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New York Regents Living Environment June 2017 Exam

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LIVING ENVIRONMENT The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Wednesday, June 14, 2017 1:15 to 4:15 p.m., only Student Name _____________________________________________________________ School Name ______________________________________________________________ The possession or use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you have or use any communications device, no matter how briefly, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you. Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. A separate answer sheet for multiple-choice questions in Parts A, B 1, B 2, and D has been provided to you. Follow the instructions from the proctor for completing the student information on your answer sheet. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination. Record your answers for all multiple-choice questions, including those in Parts B 2 and D, on the separate answer sheet. Record your answers for all open-ended questions directly in this examination booklet. All answers in this examination booklet should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record all your answers on the answer sheet or in this examination booklet as directed. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the declaration printed on your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration. Notice A four-function or scientific calculator must be available for you to use while taking this examination. DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN. LIVING ENVIRONMENT Part A Answer all questions in this part. [30] Directions (1 30): For each statement or question, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. 5 Which graph best shows the changes in global human population and natural resource use over the past 500 years? 1 An example of recycling is (1) using a paper cup instead of a mug (2) turning off the lights when leaving a room (3) using plastic from a soda bottle to make a certain type of clothing (4) using two paper towels rather than five to clean up a spill Key 4 The emerald ash borer is an insect that is thought to have been accidentally brought to the United States from China in shipping containers. It attacks ash trees, eventually killing the trees, destroying an important part of the ecosystem. The presence of the emerald ash borer in the United States can be used as an example of how humans have (1) purposely introduced an insect to correct a problem in an ecosystem (2) used an insect to remove one insect species and replace it with another (3) worked to increase the biodiversity in a particular area (4) altered the equilibrium in an ecosystem by introducing a new species Living Environment June 17 Resource Use (1) (3) Population Resource Use Time Resource Use Time Population 3 According to scientists, ocean waves could be a source of energy. Devices are being designed to capture the energy from waves and supply electricity to coastal areas. A direct benefit of utilizing this technology to produce energy would be the (1) destruction of habitats near the devices (2) decreased use of nonrenewable resources (3) release of gases needed for photosynthesis (4) increased use of finite resources Population Population 2 One characteristic of a stable ecosystem is (1) a high number of predators (2) an interdependence of organisms (3) a lack of biodiversity (4) an increase in human interference Resource Use Human population Resource Use Time Time (2) (4) 6 The burning of fossil fuels has harmed the environment by (1) decreasing acid rain in the northeast United States (2) adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere (3) increasing biodiversity in the lakes and ponds of the Adirondacks (4) depleting the ozone shield directly over western New York State [2] 10 Which level of the pyramid below is correctly paired with the type of organism that would most likely be found at that level in an ecosystem? 7 Which method of collecting data would provide the most accurate information about how an ecosystem is being affected by human development? (1) The people in the neighborhood record the number of birds they see in the area both before and after the construction of a new building. (2) Deer in the area are identified before construction so that scientists can see where they go after the building is finished. (3) More trees are planted in the area around the construction site to allow the animals a new place to live. (4) The population size is recorded for each species present in the construction area before and after the building is completed. Level D Level C Level B Level A (1) (2) (3) (4) 11 Which statement best describes what is most likely to occur if an animal population grows larger than the carrying capacity of its environment? (1) The birth rate will increase. (2) Both the birth rate and death rate will decrease. (3) The death rate will increase. (4) Neither the birth rate nor the death rate will decrease. 8 Natural selection produces changes most quickly in (1) species with short reproductive cycles (2) individual pathogens killed by antibiotics (3) complex multicellular organisms (4) individuals that produce a small number of offspring 9 As a result of habitat destruction, the size of the Florida panther population has been drastically reduced. It is estimated that there are only 100 to 160 Florida panthers in the wild. Which statement best explains why the Florida panther population may not continue to evolve? (1) There is no longer a chance of mutations occurring in the population. (2) There is a lack of competition for limited environmental resources. (3) There is no longer a chance of a trait providing a reproductive advantage to the population. (4) There is a lack of genetic variation for selection to act upon. Living Environment June 17 Level A producers Level B carnivores Level C herbivores Level D decomposers 12 Many biotic factors affect individuals in a population. An example of an organism being directly affected by a biotic factor is (1) a squirrel cannot find a mate (2) a flood washes away a maple tree (3) a plant is in a dark room (4) a chipmunk finds a rock pile to use for a home 13 When people receive organ transplants, they often need to take medications that decrease immune responses because (1) transplanted organs contain antigens that can trigger white blood cell activity (2) hormones present in replacement organs prevent the synthesis of antibiotics (3) transplanted organs produce their own antibiotics (4) antigens present in these organs attack antibodies already present in the blood [3] [OVER] 19 A kitten was born with black fur and green eyes. The fur and eye color of its parents are shown in the chart below. 