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New York Regents Earth Science August 2012

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P.S./EARTH SCIENCE The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION PHYSICAL SETTING EARTH SCIENCE Friday, August 17, 2012 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only Use your knowledge of Earth science to answer all questions in this examination. Before you begin this examination, you must be provided with the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. You will need these reference tables to answer some of the questions. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record your answers on your answer sheet and in your answer booklet. A separate answer sheet for Part A and Part B 1 has been provided to you. Follow the instructions from the proctor for completing the student information on your answer sheet. Record your answers to the Part A and Part B 1 multiple-choice questions on this separate answer sheet. Record your answers for the questions in Part B 2 and Part C in your separate answer booklet. Be sure to fill in the heading on the front of your answer booklet. All answers in your answer booklet should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the declaration printed on your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet and answer booklet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration. Notice. . . A four-function or scientific calculator and a copy of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science must be available for you to use while taking this examination. The use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you use any communications device, no matter how briefly, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you. DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN. P.S./EARTH SCIENCE Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1 35): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Record your answers on your separate answer sheet. 7 The arrows in the diagram below show changes in the direction of surface winds at four lettered locations, A, B, C, and D, on Earth. 1 The direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum appears to change due to Earth s (1) revolution (3) spherical shape (2) rotation (4) elliptical orbit 2 Great amounts of energy are released in the core of a star as lighter elements combine and form heavier elements during the process of (1) compaction (3) radioactive decay (2) condensation (4) nuclear fusion 3 Which sequence of stars is listed in order of increasing luminosity? (1) Spica, Rigel, Deneb, Betelgeuse (2) Polaris, Deneb, 40 Eridani B, Proxima Centauri (3) Barnard s Star, Alpha Centauri, Rigel, Spica (4) Procyon B, Sun, Sirius, Betelgeuse 4 As Earth travels in its orbit, Earth s axis (1) remains parallel to itself at all Earth positions (2) remains aligned with the Sun s axis (3) is perpendicular to the Moon s axis (4) is pointing toward the center of the Milky Way The arrow at which location correctly shows a deflection of the wind that could be due to the Coriolis effect? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 5 To a nighttime observer on Earth, how many degrees do the stars appear to move around Polaris in 3 hours? (1) 60 (3) 3 (2) 45 (4) 15 8 Approximately 2.2 billion years ago, which gas was first added in large amounts to Earth s atmosphere from life-forms that evolved in the oceans? (1) carbon dioxide (3) oxygen (2) water vapor (4) nitrogen 6 To an observer in New York State, the duration of daylight increases continuously from (1) March 1 to May 1 (2) June 1 to August 1 (3) September 1 to November 1 (4) December 1 to February 1 P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 9 Which weather variable generally decreases when wind speed is increasing, clouds are thickening, and visibility drops? (1) relative humidity (3) precipitation (2) dewpoint (4) air pressure [2] 15 In which Earth layer does the pressure reach 3.5 million atmospheres? (1) crust (3) outer core (2) stiffer mantle (4) inner core 10 The diagram below shows a weather instrument found at most weather stations. 16 Which surface feature was produced by crustal movements at a transform plate boundary? (1) East African Rift (3) Tasman Hot Spot (2) Aleutian Trench (4) San Andreas Fault The main function of this instrument is to measure which weather variable? (1) wind speed (3) air pressure (2) wind direction (4) relative humidity 17 The block diagram below shows part of a meandering stream. Line XY shows the location of a stream cross section. 11 What is the approximate percent of oxygen by volume present in Earth s lower atmosphere? (1) 21% (3) 46% (2) 33% (4) 94% X Y 12 Global warming is most likely occurring due to an increase in (1) carbon dioxide and methane gases in the atmosphere (2) oxygen and nitrogen gases in the atmosphere (3) ultraviolet radiation and x rays reflected from Earth (4) visible light and radio waves reflected from Earth Which cross section best represents the shape of the stream channel at line XY? 13 Which geologic event occurred in New York State at the end of the Triassic Period? (1) domelike uplift of the Adirondack region (2) formation of the Catskill delta (3) retreat of the last continental ice (4) intrusion of the Palisades sill X X (1) 14 What is the approximate time difference between the first P-wave and the first S-wave recorded at a seismic station located 8000 kilometers from an earthquake s epicenter? (1) 8 minutes 40 seconds (2) 9 minutes 20 