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New York Regents Earth Science August 2005

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PS/EARTH SCIENCE The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION PHYSICAL SETTING EARTH SCIENCE Tuesday, August 16, 2005 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only This is a test of your knowledge of Earth science. Use that knowledge to answer all questions in this examination. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. The Earth Science Reference Tables are supplied separately. Be certain you have a copy of the 2001 edition of these reference tables before you begin the examination. Your answer sheet for Part A and Part B 1 is the last page of this examination booklet. Turn to the last page and fold it along the perforations. Then, slowly and carefully, tear off your answer sheet and fill in the heading. The answers to the questions in Part B 2 and Part C are to be written in your separate answer booklet. Be sure to fill in the heading on the front of your answer booklet. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination according to the directions provided in the examination booklet. Record your answers to the Part A and Part B 1 multiple-choice questions on your separate answer sheet. Write your answers to the Part B 2 and Part C questions in your answer booklet. All work should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record all your answers on your separate answer sheet and in your answer booklet. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the statement printed at the end of your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet and answer booklet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration. Notice. . . A four-function or scientific calculator and a copy of the 2001 Earth Science Reference Tables must be available for you to use while taking this examination. The use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you use any communications device, no matter how briefly, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you. DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN. PS/EARTH SCIENCE Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1 35): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 1 Compared to Earth s solar system, the universe is inferred to be (1) younger and larger (3) older and larger (2) younger and smaller (4) older and smaller 6 Which statement about Polaris is best illustrated by the diagrams shown below? At Equator 2 Terrestrial planets move more rapidly in their orbits than the Jovian planets because terrestrial planets are (1) rotating on a tilted axis (2) more dense (3) more massive (4) closer to the Sun Polaris At New Orleans, Louisiana Polaris 3 Which event is a direct result of Earth s revolution? (1) the apparent deflection of winds (2) the changing of the Moon phases (3) the seasonal changes in constellations viewed in the night sky (4) the daily rising and setting of the Sun 30 At North Pole To Polaris 4 The cyclic rise and fall of ocean tides on Earth is primarily caused by Earth s rotation and the (1) temperature differences in ocean currents (2) revolution of Earth around the Sun (3) direction of Earth s planetary winds (4) gravitational attraction of the Moon and the Sun 90 (1) Polaris is located in a winter constellation. (2) Polaris is located at the zenith at each location. (3) Polaris apparent movement through the sky follows a south-to-north orientation. (4) Polaris altitude is equal to a location s latitude. 5 The apparent change in direction of a swinging Foucault pendulum is the result of the (1) rotation of Earth (2) revolution of Earth (3) tilt of Earth s axis (4) shape of Earth s orbit P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [2] 7 The diagram below represents the shape of the Milky Way Galaxy. 12 A parcel of air has a dry-bulb temperature of 24 C and a relative humidity of 55%. What is the dewpoint of this parcel of air? (1) 6 C (3) 24 C (2) 14 C (4) 29 C 13 Which statement can best be supported by the fossil record? (1) Humans have lived on Earth throughout geologic history. (2) The organisms on Earth have not changed. (3) Most life-forms that existed on Earth have become extinct. (4) Dinosaurs existed on Earth for more than 544 million years. The Milky Way Galaxy is best described as (1) elliptical (3) circular (2) irregular (4) spiral 14 The diagram below shows a geologic cross section. Letters A through D represent different rock units. Surface 8 Compared to the temperature and luminosity of the star Polaris, the star Sirius is (1) hotter and more luminous (2) hotter and less luminous (3) cooler and more luminous (4) cooler and less luminous A B C D 9 The Big Bang Theory, describing the creation of the universe, is most directly supported by the (1) redshift of light from distant galaxies (2) presence of volcanoes on Earth (3) apparent shape of star constellations (4) presence of craters on Earth s Moon Key Limestone Sandstone Igneous rock Contact metamorphism 10 Which process requires water to gain 540 calories of energy per gram? (1) vaporization (3) melting (2) condensation (4) freezing Which sequence correctly shows the age of the lettered rock units, from oldest to youngest? (1) A B C D (2) C D A B (3) D B A C (4) D C B A 11 Which geographic area is a common source region for cP air masses that move into New York State? (1) southwestern United States (2) central Canada (3) the north Pacific Ocean (4) the Gulf of Mexico P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 Shale [3] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 15 and 16 on the United States time zone map shown below. The dashed lines represent meridians (lines of longitude). 