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NSW HSC 2005 : EARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

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2005 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N Earth and Environmental Science Total marks 100 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using pencil Board-approved calculators may be used A Geological Time Scale is provided at the back of this paper Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of pages 9, 13, 17 and 33 Section I Pages 2 19 75 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 26 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Section II Pages 21 29 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 27 30 Allow about 45 minutes for this section 139 Section I 75 marks Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the multiple-choice answer sheet. Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely. Sample: 2+4= (A) 2 A (B) 6 (C) 8 B C (D) 9 D If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new answer. A B C D If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows. correct A B C 2 D 1 Which of the following best explains why there are few earthquakes in Australia? (A) Its tectonic setting leads to volcanic activity but not to seismic activity. (B) Earthquakes occur only at depth and are not felt at the surface. (C) The continent is in an intra-plate environment. (D) The continent is only subjected to subduction. 2 Which of the following best explains why island arcs such as Indonesia and the Philippines have similar rock types? (A) Both locations are ancient continental crustal areas. (B) Oceanic crust is the source of the rocks in both locations. (C) The weathering of rocks in both locations is very similar. (D) Volcanoes in both locations produce mainly basaltic lava. 3 Which row in the table correctly relates plate boundary types to tectonic activities? Plate boundary with volcanic eruptions but NOT major destructive earthquakes Plate boundary with volcanic eruptions AND major destructive earthquakes (A) Continent continent convergent Ocean ocean divergent (B) Continent continent convergent Ocean continent convergent (C) Ocean ocean divergent Ocean continent convergent (D) Ocean continent convergent Continent continent convergent 3 4 Which of the following diagrams represents the tectonic setting of the Australian continent? Antarctica Australia Indonesia (A) Antarctica Australia Indonesia (B) continental material oceanic crust Antarctica Australia Indonesia (C) Antarctica Australia NOT TO SCALE Indonesia (D) 5 Which of the following pairs of technologies is used to measure crustal movements at collision boundaries? (A) Creep meter, tiltmeter (B) Geiger counter, seismometer (C) Magnetometer, Richtermeter (D) Radon-gas counter, tectometer 6 Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is true? (A) Cyanobacteria are heterotrophic organisms. (B) Cyanobacteria are simple photosynthetic organisms. (C) Cyanobacteria are known only from the fossil record. (D) Cyanobacteria represent an evolutionary advance on green algae. 7 Which of the following places the first appearance of organisms in correct order from oldest to youngest? (A) Reptiles, fish, birds, mammals (B) Fish, mammals, birds, reptiles (C) Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds (D) Reptiles, fish, amphibians, birds 4 8 Why was the formation of the ozone layer important to the evolution of life on Earth? (A) Ozone filters visible light. (B) Ozone filters ultraviolet radiation. (C) Ozone allows the build-up of ultraviolet radiation. (D) Ozone allows the build-up of long-wave radiation. 9 The diagram shows the main divisions within the geological time scale and the relative change in the number of genera. Marine Plants Marine Animals Land Plants Land Animals 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ Neogene Paleogene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Relative change in the number of genera Which of the following statements is best supported by the information in the diagram? (A) The division boundaries correspond to major extinction events. (B) The increase of land plant genera corresponds with the extinction of marine plant genera. (C) Relative changes in the number of marine plant genera have increased over geological time. (D) There is poor correlation between extinctions and increases in marine plants versus that in marine animals. 5 10 What are three essential requirements for fossil formation? (A) Bacteria, slow burial, water (B) Limited decay, quick burial, water (C) Limited decay, remaining undisturbed, water (D) Limited decay, quick burial, remaining undisturbed 11 Which of the following lists contains only greenhouse gases? (A) Carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrogen (B) Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen (C) Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour (D) Methane, nitrogen, nitrous oxide 12 Which of the following is a consequence of increased SO2 in our atmosphere? (A) Acid rain (B) Global warming (C) Ozone depletion (D) Photochemical smog 6 13 The diagram represents some feeding relationships in an Australian ecosystem. Eagle Bush rat Grasshopper Grass Kangaroo If a non-biodegradable pesticide were widely used in such an ecosystem, where would you expect the greatest residual levels to be found? (A) Bush rats (B) Eagles (C) Grasses (D) Kangaroos 14 A farmer experienced reduced yields in his barley and corn field, because of salinity. Sandstone ridge (dry pasture for sheep) Black soil plain (barley and corn field) River 20 m 1 km Farm profile Why would the Rural Land Protection Board suggest planting eucalypt trees on the sandstone ridge? (A) The trees will reduce the recharge in the sandstone and lower the water table. (B) The roots of the trees will grow below the crops and help lower the water table. (C) The roots of the trees will control soil erosion on the black soil plain. (D) The increased shade from the trees will reduce the loss of crops. 