14 Which structures regulate water loss and gas exchange in the leaves of plants? (1) vacuoles (3) guard cells (2) chloroplasts (4) mitochondria 15 Which life process carried out by a green plant is represented in the diagram below? Energy released Oxygen Food Life Process (1) respiration (2) photosynthesis Fur Eye Color Father striped green Mother black yellow Kitten black green Which statement helps explain why the kitten has black fur? (1) Chromosomes present on the genes code for the characteristics of its fur. (2) Genetic mutations always cause the fur color and eye color to change. (3) Offspring receive genetic information from both parents. (4) Gene expression is changed in every generation, resulting in evolution. Carbon Dioxide + Water (3) digestion (4) replication 16 Scientists are developing a malaria vaccine that would most likely contain (1) weakened drugs used to treat the symptoms of malaria (2) white blood cells from the malaria-infected individuals (3) a weakened form of the malaria-causing organism (4) antibodies made from the malaria-causing organism 20 Scientists have been investigating a way to recreate extinct species such as the saber-toothed cat illustrated below. 17 Proteins, starch, and DNA are similar in that they are all (1) organic compounds (2) parts of genes (3) made of amino acids (4) made of simple sugars Source: https://IGS.Indiana.edu Which technique would use DNA from an extinct species to recreate an organism of the species? (1) natural selection (3) cloning (2) differentiation (4) selective breeding 18 In response to an increasing blood glucose level, the human body will normally (1) store the glucose in cell nuclei (2) release a hormone that lowers the blood glucose (3) produce a hormone that destroys the glucose (4) use the excess glucose to make proteins Living Environment June 17 Cat 21 The sequence that best illustrates the flow of energy through an ecosystem is (1) sunlight plant wolf rabbit (2) plant sunlight rabbit wolf (3) sunlight plant rabbit wolf (4) wolf rabbit plant sunlight [4] 26 A dog gave birth to the three puppies shown in the photograph below. One of the puppies has darker fur on its face than the other two. 22 Which cellular change in an organism could be inherited by the next generation? (1) a change in the ribosomes in the pancreas of a squirrel (2) the deletion of a single DNA base in a sperm cell of a trout (3) a decrease in the size of a vacuole in a rose leaf cell (4) the transfer of a piece of a chromosome in the skin cell of a raccoon 23 A chemical was added to hand sanitizers and dish detergents to kill bacteria. Certain species of bacteria are no longer killed by this chemical. One likely reason for the decreased effectiveness of this chemical is that these bacteria have (1) slower metabolic rates (2) a mutation for resistance (3) been selectively bred for survival (4) an adaptation to a different niche Source: http://germanshepherdsatsdikennels.blogspot.com Which two biological processes account for this difference between the puppies? (1) meiosis and recombination (2) meiosis and cloning (3) mitosis and differentiation (4) mitosis and cloning 24 The hemlock wooly adelgid is an invasive insect species that is destroying native hemlock trees in New York State. These insects can upset natural ecosystems because they (1) provide food for native bird species (2) can carry diseases that can be spread to pets (3) increase biodiversity in New York State forests (4) disrupt habitats that native species depend upon 27 The diagram below represents a cell that produces digestive enzymes. 2 1 25 A shark and a dolphin have similarly shaped bodies and fins. However, these two organisms are not closely related: The shark is a fish, and the dolphin is a mammal. Some species may have similar body structures even if they are not related because they evolved in (1) similar environments and specific traits increased their chances of survival (2) similar environments and were exposed to factors that caused exactly the same mutations (3) different environments, but tried to adapt in the same ways so they could survive (4) different environments, but ate similar foods that affected their growth and development Living Environment June 17 3 4 Which cellular structure would be the most likely location for the synthesis of these enzymes? (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 [5] [OVER] 30 Scientists have recently discovered a community of bacteria and clams living under an ice shelf in Antarctica. These organisms live under 600 feet of ice, in the absence of sunlight, and in temperatures considered too cold for most living organisms. The location where these organisms live is unusual because (1) only biotic factors control the size of the populations (2) bacteria and clams are found in the same area (3) of the abiotic factors found in their environment (4) green plants make energy-rich compounds available 28 Energy drinks have become increasingly popular. Some of these drinks contain large amounts of caffeine, which is known to increase heart rates in most individuals. This effect on the heart rate can be dangerous because it can lead to (1) a disruption in the absorption of starch (2) an increase in blood volume (3) a decrease in oxygen levels (4) an imbalance in homeostasis 29 The kidney is an organ that collects wastes and excess water from the blood and sends them to the bladder where they are stored before being removed from the body. Which two systems work together to perform this function? (1) immune and respiratory (2) circulatory and excretory (3) skeletal and nervous (4) digestive and circulatory Living Environment June 17 [6] Part B 1 Answer all questions in this part. [13] Directions (31 43): For each statement or question, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. 32 The graph below shows levels of a form of ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) and ozone thickness in Australia during December 1987 and January 1988. 31 The diagram below represents an important biological concept. Yum! Dark beetles, our favorite! UV B Radiation and Ozone Concentration UV B Irradiance (mWm 2 ) Generations later ... 330 2610 2550 UV B 320 2490 310 2430 300 2370 290 2310 280 2250 Ozone 260 2190 2130 270 Dec. 1987 Jan. 1988 Ozone Thickness (Dobson units) 340 2670 250 Date Adapted from: C. R. Roy, et. al., Nature 347:235, 1990 Generations later ... Which statement best describes the apparent relationship between ozone and UV-B? (1) When ozone levels are at 2550 Dobson units, the UV-B levels are at 250 Dobson units. (2) The increase in UV-B reduces the destruction of the ozone layer. (3) When the ozone layer is thinner, more UV-B gets through it. (4) If the ozone layer is thicker, UV-B levels on the ground increase. Adapted from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/ The concept being represented is (1) overproduction (2) natural selection (3) homeostasis (4) ecological succession Living Environment June 17 [7] [OVER] 35 Which statement best illustrates a concept represented in the diagram below? 