentiation 11 In which row in the chart below is a human action correctly paired with its environmental impact? Row Human Action Environmental Impact (1) deforestation increased biodiversity (2) population growth increased number of species (3) industrialization increased global temperature (4) overharvesting increased mineral resources Living Environment June 12 [3] [OVER] 15 Which situation results in a characteristic that is inheritable? (1) A limb is lost when two marine organisms fight. (2) A puppy learns to beg for food by watching an older dog perform tricks. (3) A gene is inserted into a bacterium, allowing the organism to produce insulin. (4) A random mutation causes the immediate death of a microbe. 12 A laboratory technique is represented in the diagram below. Letter A represents a process. DNA A Cell 1 DNA Cell 3 16 Which statement best describes bat populations in a stable ecosystem? (1) They are held in check by environmental factors. (2) They are producers that rely indirectly on other producers. (3) They are not limited by natural predators. (4) They are not dependent on other species. Cell 2 Which specific chemicals are needed to successfully carry out the process shown at A? (1) receptor molecules (3) enzymes (2) carbohydrates (4) starch molecules 17 Which characteristic of a geographic region would have the greatest influence on the type of ecosystem that forms in that region? (1) ratio of autotrophs to heterotrophs (2) concentration of atmospheric oxygen (3) number of food chains (4) climatic conditions 13 The diagram below represents genetic material. 18 A scientist claimed that he had cloned a guinea pig to produce two offspring, a male and a female. The claim is not valid because (1) guinea pigs can reproduce both sexually and asexually (2) the two offspring are not identical copies of the original guinea pig (3) each of the offspring had half the genetic information of the original guinea pig (4) none of the genetic information came from the original guinea pig X The expression of the section labeled X may be modified by (1) temperature, only (2) asexual reproduction (3) the environment (4) pH, only 19 The major function of the placenta is to (1) cushion the fetus so it won t be hurt when the mother moves (2) exchange food, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetus (3) store food for the fetus (4) support the egg for the process of fertilization 14 Characteristics that are harmful to a species tend to decrease in frequency from generation to generation because these characteristics usually (1) have a high survival value for the species (2) have a low survival value for the species (3) are inherited by more individuals (4) affect only the older members of the population Living Environment June 12 [4] 25 The diagram below represents a cycling of materials. 20 During the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is converted into (1) chemical energy in the bonds of inorganic molecules (2) chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules (3) enzymes used to produce inorganic molecules (4) enzymes used to produce organic molecules X 21 A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering with the production of proteins in the insect would most directly affect the activity of (1) ribosomes (3) chloroplasts (2) minerals (4) mitochondria Y Human Plant Which row in the chart below shows the substances represented by X and Y? Row 22 When two different bird species temporarily occupy the same niche, they would most likely (1) change their nesting behaviors (2) not affect one another (3) interbreed to form a new species (4) compete with one another X Y (1) carbon dioxide (2) glucose oxygen (3) carbon dioxide oxygen (4) 23 Which group would most likely be represented in a food chain? (1) biotic factors (2) abiotic factors (3) inorganic compounds (4) finite resources oxygen amino acids carbon dioxide 26 Over a long period of time, the stages represented in the diagram below were each present in a particular ecosystem. Stages in an Ecosystem 24 Which statement describes a similarity between all enzymes, antibodies, and hormones? (1) Their chemical structure is critical to their ability to function. (2) Their ability to replicate identical copies ensures continuation of the species. (3) They work better at 100 C than 37 C. (4) They are made by and carried by the blood. A B Forest Charred stumps C D Young Grasses evergreens and shrubs and shrubs After a forest fire, what is the most likely order in which these stages appeared? (1) D C A B (3) A B C D (2) B D C A (4) B C D A Living Environment June 12 [5] [OVER] 28 Which activity would reduce biodiversity in a forest ecosystem? (1) adding plants that are naturally resistant to insects (2) protecting wildflowers from logging activities (3) replacing harvested trees with young trees that are naturally found in the forest (4) clearing a large area and planting one species of hardwood tree that can be used for lumber 27 A ski resort installed a wind turbine similar to those represented below to supply some of its energy needs. 