seconds (3) 11 minutes 20 seconds (4) 20 minutes 40 seconds P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 Y X [3] (3) Y (2) Y X Y (4) [OVER] 20 A river s current carries sediments into the ocean. Which sediment size will most likely be deposited in deeper water farthest from the shore? (1) pebble (3) silt (2) sand (4) clay 18 Which type of surface bedrock is most commonly found in New York State s Tug Hill Plateau region? (1) intrusive igneous rock layers (2) extrusive igneous rock layers (3) horizontal sedimentary rock layers (4) faulted metamorphic rock layers 21 Which mineral would most likely become rounded at the fastest rate when tumbled along a stream bottom? (1) garnet (3) plagioclase feldspar (2) pyroxene (4) selenite gypsum 19 The cross section below shows layers of sediments deposited in a region of Wisconsin that has experienced several periods of glaciation. Descriptions of the sediments in layers A through F are included. Layer 22 Mineral crystals of quartz, biotite mica, and amphibole are produced primarily by the (1) chemical reaction of elements in seawater (2) cooling and solidification of magma (3) deposition of sediments by a glacier (4) metamorphism of bituminous coal Sediment Description A Clay B Red mixed sediments C Clay, silt, and sand D 23 Which texture best describes an igneous rock that formed deep underground? (1) glassy (3) fine grained (2) vesicular (4) coarse grained Forest bed clay 24 A nonvesicular rock is made entirely of green 2-millimeter-diameter crystals that have a hardness of 6.5 and show fracture, but not cleavage. The rock is most likely (1) shale (3) dunite (2) phyllite (4) schist Red and gray clays with lenses of silt and sand E F Gray mixed sediments Source: A. N. Strahler, The Earth Sciences, 2nd Edition, 1971 (adapted) Which two layers of sediments were probably deposited directly by glaciers? (1) A and D (3) C and E (2) B and F (4) D and E P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [4] 25 The diagram below shows the Moon at one position in its orbit around Earth. Letter X indicates the location of an observer in New York State. North Pole Sun s rays X Earth Moon (Not drawn to scale) Which phase of the Moon will the observer see when the Moon is at the position shown in its orbit? (1) (2) (3) (4) 26 The photographs below show the same coastal location at two different times during the same day. People on Beach 12:40 p.m. People Boating 6:52 p.m. Source: thehopewellrocks.ca (adapted) Which statement best explains the cause for the higher water level at 6:52 p.m.? (1) The Moon rotates on its axis at the same rate that it revolves around Earth. (2) The Moon exerts a gravitational pull on a rotating Earth. (3) Earth s rotation causes a deflection of surface ocean currents. (4) Earth s tilted axis causes different amounts of insolation throughout the day. P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [5] [OVER] 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Equatorial Diameter of Planet (thousands of kilometers) Equatorial Diameter of Planet (thousands of kilometers) 27 Which bar graph best represents the equatorial diameters of the eight planets of our solar system? Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus Venus Mars Saturn Neptune 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus Venus Mars Saturn Neptune (3) Equatorial Diameter of Planet (thousands of kilometers) 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planet (1) Equatorial Diameter of Planet (thousands of kilometers) Planet Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus Venus Mars Saturn Neptune 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus Venus Mars Saturn Neptune Planet (2) P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 Planet (4) [6] 28 Which diagram represents the apparent path of the Sun on March 21 for an observer at the equator? 90 90 60 60 30 30 60 30 30 60 West Observer 0 0 South East North East (1) North 0 North 0 Observer 0 South West (3) 90 90 60 60 30 30 60 30 30 60 West West North South Observer 0 0 0 Observer South East East (2) (4) 29 The arrows in the diagram below represent processes in the water cycle. 1 2 Ocean Groundwater Which processes in the water cycle are identified by the numbered arrows? (1) Process 1 is transpiration; process 2 is runoff. (2) Process 1 is precipitation; process 2 is runoff. (3) Process 1 is condensation; process 2 is infiltration. (4) Process 1 is evaporation; process 2 is infiltration. P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [7] [OVER] 30 The diagram below represents the setup for an experiment for studying groundwater. Tubes A, B, C, and D contain equal volumes of sediments. Within each tube, the sediments are uniform in size, shape, and packing. A test for water retention was conducted by first filling each tube with water and then draining the water into beakers. 0.3-cm particles 0.5-cm particles Beaker Beaker Beaker A 0.9-cm particles 0.7-cm particles B Beaker C D (Not drawn to scale) Water Retained Water Retained Water Retained Water Retained Which graph represents the general relationship between the sediment size and the amount of water retained by the sediments after the tubes had drained? Sediment Size Sediment Size Sediment Size Sediment Size (1) (2) (3) (4) 31 The geologic cross section below shows several rock units of Earth s crust. Some rock units are labeled A through E. A Key E B Diabase Basalt C D Contact metamorphism Which two rock units formed from sediments deposited in horizontal layers? (1) A and B (3) C and D (2) B and C (4) D and E P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [8] 32 Weather station models for three New York State cities on the same day at the same time are shown below. 