120 W Pacific time zone 105 W Mountain time zone 90 W Central time zone 75 W Eastern time zone Buffalo New York City San Francisco Denver Dallas 15 If the time in Buffalo, New York, is 5 a.m., what time would it be in San Francisco, California? (1) 8 a.m. (3) 3 a.m. (2) 2 a.m. (4) 4 a.m. 16 The basis for the time difference between adjoining time zones is Earth s (1) 1 per hour rate of revolution (3) 15 per hour rate of revolution (2) 1 per hour rate of rotation (4) 15 per hour rate of rotation P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [4] 17 The table below shows some observed physical properties of a mineral. Observation Physical Property color white hardness scratched by the mineral calcite distinguishing characteristic feels greasy cleavage/fracture shows some definite flat surfaces Based on these observations, the elements that make up this mineral s composition are (1) sulfur and lead (2) sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen (3) oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, and magnesium (4) oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron 18 The columns A, B, C, and D shown below contain equal volumes of sediment. Column A Column B Column C Column D Mixed particles (0.00001 cm to 0.5 cm in size) Uniform-sized particles (0.2 cm) Sorted particles (0.0001 cm to 0.2 cm in size) Dry mud (Smaller than 0.0004 cm in size) (Not drawn to scale) When an equal volume of water is added to each column, the greatest rate of infiltration will occur in which column? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [5] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 22 through 24 on the diagram below, which shows a meandering stream. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate locations on the streambed. 19 The three cross sections of sedimentary bedrock shown below represent widely separated surface exposures of layers that contain fossils. Letters A, B, C, and D represent four different marine fossils found in these rock layers. AAA DDD DD ABA AAA ADB BB CC ABD CB C AD CC A B AC ABD C Which letter best represents an index fossil? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D D 20 The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a portion of Earth s crust. 22 At which two locations is the rate of erosion greater than the rate of deposition? (1) A and B (3) C and D (2) B and C (4) D and A Surface Gayle shale Freeport sandstone a le 23 What are the largest particles that this stream can transport when its velocity is 200 centimeters per second? (1) silt (3) pebbles (2) sand (4) cobbles sh un e Erie coal b a r li m e st o n N ew C re e k g y ps u m D Bu ll e t Folding and erosion occurred after the formation of the (1) Gayle shale (2) Freeport sandstone (3) Erie coal, but before formation of Freeport sandstone (4) Dunbar limestone, but before formation of Erie coal 24 A decrease in the velocity of this stream will most likely cause an increase in (1) the amount of sediment carried by the stream (2) the size of the particles carried by the stream (3) deposition within the stream channel (4) abrasion of the stream channel 21 The surface winds in a typical Northern Hemisphere high-pressure system are generally moving (1) counterclockwise away from the high-pressure center (2) counterclockwise toward the high-pressure center (3) clockwise away from the high-pressure center (4) clockwise toward the high-pressure center P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 25 Beneath which surface location is Earth s crust the thinnest? (1) East Pacific Ridge (2) the center of South America (3) Old Forge, New York (4) San Andreas Fault [6] 12 1020 08 99 99 L L 2 2 996 996 4 100 4 100 12 12 10 10 12 12 1016 1016 10 16 10 10 16 10 (3) 12 1020 8 H 10 08 00 10 10 00 10 16 0 10 12 10 12 10 H 10 08 12 10 1020 8 10 0 10 10 16 (1) 99 99 L L 2 2 996 996 4 100 4 100 12 12 10 10 12 12 1016 1016 (2) 10 16 10 10 16 10 P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 H 10 08 10 00 10 00 10 16 10 12 10 12 10 H 10 08 12 10 1020 08 10 10 10 16 26 On which weather map do the front symbols best represent the direction of movement of the cold front and warm front associated with the low-pressure system shown on the map? (4) [7] [OVER] Velocity (km/sec) 27 The graph below shows the different velocities of P-waves and S-waves through Earth s interior. P-w ave e S-wav 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Depth (km) Which cross section best shows the inferred thickness of Earth s interior layers that cause these different velocities? Depth (km) 0 Depth (km) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Inner core Inner core Outer core Outer core Ma Mantle e ntl Crust Crust (1) (3) Depth (km) 0 Depth (km) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 te Ou Inner core rc Outer core Mantle Mantle Crust Crust (4) (2) P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [8] Inner core ore 28 The diagram below represents the pattern of normal and reversed magnetic polarity and the relative age of the igneous bedrock composing the ocean floor on the east side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The magnetic polarity of the bedrock on the west side of the ridge has been deliberately left blank. West Mid-Atlantic Ridge East Increasing Age Mantle Key Reversed polarity Normal polarity Which diagram best shows the magnetic pattern and relative age of the igneous bedrock on the west side of the ridge? Mid-Atlantic Ridge West West Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge West Mid-Atlantic Ridge West Increasing Age Increasing Age Increasing Age (1) P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 Increasing Age (2) (3) (4) [9] [OVER] 29 Which conditions normally can be found in Earth s asthenosphere, producing a partial melting of ultramafic rock? (1) temperature = 1,000 C; pressure = 10 million atmospheres (2) temperature = 2,000 C; pressure = 0.1 million atmospheres (3) temperature = 3,500 C; pressure = 0.5 million atmospheres (4) temperature = 6,000 C; pressure = 4 million atmospheres 33 An increase in the amount of which atmospheric gas is thought to cause global climate warming? (1) oxygen (3) nitrogen (2) hydrogen (4) carbon dioxide 34 The diagram below shows a drill core of sediment that was taken from the bottom