29 An increase in the amount of ultraviolet light entering the atmosphere through holes in the ozone layer will most likely (1) reduce the rate of photosynthesis in fungi (2) result in rapid recycling of finite resources (3) prevent animal migration (4) cause an increase in the rate of certain mutations This turbine was most likely installed because wind power is (1) renewable and does substantial damage to the atmosphere (2) renewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere (3) nonrenewable and does substantial damage to the atmosphere (4) nonrenewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere Living Environment June 12 30 Many scientists suggest that billions of years ago, life on Earth began with (1) simple, single-celled organisms (2) simple, multicellular organisms (3) complex, single-celled organisms (4) complex, multicellular organisms [6] Part B 1 Answer all questions in this part. [13] Directions (31 43): For each statement or question, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Base your answers to questions 34 and 35 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The letters in the diagram indicate structures present in a human male. Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Diabetes is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. One form of diabetes occurs when insulin fails to properly regulate blood sugar levels. Complications from diabetes can include nerve cell damage and poor blood flow, especially in the feet and legs. In individuals with diabetes, wounds usually take longer than normal to heal. A B B C D E 31 The failure of a cell to react in a normal manner to insulin is most likely the result of a problem with (1) vacuoles (3) mitochondria (2) receptors (4) sugars 34 Which structure produces the male hormone responsible for characteristics such as muscle development, deep voice, and gamete production? (1) A (3) E (2) B (4) D 32 One reason for the change in wound healing time in a diabetic is that (1) elevated hormone levels block the synthesis of glucose in immune cells (2) nerve damage increases absorption of glucose by healthy cells (3) poor circulation reduces the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the cells (4) decreased enzyme production slows protein synthesis in pancreatic cells 35 What change would occur immediately if both structures labeled B were damaged or blocked? (1) Structure A would decrease in size. (2) The blood supply to structure E would decrease. (3) Gametes would no longer be transported to structure C. (4) Structure D would be able to deliver more gametes. 33 The diagram below represents a series of events that occur in living cells. 36 Which term refers to the ecological niche of many bacteria and fungi in an ecosystem? (1) decomposer (3) producer (2) herbivore (4) scavenger Carbohydrates Energy for cell activities X Which molecule is indicated by X? (1) glucose (3) carbon dioxide (2) ATP (4) protein Living Environment June 12 [7] [OVER] 37 The diagram below represents a model of a biological process that occurs in humans at normal body temperature, 37 C. A B D C + Increasing body temperature to 40 C would interfere most directly with the rate of function of structure (3) C (1) A (2) B (4) D Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents the reproductive cycle of a squirrel species with 40 chromosomes in each zygote. Adult squirrels Young squirrels A Sperm Eggs Zygotes 38 A process that could be represented by A is (1) fertilization (2) meiosis (3) mitosis (4) mutation 39 A liver cell in this species of squirrel would have (1) 20 chromosomes (2) 40 chromosomes (3) 60 chromosomes (4) 80 chromosomes 40 A sample of body cells and samples of sex cells received from four members of a species are screened for the presence of a specific gene mutation. The results of the gene-testing procedure conducted on the cells are shown in the table below. Species Member Tested 1 2 3 4 Type of Cells Tested and the Result (+ = mutation present, = mutation absent) Body Cells + + + Sperm Egg + + + Which species member would be unlikely to pass the gene mutation on to its offspring? (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 Living Environment June 12 [8] Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents an energy pyramid for an ecosystem in the Australian outback. Kookaburras Wedge-tailed eagles Dingos Silky mice Koalas Eucalyptus trees Kangaroos and wallabies Wombats Kangaroo grasses and sedges 41 Wombats are classified as herbivores because they can (1) get energy from the Sun (2) provide energy for the kookaburras Gum trees (3) get nutrition from the grasses and sedges (4) provide nutrition for the kangaroos 42 Which two organisms could have a predator-prey relationship? (1) kookaburras and gum trees (3) dingos and kangaroo grasses (2) kangaroos and silky mice (4) wedge-tailed eagles and wombats 43 Dingos are an introduced species in Australia that are outcompeting many native species. Which of the current environmental problems most likely resulted directly from the introduction of dingos to Australia? (1) vanishing of kangaroo grasses (3) forests overrun with koalas (2) near extinction of wallabies (4) increase in the kookaburra population Living Environment June 12 [9] [OVER] Part B 2 Answer all questions in this part. [12] Directions (44 55): For those questions that are multiple choice, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the choice that, of those given, best completes each statement or answers each question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given and record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. Base your answers to questions 44 through 48 on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology. Daphnia (water fleas) are sensitive to many changes in pond ecosystems. For this reason they are often used in bioassays, tests in which organisms are exposed to various levels of a chemical to determine what levels are safe. The results of these tests determine whether or not the chemical being tested will affect other pond organisms. An experiment was designed to determine the toxicity of different salt solutions on cultures of daphnia. Five fish tanks were each filled with the same amount of water containing different concentrations of salt. Ten daphnia were placed into each tank. After 48 hours, the number of daphnia that had survived and the number of daphnia that had died in each tank were recorded and the percent mortality was calculated. The results of the experiment are shown in the data table below. Effect of Salt Concentration on Daphnia After 48 Hours Salt Concentration Number that Number that Mortality (%) (g/L) Survived Died 0.63 8 2 20 1.25 7 3 30 2.5 10 0 0 5.0 3 7 70 10.0 0 10 100 Directions (44 46): Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid on the next page, following the directions below. 