33 In the diagram below, X represents a process that causes a protein to unfold and stop functioning. Humans Functional protein X Modify ecosystems through Protein does not function Technology Consumption Population growth Which disrupts Process X is most likely caused by (1) the digestion of the amino acids that make up the proteins (2) the synthesis of a protein with different simple sugars (3) removal of the gene that codes for the production of the protein (4) an internal factor in the body, such as a temperature increase Equilibrium in ecosystems (1) Tsunamis triggered by oceanic earthquakes cause widespread flooding that can lead to large scale environmental destruction. (2) Annual hunting laws determine the number of deer that can be hunted to ensure population stability. (3) More individuals are purchasing hybrid cars that use less gasoline and produce less carbon dioxide. (4) The increased use of electronics has led to increased mining for precious metals and minerals in developing countries. 34 Which statement is an example of how the external environment can influence gene expression? (1) Some flowering plants that inherit a gene for white flowers and a gene for red flowers will produce pink flowers. (2) Some animals that inherit genes for brown fur will grow white fur if the outside temperature falls below a certain level. (3) In some breeds of cat, certain fur-color genes are found only in females. (4) A pea plant is short-stemmed only if it inherits the genes for the trait from both parents. 36 The process shown below is used to + Bacterial DNA (1) (2) (3) (4) Living Environment June 17 [8] Human insulin gene determine if a person has a genetic disease produce human growth hormone identify the father of a newborn produce a hormone to regulate blood sugar Base your answers to questions 37 through 39 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagrams represent a single-celled organism and a multicellular organism. E B F A C G D H 37 Which statement correctly identifies the levels of organization for the structures indicated? (1) A and B are tissues; E and G are organs. (2) A and B are organs; E and G are systems. (3) A and B are tissues; E and G are organelles. (4) A and B are organelles; E and G are organs. 38 Cells from structure E and cells from structure G are similar in that they (1) have the same structure and function (2) contain the same genetic material (3) are identical in structure, but different in function (4) contain only the genetic information needed for their specific job 39 Rotenone is an insecticide that is toxic to humans as well as to insects. Rotenone interferes with the process of ATP production in the cell. Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the structure where ATP is produced and the reason it is affected by rotenone? Row Structure (1) A It would be unable to store enzymes for ATP production. (2) B Production of ATP would occur less efficiently. (3) C The raw materials used for ATP production would be altered. (4) D Absorption of the ATP would increase here. Living Environment June 17 Reason Affected [9] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 40 and 41 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. A student used a microscope like the one represented below to observe cell division in onion cells. A B C D 10 40 IIIIII IIIIII 40 The part of the microscope that should be adjusted in order to better view the onion cells while using high power is (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 41 The student noticed that as the new cells formed, they contained rod-shaped chromosomes. It is necessary for onion cells to contain chromosomes because chromosomes (1) are composed of genes that contain the instructions for an organism s traits (2) are made of carbohydrates and are needed as an energy source (3) direct the production of inorganic molecules within the cell (4) are composed of lipids that contain stored nutrients for the new cell Living Environment June 17 [10] 43 The graph below represents some changes in the number of individuals in a particular population in a stable ecosystem over a period of time. 42 The diagram below indicates a few of the many varieties of domestic dogs thought to have originated from wolves that were domesticated thousands of years ago. Population Changes Number of Individuals Wolf Bulldog Collie Time Dachshund Which statement best describes the trend shown in this graph? (1) Ecosystem conditions will eventually cause a population to become extinct. (2) In a stable ecosystem, the number of individuals in a population is usually maintained within a certain range. (3) The interactions between a population and various factors in an environment are always predictable. (4) In order for any ecosystem to maintain a balance, populations must be reduced to half their original number. (Not drawn to scale) Adapted from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article The many varieties of domesticated dogs were most likely produced as a result of (1) mutating the body cells of the dogs (2) selective breeding over many generations (3) genetic engineering with specific enzymes (4) cloning dogs with desirable traits Living Environment June 17 [11] [OVER] Part B 2 Answer all questions in this part. [12] Directions (44 55): For those questions that are multiple choice, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the choice that, of those given, best completes each statement or answers each question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given and record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. Base your answers to questions 44 through 47 on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology. Illinois Greater Prairie Chicken on the Rise As pioneers moved west in the mid-1800s, the greater prairie chicken population in Illinois was estimated to number in the millions. Since then, their population has drastically declined. Evidence of the rapidly declining population was obtained from studying the number of eggs that hatched over several years. In Jasper County, Illinois, the number of prairie chickens fell from 2,000 to less than 50 in under 35 years. Researchers compared the DNA from feather samples from the living Illinois chickens to the DNA from feather samples dating from the year 1930 found in a museum. It was found that the living Illinois chicken population had a very low level of genetic diversity. In 1992, researchers attempted to increase genetic variation by transporting more than 500 healthy prairie chickens into Illinois from the states of Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The data table below shows the changes in the percent of eggs that hatched from samples taken in different years. Researchers documented that this increase in the percent of eggs that hatched was not influenced by environmental events. Prairie Chicken Egg Hatching Years Percent of Eggs Hatched 1970 1974 89 1975 1979 88 1980 1984 83 1985 1989 78 1990 38 1993 1996 94 Adapted from: http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/1998/11/981130045644.htm Living Environment June 17 [12] Directions (44 46): Using the information given, construct a bar graph on the grid following the directions below. 