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New York Regents Living Environment June 2005

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LIVING ENVIRONMENT The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Wednesday, June 22, 2005 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only Student Name _____________________________________________________________ School Name ______________________________________________________________ Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. Then turn to the last page of this booklet, which is the answer sheet for Part A and Part B 1. Fold the last page along the perforations and, slowly and carefully, tear off the answer sheet. Then fill in the heading of your answer sheet. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination. Write your answers to the Part A and Part B 1 multiple-choice questions on the separate answer sheet. Write your answers for the questions in Parts B 2, C, and D directly in this examination booklet. All answers should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings which should be done in pencil. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record all your answers on the answer sheet and in this examination booklet. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the statement printed on your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration. The use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you use any communications device, no matter how briefly, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you. DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN. LIVING ENVIRONMENT Part A Answer all questions in this part. [30] Directions (1 30): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. 5 Synthesis of a defective protein may result from an alteration in (1) vacuole shape (2) the number of mitochondria (3) a base sequence code (4) cellular fat concentration 1 Researchers performing a well-designed experiment should base their conclusions on (1) the hypothesis of the experiment (2) data from repeated trials of the experiment (3) a small sample size to insure a reliable outcome of the experiment (4) results predicted before performing the experiment 6 One variety of strawberry is resistant to a damaging fungus, but produces small fruit. Another strawberry variety produces large fruit, but is not resistant to the same fungus. The two desirable qualities may be combined in a new variety of strawberry plant by (1) cloning (2) asexual reproduction (3) direct harvesting (4) selective breeding 2 In plants, simple sugars are least likely to be (1) linked together to form proteins (2) broken down into carbon dioxide and water (3) used as a source of energy (4) stored in the form of starch molecules 3 Which structures in diagram I and diagram II carry out a similar life function? I II 7 The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in (1) a nucleus (2) a chromosome (3) a protein molecule (4) an enzyme molecule A 1 2 4 B 3 (1) 1 and C (2) 2 and D D 8 A product of genetic engineering technology is represented below. C Bacterial DNA (3) 3 and A (4) 4 and B Human insulin gene 4 Plants inherit genes that enable them to produce chlorophyll, but this pigment is not produced unless the plants are exposed to light. This is an example of how the environment can (1) (2) (3) (4) Which substance was needed to join the insulin gene to the bacterial DNA as shown? (1) a specific carbohydrate (2) a specific enzyme (3) hormones (4) antibodies cause mutations to occur influence the expression of a genetic trait result in the appearance of a new species affect one plant species, but not another Living Environment June 05 [2] 15 The organism represented below is multicellular, heterotrophic, and completely aquatic. 9 Which factor could be the cause of the other three in an animal species? (1) the inability of the species to adapt to changes (2) a lack of genetic variability in the species (3) extinction of the species (4) a decrease in the survival rate of the species Offspring resulting from only the process of mitotic cell division 10 Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for each of the following except (1) the fossil record (2) protein and DNA similarities between different organisms (3) similar structures among different organisms (4) a stable physical environment Which other characteristics could be used to describe this organism? (1) carries out photosynthesis and needs oxygen (2) deposits cellular wastes on land and decomposes dead organisms (3) reproduces asexually and is a consumer (4) reproduces in a water habitat and is a producer 11 Which factor contributed most to the extinction of many species? (1) changes in the environment (2) lethal mutations (3) inability to evolve into simple organisms (4) changes in migration patterns 16 Which statement describes asexual reproduction? (1) Adaptive traits are usually passed from parent to offspring without genetic modification. (2) Mutations are not passed from generation to generation. (3) It always enables organisms to survive in changing environmental conditions. (4) It is responsible for many new variations in offspring. 12 Meiosis and fertilization are important for the survival of many species because these two processes result in (1) large numbers of gametes (2) increasingly complex multicellular organisms (3) cloning of superior offspring (4) genetic variability of offspring 13 Reproduction in humans usually requires (1) (2) (3) (4) 17 Which group contains only molecules that are each assembled from smaller organic compounds? the process of cloning mitotic cell division of gametes gametes with chromosomes that are not paired the external fertilization of sex cells (1) (2) (3) (4) proteins, water, DNA, fats proteins, starch, carbon dioxide, water proteins, DNA, fats, starch proteins, carbon dioxide, DNA, starch 14 The human reproductive system is regulated by (1) (2) (3) (4) restriction enzymes antigens complex carbohydrates hormones Living Environment June 05 [3] [OVER] 21 The interaction between guard cells and a leaf opening would not be involved in (1) diffusion of carbon dioxide (2) maintaining homeostasis (3) heterotrophic nutrition (4) feedback mechanisms 18 Most mammals have adaptations for (1) internal fertilization and internal development of the fetus (2) internal fertilization and external development of the fetus (3) external fertilization and external development of the fetus (4) external fertilization and internal development of the fetus 22 The green aquatic plant represented in the diagram below was exposed to light for several hours. 