44 Label the x-axis. Be sure to include units. [1] 45 Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each axis. [1] 46 Plot the data for mortality on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. [1] Example: Living Environment June 12 [10] Effect of Salt Concentration on Daphnia After 48 Hours Note: The answer to question 47 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 47 Which salt concentration was most toxic to the daphnia in this experiment? (1) 1.25 g/L (3) 5.0 g/L (2) 2.5 g/L (4) 10.0 g/L 48 Which salt concentration is most likely closest to the concentration of salt found in the natural environment of this species of daphnia? Support your answer. [1] Salt concentration:_______________________ g/L Living Environment June 12 [11] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 49 through 51 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Beware of Dust Mites Quietly lurking within our mattresses, under our beds, and inside sofas and carpets are creatures too small to be seen without a microscope. Dust mites are arthropods closely related to spiders, scorpions, and ticks. They feed on the dead skin cells regularly shed by humans and their animal pets. The average human sheds about 10 grams of dead skin a week. Cats and dogs create even more dander for dust mites to eat. The mites also eat pollen, fungi, and bacteria. They do not drink water but absorb it from the air. Dust mites do not carry diseases and are harmless to most people. It s their bathroom habits that make some of us itch and sneeze. Many people develop severe allergies to dust mite feces (wastes). If you lie on a rug where dust mites live, you might develop itchy red bumps on your skin. Breathe in dust containing their feces and you might have more serious symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or a severe asthma attack. Dust mites thrive in warm, humid environments eating and nesting in dust-collecting bedding, fabric, and carpet. Think about this! A typical mattress can contain anywhere from 100,000 to 10 million dust mites. Nearly 100,000 dust mites can live in one square yard of carpet. During a process called sensitization, a person s immune system mistakenly identifies the inhaled dust mite waste as an invader. The next time the person is exposed to the dust mite waste, the immune system launches an allergic reaction. Note: The answers to questions 49 and 50 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 49 The immune system of an individual who is allergic to dust mite waste produces (1) specialized chemicals that mark dust mite waste for destruction (2) viruses that combat dust mites (3) white blood cells that attack human skin cells (4) white blood cells that attack the skin cells of cats and dogs 50 An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system (1) does not respond to pathogens (2) maintains homeostasis (3) responds to usually harmless environmental substances (4) undergoes rapid, uncontrolled cell division 51 State one way, other than using a pesticide, that an individual could decrease the number of dust mites present in his home. [1] Living Environment June 12 [12] 52 A small village that is heavily infested with mosquitoes was sprayed with an insecticide once a week for several months. Changes in the size of the mosquito population are shown in the graph below. Daily Mosquito Count Change in Mosquito Population 10,000 5,000 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Months State one way that the population of mosquitoes present 7 months after spraying differs genetically from the population of mosquitoes present before the spraying began. [1] 53 The diagram below shows a branching tree representing the evolution of ten different groups of organisms alive today. Chordata Arthropoda Mollusca Echinodermata Annelida Nematoda Platyhelminthes Coelenterata Porifera Protozoa Identify the group of organisms that is most closely related to the Arthropoda group. Support your answer. [1] Group of organisms:_______________________ Living Environment June 12 [13] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 54 and 55 on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph contains information about an ecosystem. The graph below shows the carrying capacities of an ecosystem for three different species, 1, 2, and 3, that inhabit an area and the actual population sizes of these three different species in the area. Number of Individuals in the Species Carrying Capacities of an Ecosystem Key Carrying capacity Actual population size 1 2 3 Species 54 Identify which species population would most likely have the greatest competition among its members. Support your answer using information from the graph. [1] Species number:_______________________ 55 Explain how an ecosystem can have three different carrying capacities. [1] Living Environment June 12 [14] Part C Answer all questions in this part. [17] Directions (56 72): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. Base your answers to questions 56 through 60 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A chemical known as fertex affects external fertilization of sea urchin eggs. An experiment was set up using three tanks to investigate the effect of fertex. Each tank had a different concentration of fertex: 1%, 2%, and 3%. Ten sea urchin eggs and 2 mL of sea urchin sperm were added to each of the three tanks. A fourth tank was set up as a control. 