44 Label the y-axis on the line provided. [1] 45 Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on the y-axis. [1] 46 Construct vertical bars to represent the data. Shade in each bar. [1] Hatching Rate 19701974 19751979 19801984 19851989 1990 19931996 Years Note: The answer to question 47 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 47 The scientists transported prairie chickens from three different states into the state of Illinois in order to (1) decrease egg hatching rate (3) increase egg fertilization (2) increase genetic diversity (4) develop different feather colors Living Environment June 17 [13] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows the evolutionary history of several plant species. Present A F B C E D Time A G A D Past A 48 Identify one type of molecular evidence that could have been used to determine the evolutionary relationships illustrated in the diagram. [1] Note: The answer to question 49 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 49 Which biological technique could be used to obtain some structural evidence that species A and B are closely related? (1) glucose testing (3) genetic engineering (2) cloning (4) dissection Base your answers to questions 50 and 51 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram illustrates the steps in a process that occurs in the cells of many organisms. Glucose Glycolysis Energy Chemical reactions Series of chemical reactions Energy Carbon dioxide Water Energy Oxygen Adapted from: Biology: A Community Context, W. H. Leonard and J. Penick, 1998 Living Environment June 17 [14] Note: The answer to question 50 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 50 Based on the diagram, the process of glycolysis most likely (1) begins the breakdown of glucose (2) produces oxygen for organisms to use (3) stores energy in molecules of water and carbon dioxide (4) recycles glucose within the cells of simple organisms 51 Identify one specific molecule used to store the energy being released during this process. [1] Molecule: 52 The diagram below represents male gametes from different animals. Fish Chicken Human Snake Rat Frog (Not drawn to scale) State one way, other than the fact that they all contain DNA, the genetic content of these gametes is similar. [1] Living Environment June 17 [15] [OVER] 53 Part of a food web is represented below. It includes organisms located in a stream near farm fields. Crustaceans Algae Reptiles Insect larvae Fish Select one type of organism, other than the crustaceans, from the food web. State how the population of organisms you selected might be affected if the population of crustaceans in this food web were reduced due to the use of chemicals harmful to crustaceans in the fields near the stream. Support your answer. [1] Organism: Base your answer to question 54 55 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Indian blue peacocks live in dense forests and scrubland. Males use their colorful eye-spotted tail feathers and strutting display along with a loud mating call to attract females. This behavior, known as a hoot-dash, is made by the male before dashing toward a female to mate. Few species of other animals use loud courtship calls as the call attracts predators and uses energy. 54 55 Discuss the use of the hoot-dash by male peacocks. In your answer, be sure to: state one advantage of the hoot-dash [1] state one disadvantage of the hoot-dash [1] Living Environment June 17 [16] Part C Answer all questions in this part. [17] Directions (56 72): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. Base your answers to questions 56 and 57 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. The placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy. Progesterone is responsible for the following functions: maintains the lining of the uterus inhibits (interferes with) contractions of the uterus inhibits the production and release of eggs 56 Describe one likely result if the placenta became damaged and could not maintain progesterone levels. Support your answer. [1] 57 Explain how the release of additional eggs is prevented during pregnancy. [1] Base your answers to questions 58 and 59 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Cancer is a disease of genes gone wrong. When certain genes mutate, they make cells behave in odd ways. The cells divide swiftly, they hide from the immune system that could kill them and they gain the nourishment they need to develop into tumors. Source: Carl Zimmer, NY Times, February 6, 2014 58 Explain why the body of a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, would have a different immune response to the presence of cancer cells than a person not infected with HIV. [1] 59 Explain why certain chemicals and radiation sources are risk factors for cancer. [1] Living Environment June 17 [17] [OVER] 60 Scientists have learned that when a pregnant woman smokes, one of the chemicals absorbed, nicotine, can narrow the diameter of her blood vessels that lead to the placenta. Explain why narrowing the diameter of these blood vessels can result in low birth weight babies. [1] Base your answers to questions 61 through 63 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new vaccine, 50 rats received an injection of equal doses of the vaccine and 50 other rats received an injection of equal doses of a weak salt solution. Two months later, all of the rats received injections that contained equal doses of live, disease-causing organisms. The experimental results are shown in the chart below. Effectiveness of a New Vaccine Injection: 50 Rats Received Number of Rats That Developed the Disease Number of Rats That Did Not Develop the Disease vaccine 7 43 weak salt solution 48 2 61 Was the vaccine effective in preventing the disease? Use the information in the data table to support your answer. [1] 62 State one possible reason why two of the rats did not get sick even though they did not receive the vaccine. [1] 63 Do the results of this experiment indicate that the vaccine is ready for human testing? Support your answer with information from the table. [1] Living Environment June 17 [18] Base your answers to questions 64 through 66 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Saving Florida Oranges A disease that affects orange trees has led to the destruction of numerous orange trees in Florida. Orange growers have unsuccessfully tried to stop the spread of the disease by cutting down infected trees and using a variety of pesticides on the insects that spread the disease. The growers fear that if nothing further is done, entire crops could be wiped out in the near future. In hopes of saving Florida s orange industry, scientists are attempting to alter the DNA of orange trees by inserting DNA, that codes for disease resistance, from a different plant species. 