of a lake. 30 Which color of the visible light spectrum could have a wavelength of 5.5 10 5 centimeter? (1) green (3) yellow (2) orange (4) red Calcite deposits 31 Compared to the climate conditions of dry inland locations, the climate conditions of locations influenced by a nearby ocean generally result in (1) hotter summers and colder winters, with a larger annual range of temperatures (2) hotter summers and colder winters, with a smaller annual range of temperatures (3) cooler summers and warmer winters, with a larger annual range of temperatures (4) cooler summers and warmer winters, with a smaller annual range of temperatures Which types of rock would most likely form from compaction and cementation of these sediments? (1) sandstone and limestone (2) shale and coal (3) breccia and rock salt (4) conglomerate and siltstone 32 Biotite mica and muscovite mica have different chemical compositions. Compared to the magma from which biotite mica forms, the magma from which muscovite mica forms is usually (1) more mafic and less dense (2) more mafic and more dense (3) more felsic and less dense (4) more felsic and more dense P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 Sand sediments 35 Which intrusive igneous rock could be composed of approximately 60% pyroxene, 25% plagioclase feldspar, 10% olivine, and 5% amphibole? (1) granite (3) gabbro (2) rhyolite (4) basalt [10] Part B 1 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (36 50): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Base your answers to questions 36 through 39 on the water cycle diagram shown below. Some arrows are numbered 1 through 4 and represent various processes. Hydrologic Cycle 1 Wind 2 4 Sea Zone of saturation Groundwater 3 Saltwater 36 Which numbered arrow best represents the process of transpiration? (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 37 The clouds have formed primarily because moist air (1) rises, expands, and cools (3) sinks, compresses, and cools (2) rises, expands, and warms (4) sinks, compresses, and warms 38 For infiltration to occur, the ground must be (1) permeable and saturated (3) impermeable and saturated (2) permeable and not saturated (4) impermeable and not saturated 39 Which atmospheric condition is most likely responsible for the wind blowing the clouds from the sea toward the land? (1) high air temperature over the sea and low air temperature over the land (2) high air pressure over the sea and low air pressure over the land (3) low air density over the sea and high air density over the land (4) low visibility over the sea and high visibility over the land P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [11] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 40 through 42 on the world map below, which shows regions of Earth where a solar eclipse was visible on May 20, 1947. Locations A, B, C, and D are on Earth s surface. Solar Eclipse May 20, 1947 United States Location B visible eclipse tial ar Location A of p it lim n Partial er rth eclipse No se clip le a ot ft Partial o h eclipse at P 0 23.5 S artial ecli f p sible pse o it vi So ut he rn Location D lim Location C 23.5 N 40 At which location could an observer have viewed this total solar eclipse if the skies were clear? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 41 Which statement best describes the visibility of this eclipse from locations in New York State? (1) A total eclipse was visible all day. (2) A total eclipse was visible only from noon until sunset. (3) A partial eclipse was visible only from noon until sunset. (4) Neither a partial nor a total eclipse was visible. P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [12] 42 Which diagram best represents the positions of Earth (E), the Sun, and the Moon (M) that created the solar eclipse? (Diagrams are not drawn to scale.) Sun E M M Sun (1) (3) M Sun E Sun E E M (2) P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 (4) [13] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 43 through 46 on the two topographic maps below. A grid system of numbers and letters appears along the edge of each map to help locate features. Both maps show elevations in feet above sea level. Map A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A A B B 100 C C W D D 49 E Mill Pond E F G G 50 F H H Mill Creek I I J JN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0.1 10 11 0.2 12 0.3 mile Map B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A A 9200 00 B 80 X 9848 B 9400 C D 90 00 D C Y E Z E F F G 10292 X H H 10000 9400 I I JN J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 G [14] 9 0.1 10 0.2 11 12 0.3 mile 43 Which statement correctly describes one difference between these maps? (1) Map A has a greater relief (elevation change between high and low locations) than map B. (2) Map A represents a much larger surface area than map B. (3) Map A shows more contour lines than map B. (4) Map A generally shows gentler slopes than map B. 44 On map B, what is the approximate straight-line distance from the center of the X within grid area B 11 to the center of the X within grid area H 11? (1) 0.3 mi (3) 1.2 mi (2) 0.6 mi (4) 1.5 mi 45 Which direction is the stream mainly flowing within grid area H 1 on map B? (1) northward (3) eastward (2) southward (4) westward Elevation (ft) 9800 9400 9000 8600 Y (1) Z 9800 Elevation (ft) Elevation (ft) Elevation (ft) 46 Which cross section best represents the topographic profile along the straight line from point Y to point Z on map B? 9400 9000 8600 Y P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 (2) Z 9800 9400 9000 8600 Y (3) 9800 9400 9000 8600 Y (4) [15] Z Z [OVER] Base your answers to questions 47 through 50 on the information, map, and cross section below. The map represents a portion of Earth s surface in the Pacific Ocean. The positions of islands, earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes, and the Tonga Trench are shown. Lines of latitude and longitude have been included. The cross section shows earthquakes that occurred