56 State one way the contents of the control tank would differ from the contents of the three experimental tanks. [1] 57 Identify two factors that must be kept the same in all four tanks. [1] Factor 1: Factor 2: 58 State one way to improve the validity of the experimental results. [1] 59 Identify the independent variable in the experiment. [1] 60 State one example of the type of data that should be collected during the experiment. [1] Living Environment June 12 [15] [OVER] Base your answer to question 61 63 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. 61 63 In order to enroll in most schools, students must be vaccinated against certain viral diseases, such as mumps. Even with these vaccinations, many students still suffer from other diseases. Discuss how a vaccination works and why some students still become infected with other diseases. In your answer, be sure to: identify what is present in a vaccine that stimulates an immune response [1] describe how a vaccine protects against disease [1] state why a student vaccinated against mumps can still be infected by the pathogens that cause other diseases, such as chicken pox [1] 64 Recently, the bison population in Yellowstone National Park declined significantly. This was due in part to a particularly harsh winter. State one reason why a harsh winter would have this negative effect on the bison population. [1] 65 People who live in rural areas often use septic tanks for the storage of sewage. These people often flush a product containing harmless bacteria down the toilet once a month. These bacteria break down the sewage before it enters the environment. State one ecologically sound reason for this action. [1] Living Environment June 12 [16] Base your answer to question 66 68 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Officials OK Insect Release To Control Invasive Vine The U.S. federal government has approved the release of a non-indigenous [nonnative] insect on Guam and in the Northern Marianas to control the rapid spread of a vine that is covering forests like a blanket, the Saipan Tribune reports. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has given the green light to breed and release the Heteropsylla spinulosa insect, which eats the Mimosa dilotricha [diplotricha] vine. The fastspreading plant is found in many Pacific Islands, but is particularly widespread in the Northern Marianas and on Guam. It usually kills the trees and shrubs that it covers. Officials will collect the insect from Pohnpei, in the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau and Australia. Source: Officials OK Insect Release To Control Invasive Vine, 4/2/08, www.saipantribune.com 66 68 Discuss the advantages of using the insect to control the rapid spread of the Mimosa diplotricha vine on Guam and the Northern Marianas. In your answer, be sure to: state one possible way the Mimosa diplotricha vine kills trees and shrubs [1] identify one location from which the Heteropsylla spinulosa insect will be collected [1] explain why releasing the insect might be safer than spraying chemicals to kill the vine [1] Living Environment June 12 [17] [OVER] Base your answer to question 69 72 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Chickens as Drug Factories Scientists in Scotland have successfully produced five generations of chickens that lay eggs containing certain protein-based drugs. The scientists changed the DNA of the chickens so that two drugs, one used to treat skin cancer and the other used to treat multiple sclerosis, were present in the egg whites. Cows, sheep, and goats have already been altered to produce protein-based drugs in their milk. Chickens are considered good drug factories because they are inexpensive to care for, they grow fast, and their chicks inherit the special drug-producing ability. 69 72 Explain why scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present in the chickens. In your answer, be sure to: identify the technique used to alter the DNA [1] state one reason why the scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present in the chickens [1] state one advantage of using chickens for this procedure [1] state one reason why some people might not support this method of drug production [1] Living Environment June 12 [18] Part D Answer all questions in this part. [13] Directions (73 85): For those questions that are multiple choice, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the choice that, of those given, best completes each statement or answers each question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given and record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. Note: The answer to question 73 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 73 Certain chemicals, such as cytochrome C, are found within cells of all living organisms. The biochemical structure of cytochrome C in ground finches and in tree