64 State the name of the specific technique that is used to alter the DNA of orange trees. [1] 65 Explain why growing oranges with disease resistance is better for the environment than using pesticides to control the spread of the disease. [1] 66 Identify a trait, other than disease resistance, that the orange trees could have that would be beneficial to the growers. [1] 67 The diagram below represents two energy pyramids. Each pyramid represents the productivity of one acre of land. Humans Humans Beef Cattle (165 lbs) Vegetables (20,000 lbs) Vegetables (20,000 lbs) Pyramid A Pyramid B Based on the concept of energy transfer, explain why one acre of land can produce more vegetables for human consumption than beef for human consumption. [1] Living Environment June 17 [19] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 68 through 72 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Nature Will Have to Clean Up Hawaii Molasses Leak That Killed Thousands of Fish A massive spill of thick molasses has turned Honolulu Harbor into a watery wasteland where thousands of fish have been suffocated a disaster that officials say Mother Nature will have to clean up. There s nothing alive there at all, diver Roger White told NBC affiliate KHNL after making a seven-minute video of dead sea life blanketing the bottom of the harbor. Unlike with an oil spill, it s a sugar product so it will dissipate on its own, Matson spokesman Jeff Hull told NBC News on Thursday. There s not an active cleanup. The molasses is not toxic but it s heavier than water so it s spreading around on the sea floor, displacing the oxygen-rich water down there, and the fish are suffocating, said Keith Korsmeyer, a professor of biology at Hawaii Pacific University. The die-off also could lure predators like sharks, barracuda and eels to the harbor and neighboring Keehi Lagoon, experts warned. Korsmeyer said marine life would probably repopulate the harbor, after the lowoxygen water moves out, but that could take months or even years. Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/nature-will-have-cleanhawaii-molasses-leak-killed-thousands-fish-f8C11137030 68 Explain how the molasses spill caused many of the animals to die off. [1] 69 State one reason why the die-off could attract sharks, barracuda, and eels to the harbor and lagoon. [1] 70 Identify one group of organisms responsible for the recycling of dead sea life that is not mentioned in the article. [1] 71 Explain why it is important to preserve the biodiversity of the Honolulu Harbor ecosystem. [1] 72 Predict what will most likely happen to this ecosystem in 20 years if no other disasters occur. [1] Living Environment June 17 [20] Part D Answer all questions in this part. [13] Directions (73 85): For those questions that are multiple choice, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the choice that, of those given, best completes each statement or answers each question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given and record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. Note: The answer to question 73 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 73 On various Galapagos islands, finch species have different diets: seeds, insects, flowers, the blood of seabirds, and leaves. This is evidence that each species has a different (1) mating behavior (3) niche (2) nesting material (4) predator Note: The answer to question 74 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 74 A person s pulse rate generally goes down while sleeping. One reason for this decrease is (1) the body is producing more carbon dioxide when a person is sleeping (2) a person is not using energy while sleeping (3) a person requires less oxygen when sleeping (4) the body is using more nutrients while asleep GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE Living Environment June 17 [21] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 75 through 77 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Unique populations of giant tortoises live in the Galapagos Islands. This is the same group of islands where Darwin studied his famous finches. It is thought that the original ancestors of today s giant tortoises came from the mainland of South America. These animals left and drifted in the ocean to the islands where they began to live, reproduce, and evolve. Each of the islands has a different habitat. Each species varies in shell shape and body structure. Information about two of these species of giant tortoises and their habitats is found in the table below. Giant Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands Tortoise Shell Type Dome-shaped Habitat and Body Description The island receives a lot of rain, and there is an abundant amount of available food (plant material). The tortoises have shorter necks. They do not have to reach for food. Saddle-backed The land on the island is dry, so there is limited available plant food. The tortoises have long necks and legs, which allow them to reach for scarce food. Adapted from: BenchPrep.com/blog/AP Biology-evolution-part-1/ Note: The answer to question 75 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 75 Which statement best explains the differences observed in the tortoises on each island? (1) Each tortoise adapted to its environment during its lifetime. (2) Sudden mutations changed the appearance of all of the tortoises. (3) The tortoises grew different structures based on the available food. (4) Different adaptations gave some tortoises a better chance of survival. Living Environment June 17 [22] Note: The answer to question 76 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 76 When the saddle-backed tortoises extend their long necks out of the shell, they are unprotected from attack. Scientists hypothesize that during the evolution of this tortoise, they had few predators. Which statement best supports this hypothesis? (1) Competition between the predators and the tortoises would have resulted in a greater number of longnecked tortoises. (2) The number of predators was greater than the number of tortoises. (3) Saddle-backed tortoises were not a part of the food chain. (4) Predators would have killed the tortoises with long necks, leaving more tortoises with shorter necks. 