beneath line XY on the map. Depth beneath Earth s surface is indicated by the scale along the left side of the cross section, as are the range of depths for shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. Distance from the trench is indicated by the scale along the bottom of the cross section. Map Cross Section Pacific Ocean Isla nds Fiji Island Ton ga X 20 S Fiji Sea Tonga Trench Y 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 X Fiji Sea 0 200 km Key Active volcanoes Earthquake epicenters Intermediate Deep ne zo 600 400 200 0 Distance from Trench (km) 48 The greatest number of earthquakes shown in the cross section occurred (1) at sea level (2) between sea level and a depth of 100 km (3) at a depth between 100 and 300 km (4) at a depth between 300 and 600 km [16] 200 Key Actual depth earthquake occurred 47 The Tonga Trench is located at the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the (1) Antarctic Plate (3) Indian-Australian Plate (2) Philippine Plate (4) Nazca Plate P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 Y Shallow 800 25 S Crustal Active Tonga surface volcano Trench eni off Vanau Leva 170 W i- B 175 W W ad at 180 Depth (km) 175 E 15 S 49 Which cross section has arrows that best represent the relative motion of the crustal plates along the Wadati-Benioff zone beneath the Tonga Trench? Trench Trench X Surface X Surface Y f ti - ti - Be nio f Be nio f f a ad W W Y a ad (3) (1) Trench Trench X Surface X Surface Y ti - ti - Be nio f Be nio f f a ad W W Y f a ad (4) (2) 50 The latitude and longitude of the center of Vanau Leva is closest to (1) 17 N 179 W (3) 17 S 179 E (2) 17 N 181 W (4) 17 S 181 E P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [17] [OVER] Part B 2 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (51 64): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Base your answers to questions 51 through 55 on the data table and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the altitude of the top of a thunderstorm cloud and the probability of hail being formed for a location in New York State. The map shows the average number of days per year hail strikes the ground in different regions of the United States. Data Table Altitude of the Top of a Thunderstorm Cloud (km) Probability of Hail Formation (%) 13 50 15 75 17 100 MAP (Average number of days that hail strikes the ground each year) Key Days with Hail 0 P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 1 2 4 6 [18] 51 Describe the relationship between the altitude of the top of a thunderstorm cloud and the probability that hail will be produced by that cloud. [1] 52 Into which atmospheric temperature zone (layer) above New York State would the top of a thunderstorm cloud extend to have a 100% probability of hail? [1] 53 State the average number of days per year that Syracuse, New York, will experience hail. [1] 54 The table below shows weather conditions recorded in Syracuse, New York, at the time of a severe hailstorm. Wind direction from the northwest Wind speed 20 knots Visibility 1 4 Present weather hail mile Amount of cloud cover 100% Barometric pressure 990.0 millibars On the weather map station model in your answer booklet, use the correct symbols and proper format to indicate the six weather conditions shown in the table. [2] 55 State one way that humans could protect themselves from harm if a severe hail warning is issued for their locality. [1] Base your answers to questions 56 through 59 on the geologic time line shown in your answer booklet. Letters a through g on the time line indicate specific reference points in geologic time. 56 Place an X on the geologic time line in your answer booklet, so that the center of the X shows the time that the coral index fossil Lichenaria shown below existed on Earth. [1] 57 Letter a indicates a specific time during which geologic period? [1] 58 Identify the mountain building event (orogeny) that was occurring in eastern North America at the time represented by letter g. [1] 59 Identify one letter that indicates a time for which there is no rock record in New York State. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [19] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 60 and 61 on the geologic cross section shown below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the surface of a landscape region in the southwestern United States and indicates the age, type, and thickness of the bedrock. Jurassic Period Vertical scale, in meters 1000 Triassic Period 500 0 60 State one characteristic, other than the horizontal bedrock structure, shown in the cross section that supports the idea that this region is correctly classified as a plateau landscape. [1] 61 Which New York State landscape region has surface bedrock of the same geologic age as the surface bedrock shown in this cross section? [1] 62 The diagram in your answer booklet represents a beaker of water that is being heated. As the colored dye pellet dissolves, the dye will show the movement of water in the beaker. On the diagram, draw arrows in the water to show the direction the colored dye will move when the water is heated as shown. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [20] Base your answers to questions 63 and 64 on the diagram below, which shows two seismogram tracings, at stations A and B, for the same earthquake. The arrival times of the P-waves and S-waves are indicated on each tracing. Seismogram Tracings Station A P-wave arrival 9:00 9:05 S-wave arrival 9:10 Time (hr:min) 9:15 9:10 Time (hr:min) 9:15 Station B P-wave arrival 9:00 S-wave arrival 9:05 63 Explain how the seismic tracings recorded at station A and station B indicate that station A is farther from the earthquake epicenter than station B. [1] 64 Seismic station A is located 5,400 kilometers from the epicenter of the earthquake. How much time would it take for the first S-wave produced by this earthquake to reach seismic station A? [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [21] [OVER] Part C Answer all questions in this part. Directions (65 82): Record your answers in the spaces in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 65 The diagram in your answer booklet shows the average distance between the Sun and Earth drawn to a scale of 1 centimeter = 100,000,000 kilometers. Using this same scale, place a small dot representing Jupiter along the line to indicate how far Jupiter would be from the Sun, and label the dot Jupiter. [1] Base your answers to questions 66 and 67 on the diagram and information below about fossil snails and on your knowledge of Earth science. Fossil Snail Top view clockwise spiral Snails have lived in most of the world s oceans over a period of hundreds of millions of years. Paleontologists discovered that in warm, tropical waters more snails have shells that, when viewed from the top, spiral outward in a clockwise direction. In cool or cold waters, more snails have shells that spiral outward in a counterclockwise direction. Both clockwise- and counterclockwise-spiraled snail fossils have been found in New York State bedrock. 66 In a slab of rock that contains many fossil snails, what evidence would lead geologists to conclude that the slab was formed in a tropical climate? [1] 67 State one reason bedrock that formed in tropical regions is found in New York State. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [22] Base your answers to questions 68 through 70 on the data table below, which shows the average date of the first breakup of ice on the Tanana River at Nenana, Alaska (65 N 149 W). The average date of the first ice breakup is shown for four decades. Data Table Decade Average Date of First Ice Breakup 1960 1969 May 7 1970 1979 May 5 1980 1989 May 4 1990 1999 April 29 68 On the grid in your answer booklet, construct a bar graph of the average date of the first ice breakup for each decade shown on the data table. [1] 69 State one possible climate change responsible for the difference in the average dates of the first ice breakups shown by the data table. [1] 70 Explain why the number of daylight hours on May 5 for an observer located at Nenana, Alaska, will be different than the number of daylight hours for an observer located at New York, New York (41 N 73 45' W). [1] 71 Complete the table in your answer booklet, by listing three agents of erosion and identifying one characteristic surface feature formed by each agent of erosion. [2] Base your answers to questions 72 and 73 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which represents an asteroid s elliptical orbit around the Sun. The dashed line is the major axis of the ellipse. 72 Place a circle, O, on the orbital path where the velocity of the asteroid would be the least. [1] 73 The Sun is located at one focal point of the orbit. Place an X on the diagram at the location of the second focal point. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [23] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 74 through 77 on the three western New York State snowfall maps below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The three maps represent three different winter seasons. The isolines show the total inches of snowfall received each winter season. Some western New York State counties are labeled on each map. The dotted line AB has been drawn on the 1991 1992 winter season map. Total Inches of Snowfall Received 1985 1986 Winter Season Lake Ontario 80 70 Orleans County Niagara County 90 10 0 Genesee County 12 0 11 Ontario 0 Erie County 130 Lake Erie 14 Wyoming County 0 N 150 0 5 10 15 20 miles 1990 1991 Winter Season 1991 1992 Winter Season Lake Ontario Orleans County 40 Niagara County 70 80 Erie County Erie County 60 0 13 140 90 B 16 0 15 0 0 10 110 120 Wyoming County Lake Erie Wyoming County 80 Genesee County A 70 Lake Erie 10 9 00 Genesee County N 5 10 15 20 miles P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 60 Ontario Ontario 0 Orleans County 50 50 Niagara County 40 Lake Ontario 0 [24] 5 10 15 20 miles N 74 Calculate the average snowfall gradient along the dotted line between points A and B on the 1991 1992 winter season map, and label your answer with the correct units. [2] 75 Once the surface of Lake Erie completely freezes over with ice, the amount of snow from each snowstorm is usually reduced. Explain why a covering of ice on Lake Erie may cause the amount of snow from snowstorms to be reduced. [1] 76 On the grid in your answer booklet, draw a line graph to show the general relationship between the amount of snowfall recorded in northern Erie County with the amount of snowfall recorded in southern Erie County, as shown on the three snowfall maps. [1] 77 On the map in your answer booklet that shows the total inches of snowfall received at various locations for the 1984 1985 winter season, draw the 120-inch snowfall isoline. [1] Base your answers to questions 78 and 79 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Radiocarbon Dating Radioactive carbon-14 (C14), because of its short half-life, is used for the absolute dating of organic remains that are less than 70,000 years old. Carbon-14 is an isotope of carbon that is produced in Earth s upper atmosphere. High-energy cosmic rays from the Sun hit nitrogen-14 (N14), producing radioactive C14. This C14 is unstable and will eventually change back into N14 through the process of radioactive decay. The proportions of C14 and ordinary C12 in Earth s atmosphere remain approximately constant. Radioactive C14, just like ordinary C12, can combine with oxygen to make carbon dioxide. Plants use CO2 during photosynthesis. The proportion of C14 to C12 in the cells and tissues of living plants is the same as the proportion of C14 to C12 in the atmosphere. After plants die, no new C14 is taken in because there is no more photosynthesis. Meanwhile, the C14 in the dead plant keeps changing back to N14, so there is less and less C14. The longer the plant has been dead, the less C14 is found in the plant. The age of organic remains can be found by comparing how much C14 is still in the organic remains to how much C14 is in a living organism. 