finches is very similar. This suggests that tree finches and ground finches have (1) identical DNA (3) evolved at the same time (2) a common ancestor (4) the same nesting site Note: The answer to question 74 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 74 The diagram below represents the results of a laboratory procedure. This procedure is used to (1) separate molecules in a liquid mixture (2) determine the rate of photosynthesis in plants Living Environment June 12 [19] (3) detect glucose in a solution (4) examine the gene sequences of organisms [OVER] Base your answers to questions 75 through 77 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches Large ground finch Medium ground finch Pr Mainly animal food All animal food obing bills Probing Cactus finch Large tree finch i ng tip s Mainly plant food a s p i n g b ill s Sharp-billed ground finch ill s B it E d g e cru sh in C r u s hi n g b g Gr Small ground finch Vegetarian finch Small tree finch Woodpecker finch Warbler finch from: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide Note: The answers to questions 75 and 76 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 75 Which species of finch has an edge-crushing bill that can also probe into plants for food? (1) cactus finch (3) warbler finch (2) sharp-billed ground finch (4) large ground finch 76 One finch that would most likely compete with the warbler finch for food is the (1) woodpecker finch (3) sharp-billed ground finch (2) cactus finch (4) vegetarian finch 77 The large ground finch, sharp-billed ground finch, and small tree finch inhabit the same island. If the insect population decreases, which finch would most likely be affected? Support your answer. [1] Finch:_______________________ Living Environment June 12 [20] Base your answers to questions 78 and 79 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. An artificial cell filled with a glucose solution was placed in a beaker of water, as represented below. The beaker was left undisturbed for 20 minutes. = Glucose 78 In the diagram below, draw in the expected location of the glucose molecules after 20 minutes. [1] = Glucose 79 If both glucose and starch were added to the artificial cell, where would the starch be located after 20 minutes? [1] 80 State one advantage of using a stain to study frog skin cells with a microscope. [1] Living Environment June 12 [21] [OVER] Note: The answer to question 81 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 81 An experiment was designed to test whether students could squeeze a clothespin more times in 1 minute after resting or after exercising. What would be a hypothesis for the experiment? (1) Do students squeeze clothespins more often in 1 minute after exercising? (2) Can most students squeeze a clothespin more times after they rest? (3) Ten students who exercise before squeezing a clothespin squeezed it more times in 1 minute than ten students who rested first. (4) Students who rest before squeezing a clothespin will squeeze it fewer times in 1 minute than students who exercise beforehand. Note: The answer to question 82 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 82 DNA samples can be separated according to size using the technique of (1) chromatography (3) replication (2) electrophoresis (4) dissection Base your answers to questions 83 through 85 on the Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of biology. Universal Genetic Code Chart Messenger RNA Codons and the Amino Acids for Which They Code SECOND BASE U U U F I R S T B A S E C A G UUU UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AUU AUC AUA AUG GUU GUC GUA GUG Living Environment June 12 C PHE LEU LEU ILE MET or START VAL UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG A UAU UAC UAA UAG SER CAU CAC CAA CAG PRO AAU AAC AAA AAG THR GAU GAC GAA GAG ALA [22] G TYR STOP HIS GLN ASN LYS ASP GLU UGU UGC UGA UGG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG CYS STOP TRP ARG U C A G U C T H A I G R D SER ARG GLY U C A G U C A G B A S E 83 Complete the missing amino acid sequences for plant species A in the table below. [1] 84 Complete the missing mRNA base sequences for plant species B in the table below. [1] Plant Species Table Endangered plant species AGT GGA mRNA base sequence UUA GGC UCA CCU LEU GLY SER PRO DNA base sequence AAC CCA AGT GGA UUG GGU UCA CCU amino acid sequence _________ _________ _________ _________ DNA base sequence ATA CCC AGG GGA mRNA base sequence _________ _________ _________ _________ amino acid sequence TYR GLY SER PRO DNA base sequence CAT CCT ATA GGA mRNA base sequence GUA GGA UAU CCU amino acid sequence Plant species C CCG mRNA base sequence Plant species B AAT amino acid sequence Plant species A DNA base sequence VAL GLY TYR PRO 85 Based on the information provided in the completed table, which plant species is most closely related to the endangered species? Support your answer. [1] Species:_______________________ Living Environment June 12 [23] LIVING ENVIRONMENT Printed on Recycled Paper LIVING ENVIRONMENT FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LE LIVING ENVIRONMENT Tuesday, June 19, 2012 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only SCORING KEY AND RATING GUIDE Directions to the Teacher: Refer to the directions on page 2 before rating student papers. Updated information regarding the rating of this examination may be posted on the New York State Education Department s web site during the rating period. Check this web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/ and select the link Scoring Information for any recently posted information regarding this examination. This site should be checked before the rating process for this examination begins and several times throughout the Regents Examination period. Multiple Choice for Parts A, B 1, B 2, and D Allow 1 credit for each correct response. Part A 1 ......3...... 