77 If a group of saddle-backed tortoises were brought to an island inhabited by dome-shaped tortoises, could both species survive? Circle yes or no and support your answer. [1] Circle one: Yes or No 78 During the laboratory activity The Beaks of Finches, you obtained food under two conditions: with competition and with no competition. State one way the results obtained from these two conditions differed when you did this activity. [1] 79 An investigation was carried out to determine the effects of exercise on the human body. Identify one body system, other than the circulatory system, that becomes more active as a result of exercise. State one change the system you identified will undergo as a result of becoming more active. [1] Body system: Change: Living Environment June 17 [23] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 80 through 82 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A student designed an experiment to investigate a claim that athletes would have lower heart rates than nonathletes during exercise. After the students classified themselves as an athlete or a nonathlete, their resting pulses were determined. Then all the students performed the same exercise for four minutes and their heart rates were determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per minute. The students continued to measure their pulse rates for an additional four minutes. The average heart rate per minute for each group was determined. The data were recorded, as shown on the table below. Average Heart Rate Response to Exercise (beats per minute) Resting Pulse Exercising Period After Exercise Time (minutes) Athlete Students Nonathlete Students 0 68 72 1 76 78 2 82 90 3 95 115 4 110 130 5 100 125 6 95 120 7 85 100 8 68 95 80 State one appropriate hypothesis for this experiment. [1] Note: The answer to question 81 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 81 Which statement is best supported by the data in the chart? (1) After exercise, the nonathletic students had a lower heart rate than the athletic students. (2) After exercise, the heart rates of the athletic students returned to resting pulse in four minutes. (3) During exercise, both groups of students had the same increase above their resting pulse. (4) During exercise, the athletic students had a higher heart rate than the nonathletic students. Note: The answer to question 82 should be recorded on your separate answer sheet. 82 To improve the validity of the conclusion reached in this experiment, the students should repeat the experiment (1) disregarding any data that don t fit the hypothesis (2) with a larger number of athletes and nonathletes (3) comparing the heart rates and breathing rates of males and females (4) with the athletes doing different exercises than the nonathletes Living Environment June 17 [24] Base your answer to question 83 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A student added glucose indicator to a beaker of an unknown liquid. Starch indicator was added to a different beaker containing an equal amount of the same unknown liquid. The color of the indicator solutions before they were added to the beakers and the color of the contents of the beakers after adding the indicator solutions are recorded in the chart below. Beaker Solution Color of Indicator Solution Before Adding to Beaker Color of Contents of Beaker After Adding Indicator Solution 1 unknown liquid + glucose indicator blue blue (after heating) 2 unknown liquid + starch indicator amber blue-black 83 State one conclusion the student would make about the unknown liquid based on the results. Support your answer with information from the data table. [1] 84 While getting ready to perform the Making Connections lab, a teacher did not have enough of the old wooden clothespins she was handing out to the students to squeeze in the lab. The teacher opened a bag of new plastic clothespins and handed them out to the students who had not received a wooden clothespin. Explain why using new clothespins for some students and not others was an error in the experimental procedure. [1] Living Environment June 17 [25] [OVER] Base your answer to question 85 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. An unknown sample of DNA found at a crime scene was compared to DNA samples taken from three individuals. The results of the technique used to compare the samples are represented below. Crime scene DNA Individual Individual Individual B C A _ Wells + 85 What factor causes the DNA fragments to move in this technique? [1] Living Environment June 17 [26] LIVING ENVIRONMENT Printed on Recycled Paper LIVING ENVIRONMENT FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Wednesday, June 14, 2017 1:15 to 4:15 p.m., only SCORING KEY AND RATING GUIDE Directions to the Teacher: Refer to the directions on page 2 before rating student papers. Updated information regarding the rating of this examination may be posted on the New York State Education Department s web site during the rating period. Check this web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/assessment/ and select the link Scoring Information for any recently posted information regarding this examination. This site should be checked before the rating process for this examination begins and several times throughout the Regents Examination period. Multiple Choice for Parts A, B 1, B 2, and D Allow 1 credit for each correct response. Part A 1 ......3...... 9 ......4...... 17 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 2 ......2...... 10 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 3 ......2...... 11 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 4 ......4...... 12 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 5 ......3...... 13 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 6 ......2...... 14 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 7 ......4...... 15 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 8 ......1...... 