78 Radioactive C14 was used to determine the geologic age of old wood preserved in a glacier. The amount of C14 in the old wood is half the normal amount of C14 currently found in the wood of living trees. What is the geologic age of the old wood? [1] 79 State one difference between dating with the radioactive isotope C14 and dating with the radioactive isotope uranium-238 (U238). [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [25] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 80 through 82 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Great Balls of Fire The Earth s predicted near-miss with asteroid XF11 in the year 2028 has once again focused attention on the fear that a large asteroid or comet hitting our planet could trigger a global catastrophe. To back this up, every article and television program about XF11 boldly asserted that the dinosaur extinction was caused by a giant asteroid impacting into the Earth 65 million years ago. This has typically been accompanied by a picture of frightened dinosaurs looking skyward at a huge flaming meteorite streaking across the horizon. This scenario is so widely accepted that few commentators bother to question it any more. There is, however, much evidence to suggest that an asteroid may not have hit the Earth 65 million years ago and that, even if it did, it did not cause the mass extinction of life attributed to it. There is also the possibility that dinosaurs may not have been around to witness it! by Paul Chambers http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/111_asteroid.shtml (6/98) 80 If an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago, what surface feature was most likely created by this asteroid impact? [1] 81 Identify one geologic process occurring on Earth that could have hidden or even destroyed this inferred impact feature. [1] 82 Explain how an asteroid impact may have been able to cause a worldwide mass extinction of dinosaurs. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 05 [26] The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION PHYSICAL SETTING Tear Here EARTH SCIENCE Tuesday, August 16, 2005 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only ANSWER SHEET Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sex: Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . School Male Female Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. Record your answers to Part A and Part B 1 on this answer sheet. Part B 1 Part A 1 ........... 13 . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ........... 14 . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ........... 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . 46 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ........... 16 . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . 47 . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ........... 17 . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ........... 18 . . . . . . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ........... 19 . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ........... 20 . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ........... 21 . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . Part B 1 Score Part A Score Write your answers to Part B 2 and Part C in your answer booklet. Tear Here The declaration below should be signed when you have completed the examination. I do hereby affirm, at the close of this examination, that I had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that I have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Signature PS/EARTH SCIENCE Tear Here Tear Here PS/EARTH SCIENCE FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION PS ES PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE Tuesday, August 16, 2005 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only SCORING KEY AND RATING GUIDE Directions to the Teacher: Refer to the directions on page 3 before rating student papers. Updated information regarding the rating of this examination may be posted on the New York State Education Department s web site during the rating period. Visit the site http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/osa/ and select the link Latest Information for any recently posted information regarding this examination. This site should be checked before the rating process for this examination begins and at least one more time before the final scores for the examination are recorded. Part A and Part B 1 Allow 1 credit for each correct response Part A Part B 1 1 . . . . .3. . . . . 13 . . . . .3. . . . . 25 . . . . .1. . . . . 36 . . . . .1. . . . . 44 . . . . .2. . . . . 2 . . . . .4. . . . . 14 . . . . .4. . . . . 26 . . . . .2. . . . . 37 . . . . .1. . . . . 45 . . . . .4. . . . . 3 . . . . .3. . . . . 15 . . . . .2. . . . . 27 . . . . .2. . . . . 38 . . . . .2. . . . . 46 . . . . .2. . . . . 4 . . . . .4. . . . .. 16 . . . . .4. . . . . 28 . . . . .1. . . . . 39 . . . . .2. . . . . 47 . . . . .3. . . . . 5 . . . . .1. . . . . 17 . . . . .3. . . . . 29 . . . . .2. . . . . 40 . . . . .3. . . . . 48 . . . . .4. . . . . 6 . . . . .4. . . . . 18 . . . . .2. . . . . 30 . . . . .3. . . . . 41 . . . . .4. . . . . 49 . . . . .1. . . . . 7 . . . . .4. . . . . 19 . . . . .3. . . . . 31 . . . . .4. . . . . 42 . . . . .2. . . . . 50 . . . . .3. . . . . 8 . . . . .2. . . . . 20 . . . . .3. . . . . 32 . . . . .3. . . . . 43 . . . . .4. . . . . 9 . . . . .1. . . . . 21 . . . . .3. . . . . 33 . . . . .4. . . . . 10 . . . . .1. . . . . 22 . . . . .4. . . . . 34 . . . . .1. . . . . 11 . . . . .2. . . . . 23 . . . . .4. . . . . 35 . . . . .3. . . . . 12 . . . . .2. . . . . 