64 72 022 58 78 996 72 72 Niagara Falls (N) 004 Syracuse (S) Rochester (R) Which map shows the front that was most likely passing through Rochester at that time? R R N R S N (1) S S N (2) N R (3) S (4) 33 Arrows on the maps below show differences in the direction of winds in the region of India and the Indian Ocean during January and July. Isobar values are recorded in millibars. July January 1024 1020 08 10 4 0 10 00 10 6 Low India 99 6 101 12 10 High India 08 10 1004 1000 Low 1012 1016 High Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Heavy monsoon rains usually occur in India during (1) January, when winds blow from the land (2) January, when winds blow toward high pressure (3) July, when winds blow from the ocean (4) July, when winds blow toward high pressure [9] [OVER] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 34 Which cross section best represents the convection currents in the mantle beneath the Peru-Chile Trench? Trench Trench Trench Trench Mantle (1) Mantle Mantle (2) Mantle (3) (4) 35 The sequence of block diagrams below shows stages of development of a landscape. The stages are labeled A, B, and C. A B C Which sequence of geologic processes best describes the events that created each stage shown? (1) erosion subsidence and deposition uplift and faulting (2) uplift and deposition flooding folding and erosion (3) metamorphism erosion and deposition volcanic eruptions (4) uplift and erosion subsidence and erosion folding P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [10] Part B 1 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (36 50): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Record your answers on your separate answer sheet. Base your answers to questions 36 and 37 on the data table below. The table shows the percentage of original carbon-14 remaining in three different fossils. The approximate ages of the gastropod shell and the tree wood are shown in years. The age of the human bone has been left blank. Data Table Fossil Original 14C Remaining (%) Approximate Age (y) gastropod shell 50 5,700 tree wood 25 11,400 human bone 12.5 36 What is the approximate age of the human bone fossil? (1) 5,700 y (2) 17,100 y (3) 22,800 y (4) 39,900 y 37 During which geologic period did all three fossils form? (1) Quaternary (3) Paleogene (2) Neogene (4) Permian P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [11] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 38 through 41 on the passage and map below. The map shows sections of the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Shipwreck In 1641, the crew of the ship Concepcion used the Sun and stars for navigation. The crew thought that the ship was just north of Puerto Rico, but ocean currents had carried them off course. The ship hit a coral reef and sank off the coast of the Dominican Republic. The X on the map marks the location of the sunken ship. 83 Gulf of Mexico 80 77 74 68 71 65 62 Florida Miami 24 24 Havana Atlantic Ocean Location of sunken ship Cuba 21 21 X Haiti Jamaica 18 Kingston San Juan 18 Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Caribbean Sea 15 15 South America N 12 12 83 80 77 74 71 68 65 62 38 The Concepcion was carried off course to the northwest by an ocean current flowing from the (1) Florida Current (3) North Atlantic Current (2) Gulf Stream Current (4) North Equatorial Current 39 What is the approximate latitude and longitude of the sunken ship? (1) 20.5 N 70 E (3) 20.5 S 70 E (2) 20.5 N 70 W (4) 20.5 S 70 W 40 At which map location does Polaris appear the highest in the nighttime sky? (1) Miami, Florida (3) Havana, Cuba (2) Kingston, Jamaica (4) San Juan, Puerto Rico 41 On which tectonic plate is Puerto Rico located? (1) North American Plate (2) South American Plate P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 (3) Caribbean Plate (4) Cocos Plate [12] Base your answers to questions 42 through 44 on the cross sections below, which represent a particular location of the channel of the San Juan River in Utah. Changes in river discharge (Q), in cubic meters per second, and sediment deposits before, during, and after a flood are shown. Sept 9 Sept 15 Oct 14 Q = 1688 Dec 9 Q = 513 m3/s 10 Height (m) Oct 26 m3/s Q = 186 m3/s Q = 50 m3/s Q = 18 m3/s 5 0 0 Key Water Sediment deposits 42 During the time from September 9 to October 14, the thickness of the sediment deposits at the bottom of the San Juan River s channel (1) decreased, only (3) decreased and then increased (2) increased, only (4) increased and then decreased 43 On October 14, during the flood, the discharge of the San Juan River changed dramatically. The change in the river s discharge at this location was related to an increase in the river s (3) channel length (1) velocity (2) gradient (4) sediment deposits 44 If the greatest velocity of the San Juan River on December 9 was 10 centimeters per second, what was the approximate diameter of the largest particles that the river could have carried? (1) 1.0 cm (3) 10.0 cm (2) 2.0 cm (4) 0.2 cm P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [13] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 45 through 48 on the map below, which shows the position of the jet stream relative to two air masses and a low-pressure center (L) over the United States. Pacific Ocean Canada United States Jet stream et s tr ea m cP J mT L Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Mexico N 45 In which layer of the atmosphere is this jet stream located? (3) stratosphere (1) thermosphere (2) mesosphere (4) troposphere 46 What is the difference in the air temperature and humidity between the cP and mT air masses? (1) The cP air mass is warmer and less humid. (2) The cP air mass is colder and more humid. (3) The mT air mass is warmer and more humid. (4) The mT air mass is colder and less humid. 