9 ......2...... 17 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 2 ......4...... 10 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 3 ......3...... 11 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 4 ......1...... 12 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 5 ......1...... 13 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 6 ......4...... 14 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 7 ......2...... 15 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 8 ......1...... 16 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . Part B 1 31 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . Part B 2 47 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 73 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 75 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . Part D 81 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 74 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 76 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 82 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . Directions to the Teacher Follow the procedures below for scoring student answer papers for the Regents Examination in Living Environment. Additional information about scoring is provided in the publication Information Booklet for Scoring Regents Examinations in the Sciences. Do not attempt to correct the student s work by making insertions or changes of any kind. Allow 1 credit for each correct response. At least two science teachers must participate in the scoring of the Part B 2, Part C, and Part D openended questions on a student s paper. Each of these teachers should be responsible for scoring a selected number of the open-ended questions on each answer paper. No one teacher is to score more than approximately one-half of the open-ended questions on a student s answer paper. Students responses must be scored strictly according to the Scoring Key and Rating Guide. For openended questions, credit may be allowed for responses other than those given in the rating guide if the response is a scientifically accurate answer to the question and demonstrates adequate knowledge as indicated by the examples in the rating guide. On the student s separate answer sheet, for each question, record the number of credits earned and the teacher s assigned rater/scorer letter. Fractional credit is not allowed. Only whole-number credit may be given for a response. If the student gives more than one answer to a question, only the first answer should be rated. Units need not be given when the wording of the questions allows such omissions. For hand scoring, raters should enter the scores earned in the appropriate boxes printed on the separate answer sheet. Next, the rater should add these scores and enter the total in the box labeled Total Raw Score. Then the student s raw score should be converted to a scale score by using the conversion chart that will be posted on the Department s web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/ on Tuesday, June 19, 2012. The student s scale score should be entered in the box labeled Scale Score on the student s answer sheet. The scale score is the student s final examination score. Schools are no longer permitted to rescore any of the open-ended questions on this exam after each question has been rated once, regardless of the final exam score. Schools are required to ensure that the raw scores have been added correctly and that the resulting scale score has been determined accurately. Because scale scores corresponding to raw scores in the conversion chart may change from one administration to another, it is crucial that for each administration, the conversion chart provided for that administration be used to determine the student s final score. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [2] Part B 2 44 [1] Allow 1 credit for Salt Concentration (g/L). Note: Do not allow credit for a response without the units label, g/L. 45 [1] Allow 1 credit for marking an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each axis. 46 [1] Allow 1 credit for correctly plotting the data for mortality and connecting the points. Example of a 3-credit graph for questions 44 46: Effect of Salt Concentration on Daphnia After 48 Hours 100 90 80 Mortality (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Salt Concentration (g/L) Note: Allow credit if the points are plotted correctly but not circled. Do not assume that the intersection of the x- and y-axes is the origin (0,0) unless it is labeled. An appropriate scale only needs to include the data range in the data table. Do not allow credit if points are plotted that are not in the data table, e.g., (0,0), or for extending lines beyond the data points. 47 MC on scoring key Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [3] 48 [1] Allow 1 credit for 2.5 g/L and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: No daphnia died at this concentration of salt. The most daphnia lived. 