24 . . . . .3. . . . . [1] [OVER] [2] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued Directions to the Teacher Follow the procedures below for scoring student answer papers for the Physical Setting/Earth Science examination. Additional information about scoring is provided in the publication Information Booklet for Scoring Regents Examinations in the Sciences. Use only red ink or red pencil in rating Regents papers. Do not correct the student s work by making insertions or changes of any kind. On the detachable answer sheet for Part A and Part B 1, indicate by means of a checkmark each incorrect or omitted answer. In the box provided at the end of each part, record the number of questions the student answered correctly for that part. At least two science teachers must participate in the scoring of each student s responses to the Part B 2 and Part C open-ended questions. Each of these teachers should be responsible for scoring a selected number of the open-ended questions on each answer paper. No one teacher is to score all the open-ended questions on a student s answer paper. Student s responses must be scored strictly according to the Scoring Key and Rating Guide. For open-ended questions, credit may be allowed for responses other than those given in the rating guide if the response is a scientifically accurate answer to the question and demonstrates adequate knowledge as indicated by the examples in the rating guide. In the student s answer booklet, record the number of credits earned for each answer in the box printed to the right of the answer lines or spaces for that question. Fractional credit is not allowed. Only whole-number credit may be given to a response. Units need not be given when the wording of the questions allows such omissions. Raters should enter the scores earned for Part A, Part B 1, Part B 2, and Part C on the appropriate lines in the box printed on the answer booklet and then should add these four scores and enter the total in the box labeled Total Written Test Score. The student s score for the Earth Science Performance Test should be entered in the space provided. Then, the student s raw scores on the performance test and written test should be converted to a scaled score by using the conversion chart that will be posted on the Department s web site http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/osa/ on Tuesday, August 16, 2005. The student s scaled score should be entered in the labeled box on the student s answer booklet. The scaled score is the student s final examination score. All student answer papers that receive a scaled score of 60 through 64 must be scored a second time. For the second scoring, a different committee of teachers may score the student s paper or the original committee may score the paper, except that no teacher may score the same open-ended questions that he/she scored in the first rating of the paper. The school principal is responsible for assuring that the student s final examination score is based on a fair, accurate, and reliable scoring of the student s answer paper. Because scaled scores corresponding to raw scores in the conversion chart may change from one examination to another, it is crucial that for each administration, the conversion chart provided in the scoring key for that administration be used to determine the student s final score. The chart in this scoring key is usable only for this administration of the examination. [3] [OVER] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued Part B 2 Allow a total of 15 credits for this part. The student must answer all questions in this part. 51 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The higher the altitude of the top of the cloud, the greater the probability that hail will be produced. direct relationship 52 [1] Allow 1 credit for stratosphere. 53 [1] Allow 1 credit for one day per year. 54 [2] Allow a maximum of 2 credits, allocated as follows: Allow 2 credits if five or six weather conditions are correctly indicated, using the proper format. Allow 1 credit if only three or four weather conditions are correctly indicated, using the proper format. A 2-credit response is shown below: Station Model 900 1 4 Note: Feathers may be placed on either side of the staff. Do not allow credit for numbers with units. 55 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Seek indoor shelter. If indoors, stay away from windows. [4] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued 56 [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the X falls within the circle shown on the time line below. Geologic Time Line (millions of years ago) a 540 b 510 X 480 c d 450 420 e 390 f 360 330 g 300 270 57 [1] Allow 1 credit for Cambrian Period. 58 [1] Allow 1 credit for Appalachian Orogeny or Alleghanian Orogeny. 59 [1] Allow 1 credit for f or g. 60 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The landscape has a high relief. There is a large difference in elevation between the top and bottom rocks in the cross section. steep slopes high elevation 61 [1] Allow 1 credit for Newark Lowlands. [5] [OVER] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued 62 [1] Allow 1 credit for arrows that exhibit clockwise convective circulation. Example of a 1-credit response: 63 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The arrival time of the P-wave at station A is later than the arrival time of the P-wave at station B. The arrival time difference between the P-wave and S-wave is greater at station A. The amplitudes of the P-wave and S-wave tracings are greater on the seismogram at station B. 64 [1] Allow 1 credit for 15 minutes 50 seconds ( 10 seconds). [6] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued Part C Allow a total of 20 credits for this part. The student must answer all questions in this part. 65 [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the dot for Jupiter is 7.8 ( 0.4) cm from the center of the Sun and the dot is labeled. A 1-credit response is shown below: Sun Earth Jupiter 1 cm = 100,000,000 km Allow credit if a symbol other than a dot is used to correctly locate and label the position of Jupiter. 