47 What is the general movement of the surface winds around the center of this low-pressure area? (1) counterclockwise and outward (3) clockwise and outward (2) counterclockwise and inward (4) clockwise and inward 48 Assuming the low-pressure center (L) follows a typical storm track, it will move (1) into the mT air mass to the west (2) into the cP air mass to the northwest (3) along the path of the jet stream to the northeast (4) along the path of the jet stream to the southwest P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [14] Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on the passage and photograph below. Dinosaur Tracks Revealed After Years of Dry Weather By April 2005, the surface of Lake Powell, a human-made lake in Utah and Arizona, had fallen 145 feet below its highest level. This revealed many traces of ancient life that had not been observed since this area had been covered with water. Among these traces, discovered in sandstone bedrock, were many dinosaur tracks, ranging in age between 170 and 200 million years old. Dinosaur Track on Shoreline of Lake Powell Source: Andre Delgalvis, Arizona Highways, February 2006 49 The events listed below led to the formation and exposure of these dinosaur tracks. A. Rock layers above the dinosaur tracks are eroded. B. Tracks are made in loose sand by dinosaurs. C. Sediments are compressed and cemented. D. Sedimentation buries tracks. E. The water level of Lake Powell drops. What is the correct sequence of the events listed above that led to the formation and exposure of the dinosaur tracks in the surface bedrock along the shoreline of Lake Powell? (1) B C A E D (3) E D A B C (2) B D C A E (4) E C B D A 50 Which conditions before April 2005 in the Lake Powell region most likely produced the decrease in the water level of Lake Powell? (1) Runoff exceeded precipitation. (3) Evaporation exceeded precipitation. (2) Precipitation exceeded runoff. (4) Precipitation exceeded evaporation. P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [15] [OVER] Part B 2 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (51 65): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Base your answers to questions 51 through 53 on the map below, which shows a portion of New York State and Canada. The arrows represent the direction of the wind blowing over Lake Ontario for several days early one winter. Canada New York Watertown LAKE ONTARIO Toronto Old Forge Oswego Niagara Falls Utica Rochester Syracuse Buffalo KE LA IE ER 51 Explain why Oswego, New York, usually gets more snow than Toronto, Canada, when the wind is blowing in the direction shown on the map. [1] 52 Compared to the average winter air temperature in Watertown, New York, explain why the average winter air temperature in Old Forge, New York, is colder. [1] 53 Explain why the surface of Lake Erie freezes much later in the winter than the surrounding land surfaces. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [16] Base your answers to questions 54 through 57 on the passage below. Meteorite Composition Meteors that strike Earth s surface are called meteorites. Analysis of meteorite composition has provided scientists with information regarding the formation of Earth and our solar system, and possibly the development and evolution of life on Earth. Two types of meteorites are iron meteorites and chondrites. Iron meteorites consist mostly of iron and nickel, and are inferred to be from core materials of early planetary bodies in our solar system. More than 60% of meteorites studied have been identified as chondrites. Chondrites are made of millimeter-sized spheres of olivine and pyroxene crystals embedded in a mass of mineral and metal grains. The chondrites are thought to represent fragments of the earliest solid materials in our solar system. One type of chondrite, the carbonaceous chondrite, contains water, organic compounds, and minerals that represent the chemical composition necessary for life to form. 54 Identify the type of meteorite that is inferred to have a composition similar to the composition of Earth s core. [1] 55 Identify two elements that can be found in both olivine and pyroxene. [1] 56 What is the estimated age, in years, of Earth and our solar system? [1] 57 Explain why there is little evidence of meteorite impact craters on Earth. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [17] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 58 through 61 on the generalized map below, which shows a portion of the Atlantic Ocean floor located between South America and Africa. Isolines show the approximate age, in million years, of the ocean-floor bedrock on each side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Points A, B, and X represent locations on the ocean floor. dge tlan t i c Ri Africa d- A South America A 118 83 Mi X B 68 40 10 0 10 40 68 83 118 58 On the grid in your answer booklet, construct a line graph of bedrock age by plotting the age of the bedrock shown by each isoline that crosses line AB. Points A and B are plotted on the grid. Connect the plots from A to B with a line. [1] 59 Estimate the age of the ocean-floor bedrock at point X. [1] 60 Explain why the age of the ocean-floor bedrock increases as the distance from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge increases. [1] 61 The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates pairs of crustal plates, such as the South American Plate and the African Plate. Identify one other pair of crustal plates separated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [18] Base your answers to questions 62 through 65 on the topographic map in your answer booklet. Letters A through D represent locations on the map. Elevations are measured in feet. Dashed lines represent trails. 