49 MC on scoring key 50 MC on scoring key 51 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: do not have a cat or a dog lower the amount of moisture in the air in the home do not have carpet on the floor vacuum often clean or remove dust often wash bedding frequently 52 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Seven months later, there is a higher frequency in the population of the gene for resistance to the insecticide. Most of the mosquitoes will have the variation that protects them from the pesticide. More have the gene that makes them immune to the effect of the pesticide. More mosquitoes have the gene that allows them to survive. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [4] 53 [1] Allow 1 credit for Annelida and supporting the answer. They are closer to each other on the branch (tree). Arthropoda and Annelida share a specific common ancestor that the other organisms don t share. 54 [1] Allow 1 credit for 2 and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The population size is greater than the size of the population that the ecosystem can support. Because it is above its carrying capacity, the ecosystem cannot supply enough food for survival, so members of the species compete for limited food. 55 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Each species has different life requirements, and the type and number of resources in an ecosystem will influence the population sizes of species living there. Each species has different requirements, which affect how many organisms can be supported by the ecosystem. Different species occupy different niches. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [5] Part C 56 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The control tank would not contain any fertex, while the experimental tank would contain fertex. The control tank would have no fertex. 57 [1] Allow 1 credit for two acceptable responses. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: amount of water temperature of water salinity of water amount of light time sperm and eggs remain in water size of tanks amount of sperm the number of eggs 58 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: increase the sample size repeat the experiment have more tanks for each concentration 59 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: amount of fertex percent of fertex concentration of fertex Note: Do not allow credit for just fertex without a quantifier. 60 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: percent of fertilization in each tank over time number of eggs fertilized at end of experiment number of sea urchins that develop/grow in each tank Note: The type of data must be measurable. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [6] Note: The student s response to the bulleted items in question 61 63 need not appear in the following order. 61 [1] Allow 1 credit for identifying what is present in a vaccine that stimulates an immune response. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: dead/weakened virus/germ antigens small pieces of the virus/viral coat Note: Do not allow credit for a little bit of the disease or a small amount of the virus. 62 [1] Allow 1 credit for describing how a vaccine protects against disease. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: It causes an immune response, so that your body can respond quicker next time you are exposed to the same pathogen/organism. It causes the body to produce antibodies that fight the disease. 63 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating why a student vaccinated against mumps can still be infected by the pathogens that cause other diseases, such as chicken pox. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Vaccines protect only against specific diseases. Antibodies are specific. 64 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The young and old bison are more likely to perish during a harsh winter. More energy is used by the bison to keep warm. Less food is available. 65 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: It helps recycle molecules from the organic wastes. They prevent the buildup of human sewage. It prevents contamination of the water supply. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [7] Note: The student s response to the bulleted items in question 66 68 need not appear in the following order. 66 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one possible way the Mimosa diplotricha vine kills trees and shrubs. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: It kills trees and shrubs because it covers them like a blanket, cutting down on the amount of sunlight to these plants. It cuts down on photosynthesis. It outcompetes the trees for water or other nutrients. The vine may have roots that attach to trees and shrubs and absorb nutrients from them. 67 [1] Allow 1 credit for identifying one location from which the Heteropsylla spinulosa insect will be collected. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Pohnpei Palau Australia Micronesia 68 [1] Allow 1 credit for explaining why releasing the insect might be safer than spraying chemicals to kill the vine. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The chemicals may be harmful to people. The chemicals may affect other plants or animals negatively. Using insects does not add chemicals to the environment. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [8] Note: The student s response to the bulleted items in question 69 72 need not appear in the following order. 69 [1] Allow 1 credit for identifying the technique used to alter the DNA. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: genetic engineering genetic manipulation gene splicing forming recombinant DNA Note: Do not allow credit for biotechnology. It is a field of science, not a technique. 