19 Which process provides the initial energy to support all the levels in the energy pyramid shown below? Bubbles Light D H2O Plant C B Which gas would most likely be found in the greatest amount in the bubbles? (1) oxygen (3) ozone (2) nitrogen (4) carbon dioxide A (1) circulation (2) photosynthesis (3) active transport (4) digestion 23 The production of energy-rich ATP molecules is the direct result of (1) recycling light energy to be used in the process of photosynthesis (2) releasing the stored energy of organic compounds by the process of respiration (3) breaking down starch by the process of digestion (4) copying coded information during the process of protein synthesis 20 The diagram below represents a series of reactions that can occur in an organism. Original molecules Final molecule Biological catalyst 24 Water from nearby rivers or lakes is usually used to cool down the reactors in nuclear power plants. The release of this heated water back into the river or lake would most likely result in (1) an increase in the sewage content in the water (2) a change in the biodiversity in the water (3) a change in the number of mutations in plants growing near the water (4) a decrease in the amount of sunlight necessary for photosynthesis in the water This diagram best illustrates the relationship between (1) enzymes and synthesis (2) amino acids and glucose (3) antigens and immunity (4) ribosomes and sugars Living Environment June 05 [4] 28 The ecological niches of three bird species are shown in the diagram below. 25 Which statement best describes the fruit fly population in the part of the curve labeled X in the graph shown below? Number of Fruit Flies Fruit Fly Population Growth Cape May warblers feed in the upper area of the tree. 400 X 300 - Bay-breasted warblers feed in the middle of the tree. 200 100 0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Yellow-rumped warblers feed in the lower part of the tree. Days (1) The fruit fly population has reached the number of organisms the habitat can support. (2) The fruit fly population can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring. (3) The fruit fly population has an average life span of 36 days. (4) The fruit fly population is no longer able to adapt to the changing environmental conditions. What is the advantage of each bird species having a different niche? (1) As the birds feed higher in the tree, available energy increases. (2) More abiotic resources are available for each bird. (3) Predators are less likely to feed on birds in a variety of locations. (4) There is less competition for food. 26 Lichens and mosses are the first organisms to grow in an area. Over time, grasses and shrubs will grow where these organisms have been. The grasses and shrubs are able to grow in the area because the lichens and mosses (1) synthesize food needed by producers in the area (2) are at the beginning of every food chain in a community (3) make the environment suitable for complex plants (4) provide the enzymes needed for plant growth 29 Which diagram best illustrates the relationship between humans (H) and ecosystems (E)? H E Living Environment June 05 (3) E H H E (2) [5] E (1) 27 The negative effect humans have on the stability of the environment is most directly linked to an increase in (1) recycling activities by humans (2) supply of finite resources (3) predation and disease (4) human population size H (4) [OVER] 30 The diagram below represents processes involved in human reproduction. A B D Zygote C Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the processes represented by the letters in the diagram? Row A B C D (1) mitosis meiosis fertilization differentiation (2) meiosis meiosis fertilization differentiation (3) meiosis mitosis differentiation fertilization (4) mitosis mitosis differentiation fertilization Living Environment June 05 [6] Part B 1 Answer all questions in this part. [8] Directions (31 38): For each statement or question, write on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. 33 A process that occurs in the human body is represented in the diagram below. 31 An experimental setup is shown below. Dotted area enlarged Black paper covering both sides of the leaf Which statement is most closely associated with the diagram? (1) Small molecules are obtained from large molecules during digestion. (2) Certain molecules are replicated by means of a template. (3) Receptor molecules play an important role in communication between cells. (4) Energy from nutrients is utilized for waste disposal. Which hypothesis would most likely be tested using this setup? (1) Light is needed for the process of reproduction. (2) Glucose is not synthesized by plants in the dark. (3) Protein synthesis takes place in leaves. (4) Plants need fertilizers for proper growth. 32 An investigation was carried out and the results are shown below. Substance X resulted from a metabolic process that produces ATP in yeast (a single-celled fungus). Glass apparatus Several hours later 34 Which information concerning a desert is provided by the quotation below? The desert is arid, with less than 25 cm of rain per year. The plants are spaced far apart, or are grouped around water sources. Most of the animals are active at night. X (1) daily temperature range and types of autotrophs (2) time of rainy season and type of food used by heterotrophs (3) identity of a limiting factor and behavior of heterotrophs (4) type of nutrition in animals and distribution of autotrophs Seal Sugar, yeast, and water Which statement best describes substance X? (1) It is oxygen released by protein synthesis. (2) It is glucose that was produced in photosynthesis. (3) It is starch that was produced during digestion. (4) It is carbon dioxide released by respiration. Living Environment June 05 [7] [OVER] 36 Which statement describes the ecosystem represented in the diagram below? 