16 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . Part B 1 35 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 47 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . Part B 2 49 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 73 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . Part D 75 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 74 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 76 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 82 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . Directions to the Teacher Follow the procedures below for scoring student answer papers for the Regents Examination in Living Environment. Additional information about scoring is provided in the publication Information Booklet for Scoring Regents Examinations in the Sciences. Do not attempt to correct the student s work by making insertions or changes of any kind. If the student s responses for the multiple-choice questions are being hand scored prior to being scanned, the scorer must be careful not to make any marks on the answer sheet except to record the scores in the designated score boxes. Marks elsewhere on the answer sheet will interfere with the accuracy of the scanning. Allow 1 credit for each correct response. At least two science teachers must participate in the scoring of the Part B 2, Part C, and Part D openended questions on a student s paper. Each of these teachers should be responsible for scoring a selected number of the open-ended questions on each answer paper. No one teacher is to score more than approximately one-half of the open-ended questions on a student s answer paper. Teachers may not score their own students answer papers. Students responses must be scored strictly according to the Scoring Key and Rating Guide. For openended questions, credit may be allowed for responses other than those given in the rating guide if the response is a scientifically accurate answer to the question and demonstrates adequate knowledge as indicated by the examples in the rating guide. On the student s separate answer sheet, for each question, record the number of credits earned and the teacher s assigned rater/scorer letter. Fractional credit is not allowed. Only whole-number credit may be given for a response. If the student gives more than one answer to a question, only the first answer should be rated. Units need not be given when the wording of the questions allows such omissions. For hand scoring, raters should enter the scores earned in the appropriate boxes printed on the separate answer sheet. Next, the rater should add these scores and enter the total in the box labeled Total Raw Score. Then the student s raw score should be converted to a scale score by using the conversion chart that will be posted on the Department s web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/assessment/ on Wednesday, June 14, 2017. The student s scale score should be entered in the box labeled Scale Score on the student s answer sheet. The scale score is the student s final examination score. Schools are not permitted to rescore any of the open-ended questions on this exam after each question has been rated once, regardless of the final exam score. Schools are required to ensure that the raw scores have been added correctly and that the resulting scale score has been determined accurately. Because scale scores corresponding to raw scores in the conversion chart may change from one administration to another, it is crucial that, for each administration, the conversion chart provided for that administration be used to determine the student s final score. Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [2] Part B 2 44 [1] Allow 1 credit for correctly labeling the y-axis Percent of Eggs Hatched. Note: Do not allow credit if percent or % is not included in the label. 45 [1] Allow 1 credit for correctly marking the scale, without any breaks in the data, on the y-axis. 46 [1] Allow 1 credit for constructing vertical bars to correctly represent the data. Example of a 3-credit graph for questions 44 46: Percent of Eggs Hatched Hatching Rate 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 19701974 19751979 19801984 19851989 1990 19931996 Years Note: Allow credit if the correct data are clearly represented, even if the bars are not shaded. Do not assume that the intersection of the x- and y-axis is the origin (0,0) unless it is labeled. An appropriate scale only needs to include the data range in the data table. 47 MC on scoring key 48 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: amino acid sequences DNA/gene sequence the results of a gel electrophoresis test gene sequences the results of a paper chromatography test Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [3] 49 MC on scoring key 50 MC on scoring key 51 [1] Allow 1 credit for ATP/ADP or NADH/NAD. 52 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: All of the male gametes in the diagram contain half the chromosome number (haploid, monoploid, n) compared to a body cell of the same species. They all contain half of the species genetic information. They had similar DNA sequences to a common ancestor. The DNA is composed of the same four subunits (A, T, C, G). 53 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating how the organism selected would be affected if the population of crustaceans in this food web were reduced due to the use of chemicals harmful to crustaceans in the fields near the stream and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The algae may increase because there are fewer crustaceans to eat it. The insect larvae will decrease in population because fish will eat more of them. The number of insect larvae will increase because there is more algae for them to eat. The fish would only have insect larvae to eat because of fewer crustaceans. Fewer crustaceans means less food for fish, which decreases reptile population. Note: The student s response to the bulleted items in questions 54 55 need not appear in the following order. 54 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one advantage of the hoot-dash. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The hoot-dash helps to locate a mate. The hoot-dash attracts a mate. It increases chances of reproduction. 55 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one disadvantage of the hoot-dash. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The hoot-dash can attract predators. The male may be heard and be eaten by a predator. The call uses energy. Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [4] Part C 56 [1] Allow 1 credit for explaining what would happen during pregnancy if the placenta became damaged and could not maintain progesterone levels and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: If adequate progesterone levels are not maintained, the lining of the uterus will not be maintained. The fetus might be born prematurely because the lining of the uterus will not be maintained and contractions of the uterus will not be inhibited. The woman will go into labor because uterine contractions will begin to occur. Production of eggs would not be inhibited. miscarriage The fetus may die. 57 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The presence of progesterone secreted by the placenta inhibits egg production. Progesterone inhibits egg release. 58 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: HIV/AIDS attacks the immune system directly and the body is unable to deal with the invaders. AIDS damages the immune system so it does not respond as effectively. AIDS damages the immune system so it cannot produce antibodies/enough antibodies to fight disease or cancer. 59 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Mutations are sometimes a cause of cancer and exposure to radiation increases the occurrence of mutations. Radiation, such as UV, can cause cells to mutate and cause skin cancer. Certain chemicals may increase the rate of mutations. Radiation can alter the genetic information in cells. Radiation weakens the immune system. 