70 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one reason why the scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present in the chickens. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: DNA carries the code for making the proteins. DNA can replicate and the code will be passed on to offspring. Proteins cannot be used to pass on traits. so the chicks will inherit the drug-producing ability 71 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one advantage of using chickens for this procedure. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: They grow fast. They need less room than bigger animals. Chickens are less expensive. Baby chicks inherit the drug-producing ability. 72 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one reason why some people may not support this method of drug production. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: We don t know the long-term effects of these drugs on the chickens. Some people think products from genetically modified organisms could be harmful. People with egg allergies might not be able to use these drugs. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [9] Part D 73 MC on scoring key 74 MC on scoring key 75 MC on scoring key 76 MC on scoring key 77 [1] Allow 1 credit for small tree finch and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The small tree finch eats animals, whereas the other two birds are plant eaters. It is the only one that eats mainly animal food. The small tree finch eats animals. Since the other two species eat plant food, not animal food, a decreased insect population will not affect them. 78 [1] Allow 1 credit for drawing the expected location of the glucose molecules after 20 minutes. Example of a 1-credit response: = Glucose Note: The actual number of glucose molecules is not important, as long as some glucose is located both inside and outside the cell. 79 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: All of the starch molecules would be in the artificial cell. The starch would not move out of the cell. The starch would stay in the cell. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [10] 80 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: A stain makes some organelles more visible. easier to see cell parts 81 MC on scoring key 82 MC on scoring key 83 [1] Allow 1 credit for the correct amino acid sequences for species A. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [11] 84 [1] Allow 1 credit for the correct mRNA base sequences for species B. Example of a 2-credit response for questions 83 and 84: Plant Species Table Endangered plant species AGT GGA mRNA base sequence UUA GGC UCA CCU LEU GLY SER PRO DNA base sequence AAC CCA AGT GGA UUG GGU UCA CCU amino acid sequence LEU _________ GLY _________ SER _________ PRO _________ DNA base sequence ATA CCC AGG GGA mRNA base sequence UAU _________ GGG _________ UCC _________ CCU _________ amino acid sequence TYR GLY SER PRO DNA base sequence CAT CCT ATA GGA mRNA base sequence GUA GGA UAU CCU amino acid sequence Plant species C CCG mRNA base sequence Plant species B AAT amino acid sequence Plant species A DNA base sequence VAL GLY TYR PRO 85 [1] Allow 1 credit for A and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: It is most closely related to the endangered species because their amino acid sequences are identical. It is most closely related to the endangered species because the DNA sequences are the most similar. Note: Allow credit for a response that is consistent with the student s response to question 83. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [12] The Chart for Determining the Final Examination Score for the June 2012 Regents Examination in Living Environment will be posted on the Department s web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/ on Tuesday, June 19, 2012. Conversion charts provided for previous administrations of the Regents Examination in Living Environment must NOT be used to determine students final scores for this administration. Online Submission of Teacher Evaluations of the Test to the Department Suggestions and feedback from teachers provide an important contribution to the test development process. The Department provides an online evaluation form for State assessments. It contains spaces for teachers to respond to several specific questions and to make suggestions. Instructions for completing the evaluation form are as follows: 1. Go to http://www.forms2.nysed.gov/emsc/osa/exameval/reexameval.cfm. 2. Select the test title. 3. Complete the required demographic fields. 4. Complete each evaluation question and provide comments in the space provided. 5. Click the SUBMIT button at the bottom of the page to submit the completed form. Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 [13] Map to Core Curriculum June 2012 Living Environment Question Numbers Standards Part A 1 30 Part B 1 31 43 Part B 2 44 55 Part C 56 72 Standard 1 Analysis, Inquiry and Design Key Idea 1 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 Key Idea 2 Key Idea 3 44, 45, 46, 47 Appendix A (Laboratory Checklist) Standard 4 Key Idea 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 16, 21 Key Idea 2 7, 8, 12, 13 Key Idea 3 6, 9, 14, 15, 30 40 Key Idea 4 18, 19 34, 35, 38, 39 Key Idea 5 10, 20, 24, 25 33, 37 49, 50 61, 62, 63 Key Idea 6 17, 22, 23, 26 36, 42 48, 54, 55 65 Key Idea 7 11, 27, 28, 29 43 51 66, 67, 68 31, 32, 41 69, 70, 71, 72 52, 53 Part D 73 85 Lab 1 74, 82, 83, 84, 85 Lab 2 81 Lab 3 73, 75, 76, 77 Lab 5 78, 79, 80 Living Environment Rating Guide June 12 64 [14]

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