35 A sperm cell from an organism is represented in the diagram below. Head Acrosome Nucleus Middle piece Mitochondria Flagellum (1) This ecosystem would be the first stage in ecological succession. (2) This ecosystem would most likely lack decomposers. (3) All of the organisms in this ecosystem are producers. (4) All of the organisms in this ecosystem depend on the activities of biological catalysts. Which statement regarding this sperm cell is not correct? (1) The acrosome contains half the normal number of chromosomes. (2) Energy to move the flagellum originates in the middle piece. (3) The head may contain a mutation. (4) This cell can unite with another cell resulting in the production of a new organism. Living Environment June 05 [8] 37 According to the diagram below, which three species lived on Earth during the same time period? H. habilis A. afarensis H. erectus A. robustus A. africanus A. boisei Time Present Past (1) (2) (3) (4) robustus, africanus, afarensis habilis, erectus, afarensis habilis, robustus, boisei africanus, boisei, erectus 38 The diagram below illustrates the process of cell division. 4 chromosomes XX XX Interphase (parent cell) Prophase X X X X <> <> <> <> Metaphase Anaphase < < < < > > > > Telophase Interphase (daughter cells) What is the significance of anaphase in this process? (1) Anaphase usually ensures that each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. (2) Anaphase usually ensures that each daughter cell has twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell. (3) In anaphase, the cell splits in half. (4) In anaphase, the DNA is being replicated. Living Environment June 05 [9] [OVER] For Teacher Use Only Part B 2 Answer all questions in this part. [17] Directions (39 55): For those questions that are followed by four choices, circle the number of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given in the question. 39 Sexually produced offspring often resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents. Explain why they resemble their parents but are not identical to either parent. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 39 40 The types of human cells shown below are different from one another, even though they all originated from the same fertilized egg and contain the same genetic information. Skin Muscle Nerve Explain why these genetically identical cells can differ in structure and function. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [10] 40 41 Oak trees in the northeastern United States have survived for hundreds of years, in spite of attacks by native insects. Recently, the gypsy moth, which has a caterpillar stage that eats leaves, was imported from Europe. The gypsy moth now has become quite common in New England ecosystems. As a result, many oak trees are being damaged more seriously than ever before. For Teacher Use Only State one biological reason that this imported insect is a more serious problem for the trees than other insects that have been present in the area for hundreds of years. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 41 42 Certain insects are kept under control by sterilizing the males with x rays so that sperm production stops. Explain how this technique reduces the survival of this insect species. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [11] 42 [OVER] Base your answers to questions 43 through 45 on the information and table below and on your knowledge of biology. For Teacher Use Only The variety of organisms known as plankton contributes to the unique nutritional relationships in an ocean ecosystem. Phytoplankton include algae and other floating organisms that perform photosynthesis. Plankton that cannot produce food are known as zooplankton. Some nutritional relationships involving these organisms and several others are shown in the table below. Nutritional Relationships in a North Atlantic Ocean Community Food Eaten by Animals in Community Animals in Community Codfish Phytoplankton codfish sharks zooplankton Squid Zooplankton X X small fish squid Small Fish X X X X X X 43 Humans are currently overfishing codfish in the North Atlantic. Explain why this could endanger both the shark population and the squid population in this community. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 43 44 According to the table, which organism can be classified as both an herbivore and a carnivore? [1] _________________________________ Living Environment June 05 44 [12] 45 Complete the food web below by placing the names of the organisms in the correct locations. [1] For Teacher Use Only Codfish Zooplankton 45 Living Environment June 05 [13] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 46 through 50 on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology. For Teacher Use Only The effect of temperature on the action of pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme present in stomach fluid, was tested. In this investigation, 20 milliliters of stomach fluid and 10 grams of protein were placed in each of five test tubes. The tubes were then kept at different temperatures. After 24 hours, the contents of each tube were tested to determine the amount of protein that had been digested. The results are shown in the table below. Protein Digestion at Different Temperatures Tube # Temperature ( C) Amount of Protein Digested (grams) 1 5 0.5 2 10 1.0 3 20 4.0 4 37 9.5 5 85 0.0 46 The dependent variable in this investigation is the (1) size of the test tube (2) time of digestion (3) amount of stomach fluid (4) amount of protein digested 46 Directions (47 48): Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid on page 15, following the directions below. 