60 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The amount of food that can pass from these vessels to the placenta and to the embryo will be less than if the vessels are normal in diameter. Less food and oxygen will reach the embryo. The developing embryo will not receive enough food for normal development since not as much blood will flow through the placenta. Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [5] 61 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating whether or not the vaccine was effective and supporting the answer with information from the data table. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Yes, a much smaller number of rats receiving the vaccine developed the disease. Since seven out of fifty got the disease, the vaccine may not be effective. Yes, since 86% of vaccinated rats did not get the disease. 62 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The rats may have had a natural immunity to the disease. Those rats that did not get sick had a variation that protected them. They may have already had the disease and are immune. Their immune system fought off the virus. 63 [1] Allow 1 credit for indicating whether or not the vaccine is ready for human testing using information from the table. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: No, seven rats getting sick is too many out of a total of 50. A larger sample should be tested before testing on humans. Only 100 rats were tested, so a larger sample size should be used before testing on humans. Yes, because most rats did not develop the disease. 64 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: genetic engineering gene manipulation gene splicing gene modification Note: Do not allow credit for biotechnology; it is a field of science not a technique. 65 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Use of pesticides can have a negative impact on other species in the area. Pesticides can pollute the groves. Pesticides could harm people. Pesticides could kill beneficial insects. The disease organisms could become resistant to pesticides. Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [6] 66 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: drought resistance insect resistance freeze tolerance faster growth rate larger fruit juicier fruit/better tasting/more nutritious 67 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Energy is lost as heat at each feeding level, and pyramid B has fewer levels. Consumers that feed directly on plants have more energy available to them than consumers feeding on other consumers, since energy is lost at each level. Raising cattle on the land is not as productive because energy must be transferred from plants to the cattle and then to people. Much energy will be lost as heat. 68 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The molasses displaced oxygen-rich water and the fish suffocated. As fish died, the predators had less food available and died. Molasses turned the harbor into a water wasteland where fish were suffocated. 69 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: They would come into the area to feed on the dead and dying animals. They were attracted by the scent of dead organisms. 70 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: fungi decomposers bacteria Note: Do not accept humans, as they are mentioned and there is no active cleanup. 71 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Biodiversity increases the chances that at least some organisms will survive in the event of environmental change. Biodiversity increases the stability of the ecosystem. Biodiversity increases the variety of genetic material present in an ecosystem. Humans rely on the ecosystem for fishing, food, and tourism. Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [7] 72 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Marine life would repopulate the harbor. The ecosystem would recover on its own. The ecosystem might not recover due to the degree of destruction that occurred. It would recover due to ecological succession/reach a climax community. Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [8] Part D 73 MC on scoring key 74 MC on scoring key 75 MC on scoring key 76 MC on scoring key 77 [1] Allow 1 credit for indicating if both species could survive if a group of saddle-backed tortoises were brought to an island inhabited by dome-backed tortoises and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Yes, because they have long necks and can reach food that the dome-shaped tortoises cannot reach. Yes, if there is enough food for both species of tortoises. Yes, if they have different niches. No, because they would compete for food and one species would win. No, if the saddle-backed tortoise is not adapted to live in the new environment. No, if certain predators are present, they may not. 78 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: More seeds were collected with/without competition. It was easier to get food without competition. The greater the competition, the fewer the survivors. 79 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Body system: respiratory: The person will breathe faster. Body system: excretory: The person will sweat more. Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [9] 80 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: If athletes perform the same exercise as nonathletes, then the athletic students will have a lower heart rate during exercise. Athletic students have a lower heart rate during similar exercise than nonathletic students. Nonathletes have a higher heart rate than athletes when exercising. Note: Do not allow credit for a hypothesis in the form of a question. 81 MC on scoring key 82 MC on scoring key 83 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one conclusion the student would make based upon the results and supporting the answer with information from the data table. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The unknown liquid has starch in it, but not glucose. The glucose indicator showed no change but the starch indicator did. There is no glucose in the unknown liquid the glucose indicator did not change. There is starch in the unknown liquid the indicator turned blue-black. 84 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Not using the same type of clothespins is introducing a new variable. New clothespins might have stronger/weaker springs. New clothespins would produce different results. 85 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: electricity electrical charge attraction between opposite electrical charges Living Environment Rating Guide June 17 [10]

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