62 On the map in your answer booklet, place an X on the trail between A and B so the center of the X indicates where the slope is steepest. [1] 63 On the map in your answer booklet, first draw an arrow on the stream to show the direction in which the stream is flowing. Then state one piece of evidence shown on the map that supports the direction of the arrow you drew on the stream. [1] 64 Identify the contour interval used on this map. [1] 65 How long will it take a person to hike along the trail from point C to point D at a rate of 3 miles per hour? [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [19] [OVER] Part C Answer all questions in this part. Directions (66 85): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Base your answers to questions 66 through 68 on the bar graph below and on the data table in your answer booklet. The bar graph shows the number of partial lunar eclipses that occurred during each of the last nine centuries (100-year intervals) on Earth. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only part of the Moon is within the darkest part of Earth s shadow. The data table in your answer booklet shows the number of total lunar eclipses that occurred during the same nine centuries. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon is completely within the darkest part of Earth s shadow. Partial Lunar Eclipses Each Century Number of Partial Lunar Eclipses 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 1101 to 1200 1201 1301 to 1300 to 1400 1401 to 1500 1501 to 1600 1601 to 1700 1701 to 1800 1801 to 1900 1901 to 2000 100-Year Interval 66 On the grid in your answer booklet, construct a bar graph of the number of total lunar eclipses for each 100-year interval listed on the data table in your answer booklet. [1] 67 State the relationship between the number of partial lunar eclipses per century and the number of total lunar eclipses per century. [1] 68 On the diagram in your answer booklet, draw an X so the center of the X indicates the position of Earth during a lunar eclipse. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [20] Base your answers to questions 69 through 74 on the geologic cross section below, which shows rock units 1 through 7 that have not been overturned. Some of the rock units contain New York State index fossils. An unconformity exists between rock units 5 and 6. 1 2 3 Key 7 4 Basalt 5 Volcanic ash Contact metamorphism 6 69 State the grain size of the sediment that was deposited to form rock unit 2. [1] 70 Identify two processes that produced the basalt. [1] 71 What evidence shown in the cross section indicates that the basalt rock unit is the youngest rock unit? [1] 72 Bedrock from which entire geologic time period is missing between rock units 5 and 6? [1] 73 Identify one metamorphic rock that could have been formed by the contact metamorphism within rock unit 1. [1] 74 Describe one characteristic of volcanic ash layers and index fossils that makes both of them good geologic time markers. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [21] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 75 through 78 on the map in your answer booklet, which shows surface air temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, for a portion of the United States. These temperatures were recorded at noontime on the same winter day. Two coastal cities are labeled: Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Miami, Florida. Other selected locations are labeled A, B, and C. 75 On the map in your answer booklet, draw the 60 F isotherm from location A to the western edge of the map. [1] 76 Calculate the temperature gradient between locations B and C in F per mile. [1] 77 Explain why the noontime winter air temperatures in Miami, Florida, are usually higher than the noontime winter air temperatures in Atlantic City, New Jersey. [1] 78 A frontal boundary exists between locations B and C. Identify one process that causes clouds to form in the moist air rising along this frontal boundary. [1] Base your answers to questions 79 and 80 on the climate graph below, which shows the average monthly precipitation and average monthly air temperatures at city X. City X is located near a mountain range in the Southern Hemisphere. 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Average Monthly Air Temperature ( C) Average Monthly Precipitation (cm) City X Key Precipitation Air temperature Month 79 What evidence shown on the graph indicates that city X is located in the Southern Hemisphere? [1] 80 In your answer booklet, state whether the climate of city X is dry or wet. Then, on the cross section in your answer booklet, place an X on Earth s surface to indicate the most likely location of city X. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [22] Base your answers to questions 81 through 85 on the diagram in your answer booklet. The diagram shows Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth s location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. Aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) and perihelion (closest distance to the Sun) are labeled to show the approximate times when they occur in Earth s orbit. 81 On the diagram in your answer booklet, draw a line through Earth at location A to represent Earth s tilted axis on the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. Label the North Pole end of the axis. [1] 82 On the diagram in your answer booklet, draw an arrow on Earth at location D to show the direction of Earth s rotation. Extend the arrow from one side of Earth to the other side of Earth. [1] 83 Approximately how many days does it take Earth to travel from location B to location C? [1] 84 Explain why the gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth decreases as Earth travels from location D to location A. [1] 85 Explain why an observer in New York State sees some different constellations in the night sky when Earth is at location A compared to when Earth is at location C. [1] P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 12 [23] P.S./EARTH SCIENCE Printed on Recycled Paper P.S./EARTH SCIENCE FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION PS ES PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE Friday, August 17, 2012 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only SCORING KEY AND RATING GUIDE Directions to the Teacher: Refer to the directions on page 2 before rating student papers. Updated information regarding the rating of this examination may be posted on the New York State Education Department s web site during the rating period. Check this web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/ and select the link Scoring Information for any recently posted information regarding this examination. This site should be checked before the rating process for this examination begins and several times throughout the Regents Examination period. Part A and Part B 1 Allow 1 credit for each correct response. Part A 1 ......2...... 10 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 2 ......4...... 11 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 3 ......4...... 12 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 4 ......1...... 13 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 5 ......2...... 14 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 6 ......1...... 15 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 7 ......1...... 16 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 8 ......3...... 17 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 9 ......4...... 18 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . Part B 1 36 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 46 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 47 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . Directions to the Teacher Follow the procedures below for scoring student answer papers for the Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science. Additional information about scoring is provided in the publication Information Booklet for Scoring Regents Examinations in the Sciences. Do not attempt to correct the student s work by making insertions or changes of any kind. Allow 1 credit for each correct response. At least two science teachers must participate in the scoring of the Part B 2 and Part C open-ended questions on a student s paper. Each of these teachers should be responsible for scoring a selected number of the open-ended questions on each answer paper. No one teacher is to score more than approximately one-half of the open-ended questions on a student s answer paper. Students responses must be scored strictly according to the Scoring Key and Rating Guide. For open-ended questions, credit may be allowed for responses other than those given in the rating guide if the response is a scientifically accurate answer to the question and demonstrates adequate knowledge as indicated by the examples in the rating guide. On the student s separate answer sheet, for each question, record the number of credits earned and the teacher s assigned rater/scorer letter. Fractional credit is not allowed. Only whole-number credit may be given for a response. Units need not be given when the wording of the questions allows such omissions. For hand scoring, raters should enter the scores earned in the appropriate boxes printed on the separate answer sheet. Next, the rater should add these scores and enter the total in the space provided. The student s score for the Earth Science Performance Test should be recorded in the space provided. Then the student s raw scores on the written test and the performance test should be converted to a scale score by using the conversion chart that will be posted on the Department s web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/ on Friday, August 17, 2012. The student s scale score should be entered in the box labeled Scale Score on the student s answer sheet. The scale score is the student s final examination score. Schools are not permitted to rescore any of the open-ended questions on this exam after each question has been rated once, regardless of the final exam score. Schools are required to ensure that the raw scores have been added correctly and that the resulting scale score has been determined accurately. Because scale scores corresponding to raw scores in the conversion chart may change from one administration to another, it is crucial that for each administration, the conversion chart provided for that administration be used to determine the student s final score. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [2] Part B 2 Allow a maximum of 15 credits for this part. 51 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The air travels over Lake Ontario toward Oswego, picking up moisture that results in more snow. The air over Toronto contains less moisture. Lake-effect storms occur on the eastern side of the lake when the wind is blowing in the direction shown. 52 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Old Forge is located in the mountains. Higher elevations have colder temperatures. Watertown is closer to a large body of water that moderates its temperature. 53 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Water has a higher specific heat than land. Water takes a longer time to cool than land. Land surfaces cool faster. 54 [1] Allow 1 credit for iron meteorite(s) or iron. 55 [1] Allow 1 credit if both elements are correct. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: iron/Fe magnesium/Mg silicon/Si oxygen/O 56 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: 4,600 million y 4.6 billion y 4,600,000,000 y 57 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Weathering and erosion on Earth s surface have erased many craters. Most meteors are very small and burn up in Earth s atmosphere. Most of Earth s surface is ocean, where sediments cover impact craters. Crustal plate movement has destroyed the evidence. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [3] 58 [1] Allow 1 credit if all nine ages are correctly plotted within the rectangles shown below and are connected with a line from A to B that passes within the rectangles. Note: It is recommended that an overlay with the same scale as the student answer booklet be used to ensure reliability in rating. Age of Atlantic Ocean-Floor Bedrock 130 120 A B 110 Bedrock Age (million years) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Locations on Ocean Floor 59 [1] Allow 1 credit for any value greater than 68 million years and less than 83 million years. 60 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Plates are diverging at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where new seafloor is forming. The boundary between the South American Plate and the African Plate is a spreading center. New oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. The seafloor is spreading. 61 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: North American Plate and Eurasian Plate N. American Plate and African Plate P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [4] 62 [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the X is located on the trail on or between the 7960- and 8000-foot contour lines as shown below. 63 [1] Allow 1 credit for both an arrow on the map showing the stream flowing toward the northeast and for correct supporting evidence. Acceptable evidence includes, but is not limited to: The stream is flowing from higher contour elevations to lower contour elevations. Contour lines bend upstream when crossing a stream. Vs in the contour lines point in the opposite direction of stream flow. Example of a correctly placed X for question 62 and a correctly drawn arrow for question 63: 00 78 00 76 A 00 7600 78 ail Tr D X 8000 Tr a il m ea Str 80 00 C B 0 64 [1] Allow 1 credit for 40 ft. 65 [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 1.8 h to 2.2 h. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [5] 1 2 3 miles N Part C Allow a maximum of 20 credits for this part. 66 [1] Allow 1 credit if the tops of all nine bars are within the ranges shown below. Note: It is recommended that an overlay with the same scale as the student answer booklet be used to ensure reliability in rating. Example of a 1-credit response: Total Lunar Eclipses Each Century Number of Total Lunar Eclipses 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 1101 to 1200 1201 to 1300 1301 to 1400 1401 to 1500 1501 to 1600 1601 to 1700 1701 to 1800 1801 to 1900 1901 to 2000 100-Year Interval 67 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: As the number of partial lunar eclipses increases, the number of total lunar eclipses decreases. The more partial lunar eclipses there are, the fewer total lunar eclipses there are. When the number of partial eclipses is high, the number of total eclipses is low. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [6] 68 [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the X is within the rectangular zone shown below. Note: It is recommended that an overlay of the same size as the student answer booklet be used to ensure reliability in rating. Sun Moon (Not drawn to scale) 69 [1] Allow 1 credit for clay or for a size equal to or less than 0.0004 cm. 70 [1] Allow 1 credit for two correct responses. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: cooling solidification crystallization melting intrusion/intruding 71 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Basalt cuts across all other rock units. Contact metamorphism is shown between the basalt and all rock layers. 72 [1] Allow 1 credit for Ordovician Period. 73 [1] Allow 1 credit for marble or hornfels. 74 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: They are formed over a short period of time. They are geographically widespread. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [7] 75 [1] Allow 1 credit for a correctly drawn 60 F isotherm. If more than one isotherm is drawn, all isotherms must be correct to receive credit. The isotherm does not have to be labeled. Example of a 1-credit response: 27 Albany 29 30 30 38 41 39 30 60 42 66 61 B 45 43 45 Atlantic City 51 47 38 32 60 67 A 70 C 48 75 77 53 Atlantic Ocean 78 81 55 60 80 60 73 Gulf of Mexico 85 Miami 0 100 200 300 400 mi 76 [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 0.20 F/mi to 0.30 F/mi. 77 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Miami is located at a lower latitude. Atlantic City receives a lower angle of insolation/less intense insolation. The temperatures in Miami are warmed by the Florida Current. Miami has a longer duration of insolation. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [8] 78 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: expansion cooling to the dewpoint condensation cooling deposition 79 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Its warmest months are in January and February. Its coldest months are in June and July. The warm and cold times of the year are the opposite of New York s. 80 [1] Allow 1 credit if the climate is identified as dry and an X is placed anywhere on the leeward side of the mountain range. Example of a correctly placed X: ili Preva ng n wi ds Mountain range Ocean P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [9] X 81 [1] Allow 1 credit if the axis line is drawn through Earth at location A within the stippled areas shown below and the North Pole is correctly labeled. Note: It is recommended that an overlay of the same size as the student answer booklet be used to ensure reliability in rating. 82 [1] Allow 1 credit for an arrow at location D that shows a general west to east rotation. Allow credit if the arrow showing the direction of Earth s rotation is correctly drawn at location A. Example of a 2-credit response for questions 81 and 82: NP A D Note: Allow credit if the student labels the North Pole at the bottom, as shown below. NP A D 83 [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 88 d to 94 d. 84 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Earth s distance to the Sun is increasing. Earth is getting farther from the Sun. Earth is approaching aphelion. 85 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: The nighttime side of Earth at location A faces a different region of space than at location C. Earth is on different sides of the Sun in its orbit at locations A and C. Earth revolves around the Sun, so locations A and C have different views of the night sky. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [10] Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science August 2012 Chart for Converting Total Test Raw Scores to Final Examination Scores (Scale Scores) The Chart for Determining the Final Examination Score for the August 2012 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science will be posted on the Department s web site at: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/ on Friday, August 17, 2012. Conversion charts provided for previous administrations of the Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science must NOT be used to determine students final scores for this administration. Online Submission of Teacher Evaluations of the Test to the Department Suggestions and feedback from teachers provide an important contribution to the test development process. The Department provides an online evaluation form for State assessments. It contains spaces for teachers to respond to several specific questions and to make suggestions. Instructions for completing the evaluation form are as follows: 1. Go to http://www.forms2.nysed.gov/emsc/osa/exameval/reexameval.cfm. 2. Select the test title. 3. Complete the required demographic fields. 4. Complete each evaluation question and provide comments in the space provided. 5. Click the SUBMIT button at the bottom of the page to submit the completed form. P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 [11] Map to Core Curriculum August 2012 Physical Setting/Earth Science Key Ideas/Performance Indicators Math Key Idea 1 Math Key Idea 2 Math Key Idea 3 Science Inquiry Key Idea 1 Question Numbers Part A Part B Standard 1 36, 39, 44, 58, 64, 5, 14 65 Part C 76 3 59, 62 66, 67, 75, 79, 83, 85 1, 2, 4, 8, 18, 21, 23, 30, 35 43, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 60, 63 71, 74, 77, 78, 80, 85 Science Inquiry Key Idea 2 Science Inquiry Key Idea 3 Engineering Design Key Idea 1 Standard 2 Key Idea 1 Key Idea 2 Key Idea 3 Key Idea 1 48 Standard 6 9, 12, 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32 2, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35 27 Key Idea 3 Key Idea 4 Key Idea 5 68, 70, 78, 81, 82, 85 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 85 62, 64, 65 53 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 52, 59, 60, 62, 63 76 65 67 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 36, 37, 39, 40, 49, 50, 56 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 32, 33, 34, 35 Key Idea 2 38, 40, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 57 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 21, 22, 23, 24 55 69, 70, 73 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 65 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 6, 19, 21, 23, 33 75, 77, 79, 80, 81 Key Idea 6 Standard 7 Key Idea 1 Key Idea 2 Standard 4 Key Idea 1 Key Idea 2 Key Idea 3 Reference Tables ESRT 2011 Edition (Revised) P.S./E. Sci. Rating Guide Aug. 12 3, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 31, 32 [12]

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