47 Mark an appropriate scale on each axis. [1] 48 Plot the data on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. [1] Example: Living Environment June 05 [14] Amount of Protein Digested (grams) Protein Digestion at Different Temperatures For Teacher Use Only 47 48 Temperature ( C) 49 If a sixth test tube identical to the other tubes was kept at a temperature of 30 C for 24 hours, the amount of protein digested would most likely be (1) less than 1.0 gram (2) between 1.0 and 4.0 grams (3) between 4.0 and 9.0 grams (4) more than 9.0 grams 49 50 This investigation was repeated using 10 grams of starch instead of protein in each test tube. The contents of each tube were tested to determine the amount of starch that had been digested. The test results showed that no starch digestion occurred. Explain why no starch was digested. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [15] 50 [OVER] Base your answers to questions 51 through 55 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. For Teacher Use Only Research indicates that many plants prevent the growth of other plants in their habitat by releasing natural herbicides (chemicals that kill plants). These substances are known as allelochemicals and include substances such as quinine, caffeine, and digitalis. Experiments have confirmed that chemicals in the bark and roots of black walnut trees are toxic, and when released into the soil they limit the growth of crop plants such as tomatoes, potatoes, and apples. Allelochemicals can alter growth and enzyme action, injure the outer cover of a seed so the seed dies, or stimulate seed growth at inappropriate times of the year. Studies on allelochemical effects help explain the observation that almost nothing grows under a black walnut tree even though light and moisture levels are adequate for growth. 51 Which phrase best predicts the relative numbers of different plant species in regions A, B, and C in the diagram shown below? Black walnut tree | C | B | A A| B | C | (1) greater in C than B (2) greater in A than C (3) greater in A than B (4) greater in B than C 51 52 The release of allelochemicals into the soil under a black walnut tree will result in (1) a decrease in biodiversity and a competitive advantage for the tree (2) an increase in biodiversity and a competitive advantage for the tree (3) a decrease in biodiversity and a competitive disadvantage for the tree (4) an increase in biodiversity and a competitive disadvantage for the tree Living Environment June 05 [16] 52 53 A set of axes is shown below. For Teacher Use Only Y X When using this set of axes to show the effect of black walnut allelochemicals on the number of plants, which labels would be appropriate for axis X and axis Y? (1) X Number of Plants Y Distance from Walnut Tree Trunk (meters) (2) X Distance from Walnut Tree Trunk (meters) Y Number of Plants (3) X Number of Plants Y Time (days) (4) X Time (days) Y Number of Plants 53 54 Explain why stimulation of seed growth by allelochemicals at inappropriate times of the year is considered a disadvantage. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 54 55 State one possible use of allelochemicals in agriculture. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [17] 55 [OVER] For Teacher Use Only Part C Answer all questions in this part. [17] Directions (56 62): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. 56 Many people become infected with the chicken pox virus during childhood. After recovering from chicken pox, these people are usually immune to the disease for the rest of their lives. However, they may still be infected by viruses that cause other diseases, such as measles. Discuss the immune response to the chicken pox virus. In your answer, be sure to include: the role of antigens in the immune response [1] the role of white blood cells in the body s response to the virus [1] an explanation of why recovery from an infection with the chicken pox virus will not protect a person from getting a different disease, such as measles [1] an explanation of why a chicken pox vaccination usually does not cause a person to become ill with chicken pox [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [18] 56 57 The diagram below illustrates the result of growing a garlic bulb in a cup of distilled water over five days. For Teacher Use Only Leaf Garlic bulb Toothpick Toothpick Five days later Distilled water Roots Design an experiment consisting of a control and three different experimental groups to test the prediction, Garlic grows better as the salt concentration of the solution in which it is grown increases. In your answer, be sure to: describe the control to be used in the experiment [1] describe the difference between the three experimental groups [1] state one type of measurement that should be made to determine if the prediction is accurate [1] describe one example of experimental results that would support the prediction [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [19] 57 [OVER] 58 For over 100 years scientists have monitored the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere in relation to changes in the atmospheric temperature. The graphs below show the data collected for these two factors. Average Atmospheric Temperature Change per Year 0.4 360 Temperature Change ( C) Concentration of CO2 (parts per million) Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 340 320 300 280 260 1860 For Teacher Use Only 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 1860 Year 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Discuss the overall relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and changes in atmospheric temperature and the effect of these factors on ecosystems. Your answer must include: a statement identifying the overall relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide and changes in atmospheric temperature [1] one way in which humans have contributed to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide [1] one specific negative effect the continued rise in temperature would be likely to have on an ecosystem [1] one example of how humans are trying to reduce the problem of global warming [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [20] 58 Base your answers to questions 59 through 62 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. For Teacher Use Only A student uses a covered aquarium to study the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem. The aquarium contains sand, various water plants, algae, small fish, snails, and decomposers. The water contains dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as tiny amounts of minerals and salts. 