66 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Clockwise spiral snail shells are found in greater numbers. more clockwise fossil shells than counterclockwise 67 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: New York State experienced a warmer climate when it was located closer to the Equator. The North American Plate has drifted northward from the equator region over time. New York State used to be in the tropics. [7] [OVER] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued 68 [1] Allow 1 credit if all four bars are correctly drawn. A 1-credit response is shown below: Average Date of First Ice Breakup May 9 May 8 May 7 May 6 May 5 May 4 May 3 May 2 May 1 April 30 April 29 April 28 April 27 1960 1969 1970 1980 1979 1989 Decade 1990 1999 Note: Do not allow credit if the student constructs a line graph. 69 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The climate appears to have warmed. Average yearly temperature increased. Allow credit for a response that is consistent with the student s graph in question 68. 70 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: They are at different latitudes. Nenana is located farther from the equator. The Sun s apparent daily path is longer in Nenana on May 5th. The tilt of Earth s axis causes a longer period of daylight in Nenana. [8] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued 71 [2] Allow a maximum of 2 credits, allocated as follows: Allow 2 credits for correctly listing three agents of erosion and identifying a characteristic surface feature formed by each of the three agents of erosion. Allow 1 credit for correctly listing only two agents of erosion and identifying a characteristic surface feature formed by each of the two agents of erosion. or Allow 1 credit for correctly listing three agents of erosion even if the surface feature is incorrectly identified. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Agent of Erosion Surface Feature Formed Waves beach, sandbars, barrier islands Wind loss of topsoil, dunes Glacier U-shaped valley, moraines, drumlins Running water (streams) V-shaped valley, deltas, meanders Mass movement landslides, slumps 72 [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the circle is within the circle shown. Asteroid s orbit Major axis Sun (Not drawn to scale) [9] [OVER] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued 73 [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the X is within the circle shown. Asteroid s orbit Major axis Sun X (Not drawn to scale) Note: Allow credit if a symbol other than X is used. 74 [2] Allow a maximum of 2 credits, allocated as follows: Allow 1 credit for 4 or 4.0 ( 0.2). Allow 1 credit for the correct unit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: inches/mile in/mi 75 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: When Lake Erie is covered with ice, the air moving over it will pick up less moisture. Less evaporation will take place. When Lake Erie is covered with ice, the air is heated less. [10] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE continued 76 [1] Allow 1 credit if the line graph shows that southern Erie County has more snowfall than northern Erie County. Example of a 1-credit response: Average Yearly Snowfall (inches) Average Yearly Snowfall for the Three Winters Northern Erie County Southern Erie County 77 [1] Allow 1 credit for a correctly drawn 120-inch snowfall isoline. Example of a 1-credit response: 1984 1985 Winter Season Lake Ontario Lake Ontario 81 78 75 72 80 90 80 100 95 Ontario 100 80 93 110 122 120 121 119 105 128 102 130 160 Lake Erie Lake Erie 150 160 120 118 115 130 110 N 140 118 0 120 100 5 10 15 20 miles Note: If additional isolines are drawn, all isolines must be correct to receive credit. [11] [OVER] PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE concluded 78 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: 5,700 years 5.7 3 10 years 79 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: 238 has a longer half-life. 238 can be used to date older geologic events. U U 14 238 C is used to date organic remains while U is not. 80 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: crater impact crater large hole 81 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: deposition of sediment erosion subduction volcanic lava flow weathering 82 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Dust that was thrown into Earth s atmosphere caused a change in Earth s climate. The impact caused fires that killed plants and animals. Dust from the impact blocked sunlight that cooled Earth and caused many green plants to die. [12] The Chart for Determining the Final Examination Score for the August 2005 Regents Examination in Earth Science will be posted on the Department s web site http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/osa on Tuesday, August 16, 2005. Conversion charts provided for previous administrations of the Regents Examination in Earth Science must NOT be used to determine students final scores for this administration. [13] Map to Core Curriculum August 2005 Physical Setting/Earth Science Question Numbers Key Ideas/Performance Indicators Part A Part B Part C STANDARD 1 Math Key Idea 1 Math Key Idea 2 Math Key Idea 3 Science Inquiry Key Idea 1 Science Inquiry Key Idea 2 Science Inquiry Key Idea 3 Engineering Design Key Idea 1 68,70,74 22 48,51,52,56,60 65,72 14,26,32,33 37,54,61,63 66 STANDARD 2 Key Idea 1 Key Idea 2 Key Idea 3 STANDARD 6 Key Idea 1 Key Idea 2 7,10,11,13,15,16, 17,18,24,26 Key Idea 3 Key Idea 4 Key Idea 5 Key Idea 6 36,37,38,39,40, 41,42,43,44,45, 46,47,48,49,50, 53,54,60,62,63 44,56,57,58,59 64 69,76,77,81,82 66,68,71,78,79 65 72,73,75,78,79 STANDARD 7 Key Idea 1 Key Idea 2 Key Idea 1 Key Idea 2 Key Idea 3 ESRT 2001 Edition 55 STANDARD 4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10,11,12,13,14, 15,16,18 17,19,20,21,22, 23,24,25,26,27, 28,29,30,31,34 36,37,38,39,41, 50,56,57,58,59 65,66,67,72,73, 76,78,79,80,82 40,42,43,44,45, 46,47,48,49,50, 51,52,53,54,55, 60,61,62,63,64 68,69,70,71,74, 75,77,81 32,33,35 REFERENCE TABLES 8,12,14,20,21,22, 47,52,53,54,56, 23,25,27,29,32, 57,58,59,61,63 33,34,35 [14] 81 65,67,68,72,73

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