59 Explain how oxygen is cycled between organisms in this ecosystem. [2] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 59 60 Describe one specific way the fish population changes the amount of one specific abiotic factor (other than oxygen) in this ecosystem. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 60 61 Identify one source of food for the decomposers in this ecosystem. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ 61 62 Describe one specific way the use of this food by the decomposers benefits the other organisms in the aquarium. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [21] 62 [OVER] For Teacher Use Only Part D Answer all questions in this part. [13] Directions (63 75): For those questions that are followed by four choices, circle the number of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given in the question. Base your answers to questions 63 through 65 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Letters A through L represent different species of organisms. The arrows represent long periods of geologic time. F G H D I B E J K B L C B A A B 63 Which two species are the most closely related? (1) J and L (2) G and L (3) F and H (4) F and G 63 64 Which species was best adapted to changes that occurred in its environment over the longest period of time? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) J Living Environment June 05 64 [22] 65 Which two species would most likely show the greatest similarity of DNA and proteins? For Teacher Use Only (1) B and J (2) G and I (3) J and K (4) F and L 65 66 When a person exercises, changes occur in muscle cells as they release more energy. Explain how increased blood flow helps these muscle cells release more energy. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 66 67 State one factor that influences which molecules can pass through the cell membrane of a human cell. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 67 68 An indicator for a protein is added to a solution that contains protein and to a solution that does not contain protein. State one way, other than the presence or absence of protein, that the two solutions may differ after the indicator has been added to both. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [23] 68 [OVER] Base your answers to questions 69 through 72 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. For Teacher Use Only The four wells represented in the diagram were each injected with fragments that were prepared from DNA samples using identical techniques. } Wells + 69 This laboratory procedure is known as (1) cloning (2) gel electrophoresis (3) chromatography 69 (4) use of a dichotomous key 70 The arrow represents the direction of the movement of the DNA fragments. What is responsible for the movement of the DNA in this process? [1] _______________________________________________________________________ 70 71 The four samples of DNA were taken from four different individuals. Explain how this is evident from the results shown in the diagram. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 71 72 Identify the substance that was used to treat the DNA to produce the fragments that were put into the wells. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ Living Environment June 05 [24] 72 73 A student prepared a wet-mount slide of some red onion cells and then added some salt water to the slide. The student observed the slide using a compound light microscope. Diagram A is typical of what the student observed after adding salt water. For Teacher Use Only Complete diagram B to show how the contents of the red onion cells should appear if the cell were then rinsed with distilled water for several minutes. [1] A B Red onion cell in salt water Red onion cell after rinsing with distilled water 73 74 In members of a bird species living on a remote island, the greatest number of beak variations in the population would most likely be found when (1) there is a high level of competition for limited resources (2) homeostasis is limited by a severe climate (3) they have a large and varied food supply (4) they are prey for a large number of predators 74 75 The different tools used during the beaks of finches lab represented (1) feeding adaptations in finches (2) nest construction adaptations (3) variations in seed size (4) variations in ecosystems Living Environment June 05 75 [25] Tear Here The University of the State of New York Maximum Score Part REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION A Student s Score 30 LIVING ENVIRONMENT B 1 8 Wednesday, June 22, 2005 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only B 2 17 C 17 D 13 ANSWER SHEET Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sex: Female Male Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Raw Score (maximum Raw Score: 85) School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grade . . . . . . . . . Final Score (from conversion chart) Raters Initials Rater 1 . . . . . . . . Rater 2 . . . . . . . . . Record your answers to Part A and Part B 1 on this answer sheet. Part B 1 Part A 1 .......... 11 . . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . 2 .......... 12 . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . 3 .......... 13 . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . . . 4 .......... 14 . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . . . . 5 .......... 15 . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . 6 .......... 16 . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . 7 .......... 17 . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . 8 .......... 18 . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . 9 .......... 19 . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . . . . . Part B 1 Score Tear Here Part A Score The declaration below must be signed when you have completed the examination. I do hereby affirm, at the close of this examination, that I had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that I have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Signature LIVING ENVIRONMENT Tear Here Tear Here LIVING ENVIRONMENT FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LE LIVING ENVIRONMENT Wednesday, June 22, 2005 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only SCORING KEY AND RATING GUIDE Directions to the Teacher: Refer to the directions on page 3 before rating student papers. Updated information regarding the rating of this examination may be posted on the New York State Education Department s web site during the rating period. Visit the site http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/osa/ and select the link Latest Information for any recently posted information regarding this examination. This site should be checked before the rating process for this examination begins and at least one more time before the final scores for the examination are recorded Part A and Part B 1 Allow 1 credit for each correct response. Part A Part B 1 1 . . . . .2 . . . . . 11 . . . . .1. . . . . 21 . . . . .3. . . . . 31 . . . . .2. . . . . 35 . . . . .1. . . . . 2 . . . . .1 . . . . . 12 . . . . .4. . . . . 22 . . . . .1. . . . . 32 . . . . .4. . . . . 36 . . . . .4. . . . . 3 . . . . .4 . . . . . 13 . . . . .3. . . . . 23 . . . . .2. . . . . 33 . . . . .3. . . . . 37 . . . . .3. . . . . 4 . . . . .2 . . . . . 14 . . . . .4. . . . . 24 . . . . .2. . . . . 34 . . . . .3. . . . . 38 . . . . .1. . . . . 5 . . . . .3 . . . . . 15 . . . . .3. . . . . 25 . . . . .1. . . . . 6 . . . . .4 . . . . . 16 . . . . .1. . . . . 26.. . . . .3. . . . . 7 . . . . .1 . . . . . 17 . . . . .3. . . . . 27 . . . . .4. . . . . 8 . . . . .2 . . . . . 18 . . . . .1. . . . . 28 . . . . .4. . . . . 9 . . . . .2. . . . . 19 . . . . .2. . . . . 29 . . . . .2. . . . . 10 . . . . .4. . . . . 20 . . . . .1. . . . . 30 . . . . .2. . . . . LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued Follow the procedures below for scoring student answer papers for the Regents Examination in Living Environment. Additional information about scoring is provided in the publication Information Booklet for Administering and Scoring Regents Examinations in the Sciences. Use only red ink or red pencil in rating Regents papers. Do not attempt to correct the student s work by making insertions or changes of any kind. Allow 1 credit for each correct response for multiple-choice questions. On the detachable answer sheet for Part A and Part B 1, indicate by means of a checkmark each incorrect or omitted answer to multiple-choice questions. In the box provided in the upper right corner of the answer sheet, record the number of questions the student answered correctly for each of these parts. At least two science teachers must participate in the scoring of the Part B 2, Part C, and Part D open-ended questions on a student s paper. Each of these teachers should be responsible for scoring a selected number of the open-ended questions on each answer paper. No one teacher is to score all the open-ended questions on a student s answer paper. Students responses must be scored strictly according to the Scoring Key and Rating Guide. For open-ended questions, credit may be allowed for responses other than those given in the rating guide if the response is a scientifically accurate answer to the question and demonstrates adequate knowledge as indicated by the examples in the rating guide. In the student s examination booklet, record the number of credits earned for each answer in the box printed to the right of the answer lines or spaces for that question. Fractional credit is not allowed. Only whole-number credit may be given for a response. If the student gives more than one answer to a question, only the first answer should be rated. Units need not be given when the wording of the questions allows such omissions. Raters should enter the scores earned for Part A, Part B 1, Part B 2, Part C, and Part D on the appropriate lines in the box printed on the answer sheet and should add these 5 scores and enter the total in the box labeled Total Raw Score. Then the student s raw score should be converted to a scaled score by using the conversion chart that will be posted on the Department s web site http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/osa/ on Wednesday, June 22, 2005. The student s scaled score should be entered in the box labeled Final Score on the student s answer booklet. The scaled score is the student s final examination score. All student answer papers that receive a scaled score of 60 through 64 must be scored a second time. For the second scoring, a different committee of teachers may score the student s paper or the original committee may score the paper, except that no teacher may score the same open-ended questions that he/she scored in the first rating of the paper. The school principal is responsible for assuring that the student s final examination score is based on a fair, accurate, and reliable scoring of the student s answer paper. Because scaled scores corresponding to raw scores in the conversion chart may change from one examination to another, it is crucial that for each administration, the conversion chart provided for that administration be used to determine the student s final score. [3] [OVER] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued Part B 2 39 Allow 1 credit for explaining why sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either parent. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Offspring receive only half their genes (or DNA or chromosomes or genetic information) from each parent. They receive some genes from each parent. 40 Allow 1 credit for explaining why these genetically identical cells can differ in structure and function. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Different parts of genetic information are used in different cells. Different cells are influenced by their environments in the body. 41 Allow 1 credit for stating one biological reason that this imported insect is a more serious problem for the trees than other insects that have been present in the area for hundreds of years. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The gypsy moth has no natural enemies in this area. The insect probably has no natural enemies in its new environment, allowing it to overpopulate and become a greater pest than if predators had kept its numbers in check. Oak trees have adapted to the pests that have been in their environment for a long time, but have not yet adapted to this new pest organism. 42 Allow 1 credit for explaining how sterilizing male insects with x rays reduces the survival of this insect species. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: If sperm production stops, then eggs cannot be fertilized. It reduces genetic variation by limiting the number of males that can produce offspring. Without reproduction no species can survive. [4] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued 43 Allow 1 credit for explaining why overfishing codfish in the North Atlantic could endanger both the shark population and the squid population in this community. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Both of these animals depend on codfish as a source of food. 44 Allow 1 credit for small fish. 45 Allow 1 credit for completing the food web by placing the names of the organisms in the correct locations. Example of an Appropriate Response Sharks Squid Codfish Small Fish Zooplankton Phytoplankton [5] [OVER] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued 46 4 47 Allow 1 credit for marking an appropriate scale on each axis. Note: Make no assumption about the origin unless it is labeled. 48 Allow 1 credit for plotting the data correctly (based on the student s scaled axes), surrounding each point with a small circle and connecting the points. Allow credit even if the points are not circled. Example of a 2-Credit Graph Protein Digestion at Different Temperatures 10 Amount of Protein Digested (grams) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature ( C) 49 3 50 Allow 1 credit for explaining why no starch was digested. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The enzyme in stomach fluid will not digest starch. The enzyme in stomach fluid is specific for protein digestion. [6] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued 51 1 52 1 53 2 54 Allow 1 credit for explaining why stimulation of seed growth by allelochemicals at inappropriate times of the year is considered a disadvantage. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: If seed germination is stimulated in the fall season for seeds that normally germinate in the spring, the growing season will not be long enough for the plants to mature. If the seed grows at the wrong time, growing conditions may not be right. 55 Allow 1 credit for stating one possible use of allelochemicals in agriculture. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Allelochemicals may be used as a new method to control weeds. Allelochemicals can stimulate seed germination. [7] [OVER] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued Part C 56 Allow a maximum of 4 credits for discussing the immune response to the chicken pox virus, allocated as follows: Allow 1 credit for stating the role of antigens in the immune response. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Antigens stimulate the immune response. Antigens on the chicken pox virus are recognized by the person s immune system and it responds by producing antibodies. Allow 1 credit for stating the role of white blood cells in the body s response to the virus. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: White blood cells attack and destroy the virus. White blood cells are able to recognize foreign antigens. White blood cells make antibodies against the virus. Allow 1 credit for explaining why recovery from an infection with the chicken pox virus will not protect a person from getting a different disease, such as measles. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: These antibodies are specific for the chicken pox virus. The antibodies the body makes against the chicken pox antigens (or virus) have specific shapes that only work against the antigens on the chicken pox virus, not the measles virus, because their antigens are shaped differently. Allow 1 credit for explaining why a chicken pox vaccination usually does not cause a person to become ill with chicken pox. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: A vaccine contains weakened virus. A vaccine usually consists of a dead or weakened form of the disease organism that stimulates the production of antibodies without causing the disease. [8] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued 57 Allow a maximum of 4 credits for designing an experiment to test the prediction Garlic grows better as the salt concentration of the solution in which it is grown increases, allocated as follows: Allow 1 credit for describing the control as a garlic bulb grown in (distilled) water. Allow 1 credit for describing the difference between the three experimental groups. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Each experimental group would have a different concentration of salt solution. Allow 1 credit for stating one type of measurement that should be made to determine if the prediction is accurate. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: the length of the leaf in each group the length of the roots in each group the number of roots in each group Allow 1 credit for describing one example of experimental results that would support the prediction. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: There is an increase in the length of the leaves as the salt concentration increases. There is an increase in the length of the roots as the salt concentration increases. More salt results in more roots. [9] [OVER] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued 58 Allow a maximum of 4 credits for discussing the overall relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and changes in atmospheric temperature and the effect of these factors on ecosystems, allocated as follows: Allow 1 credit for indicating that as CO2 increases, the atmospheric temperature increases. Allow 1 credit for stating one way in which humans have contributed to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: deforestation combustion increasing human population Note: Do not allow credit for pollution unless a specific source of pollution is mentioned. Allow 1 credit for stating one specific negative effect the continued rise in temperature would be likely to have on an ecosystem. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Increased ocean temperatures will destroy fish. Polar ice could melt and flood land. may cause extinction of organisms may cause change in population numbers Allow 1 credit for stating one example of how humans are trying to reduce the problem of global warming. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: plant more trees reduce the use of fossil fuels use alternative energy sources carpool recycling [10] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued 59 Allow a maximum of 2 credits, 1 credit for each part of the cycle explaining how oxygen is cycled between organisms in this ecosystem. Acceptable 2-credit responses include, but are not limited to: It is given off by plants and used by animals (plants and/or decomposers). Oxygen is given off as a result of photosynthesis and used for respiration. 60 Allow 1 credit for describing one specific way the fish population changes the amount of one specific abiotic factor (other than oxygen) in this ecosystem. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Fish release CO2. Fish release nitrogenous waste products. 61 Allow 1 credit for identifying one source of food for the decomposers in this ecosystem. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: dead animals(plants) wastes of the organisms 62 Allow 1 credit for describing one specific way the use of this food by the decomposers would benefit the other organisms in the aquarium. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Decomposers return basic materials such as nitrates and carbon dioxide to the ecosystem for reuse by other organisms. Decomposers recycle nutrients. [11] [OVER] LIVING ENVIRONMENT continued Part D 63 4 64 2 65 1 66 Allow 1 credit for explaining how increased blood flow helps muscle cells release more energy. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: supplies additional oxygen supplies additional nutrients eliminates wastes faster 67 Allow 1 credit for stating one factor that influences which molecules can pass through the cell membrane of a human cell. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: molecule size concentration of molecules pore size carrier proteins molecule charge/shape 68 Allow 1 credit for stating one way, other than the presence or absence of protein, that the two solutions may differ after the indicator has been added to both. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The two solutions may be different colors after the indicator is added. One solution will produce a visible reaction; the other will not. [12] LIVING ENVIRONMENT concluded 69 2 70 Allow 1 credit for stating what is responsible for the movement of the DNA fragments. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: electric current attraction of negative fragments to positive pole charges on the DNA 71 Allow 1 credit for explaining how it is evident from the results shown in the diagram that the samples were taken from four different individuals. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The bands are in different positions in each column. different banding patterns different number of bands 72 Allow 1 credit for identifying the substance as enzymes or restriction enzymes or enzymes that cut DNA. 73 Allow 1 credit for showing a shaded area that is larger than the shaded area in diagram A. 74 3 75 1 [13] [OVER] The Chart for Determining the Final Examination Score for the June 2005 Regents Examination in Living Environment will be posted on the Department s web site http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/osa on Wednesday, June 22, 2005. Conversion charts provided for previous administrations of the Regents Examination in Living Environment must NOT be used to determine students final scores for this administration. Map to Core Curriculum June 2005 Living Environment Question Numbers Standards Part A 1 30 Part B 1 31 38 Part B 2 39 55 Part C 56 62 Standard 1 Analysis, Inquiry and Design Key Idea 1 15 35 Key Idea 2 1 31 Key Idea 3 47,48,49,53,55 Appendix A (Laboratory Checklist) 46 57 51,52,54 59,60,61,62 Standard 4 Key Idea 1 2,3 Key Idea 2 4,5,6,7,8,16 Key Idea 3 9,10,11,12 37 Key Idea 4 13,14,18,30 38 42 Key Idea 5 17,19,20,21,22,23 32,36 50 Key Idea 6 25,26,28 Key Idea 7 24,27,29 Part D 63 75 Lab 1 63,64,65,69,70,71,72 Lab 2 66 Lab 3 74,75 Lab 5 67,68,73 33 39,40 56 43,44,45 34 41 58

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Additional Info : Refer : Scoring Key (page 29)
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