7 The graph shows the relationship between compaction measured as the bulk density of soil in a field and the number of passes over the field by a bulldozer. Bulk density of soil (g cm 3) 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0 5 10 Number of passes by bulldozer 15 Which of the following represents the relationship between the number of passes by a bulldozer and the relative soil permeability to water? (A) Relative soil permeability 15 (B) (C) (D) 0 5 10 Number of passes by bulldozer 8 Board of Studies NSW 2005 15 2 005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Earth and Environmental Science Centre Number Section I (continued) Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 26 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Student Number Answer the questions in the spaces provided. Marks Question 16 (6 marks) Mountain building processes and the associated geological structures are controlled by the type of plate boundary where mountains form. (a) Sketch and label ONE geological structure formed at a divergent plate boundary. 2 (b) State TWO differences between continental and oceanic crust. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) Explain why mountains formed at convergent plate boundaries contain deformed rocks. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 140 9 2 Marks Question 17 (5 marks) The Sumatran volcano, Toba, erupted approximately 75 000 years ago and ejected around 2 800 km3 of material. Awaiting Copyright Approval (a) Identify TWO immediate hazards that living things in Sumatra would have faced when Toba erupted. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Explain why Toba and many other volcanoes are present on the island of Sumatra. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 10 3 Marks Question 18 (5 marks) (a) Describe how ONE named scientific technology is used to predict earthquakes. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Justify why scientists should continue to develop or improve methods for predicting earthquakes. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... Please turn over 11 3 Marks Question 19 (6 marks) In your course you gathered and analysed information from secondary sources about the forces driving plate motion. Using supporting diagrams, analyse ONE model used to explain this motion. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Board of Studies NSW 2005 6 2 005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Earth and Environmental Science Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 20 (6 marks) (a) With reference to the Geological Time Scale, calculate the duration of the following four time divisions and place them in the table in order from longest to shortest. Archaean Cenozoic Triassic Proterozoic Time division (b) Length of time (Ma) Compare life-forms before and after the Cambrian event . ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 141 3 13 3 Marks Question 21 (5 marks) (a) Describe the significance of Banded Iron Formations in terms of environmental conditions. 3 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) The media announced the discovery of a Banded Iron Formation which was thought to be Cretaceous in age. Using your understanding of Banded Iron Formations, evaluate the reliability of the media report. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 14 2 Marks Question 22 (6 marks) Cooksonia was a Silurian plant that was probably confined to swampy environments. Artist s impression of Cooksonia Awaiting Copyright Clearance Discuss the features of Cooksonia that would have suited a swampy environment but that would require modification through evolutionary changes to permit survival in terrestrial environments. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 15 6 Marks Question 23 (6 marks) (a) 1 What is the chemical difference between oxygen and ozone? ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... The figure shows total ozone at Halley Station in Antarctica in the period 1956 2001. Total ozone (DU) (b) 2 350 300 250 200 150 1960 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. Describe the trends in total ozone at Halley Station. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) Name an international strategy for reducing ozone depletion, and assess its impact on society and the environment. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 16 Board of Studies NSW 2005 3 2 005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Earth and Environmental Science Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 24 (5 marks) Evaluate a current method for the treatment of liquid waste that allows for the recycling of water. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 142 17 5 Marks Question 25 (4 marks) Awaiting Copyright Approval Discuss the importance of maintaining environmental flows in rivers. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 18 4 Marks Question 26 (6 marks) The Australian continent has grown over geological time from west to east, as a result of plate tectonic processes. Analyse differences in the fertility of soils in eastern and western Australia. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 19 6 BLANK PAGE 20 Board of Studies NSW 2005 2 005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Earth and Environmental Science Section II 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 27 30 Allow about 45 minutes for this section Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available. Pages Question 27 Question 28 Organic Geology a Non-renewable Resource .................. 24 25 Question 29 Mining and the Australian Environment .............................. 26 27 Question 30 143 Introduced Species and the Australian Environment ........... 22 23 Oceanography ...................................................................... 28 29 21 Marks Question 27 Introduced Species and the Australian Environment (25 marks) (a) In your study of this option you were required to visit a local environment to identify and classify non-indigenous flora and fauna. (i) 2 (ii) (b) Describe ONE appropriate method you used to present the data you gathered. Justify whether this investigation was best undertaken individually or by a team. 2 The National Parks and Wildlife Service conducted a survey in a western region of New South Wales and, over a period of time, estimated the abundance of two introduced species. The data collected is shown in the table. Time Temperature ( C) (maximum daily) Number of species 1 Number of species 2 30 July 2000 11 23 52 24 February 2001 43 57 50 9 74 43 20 February 2002 41 92 39 5 August 2002 12 135 28 17 February 2003 49 15 35 8 21 37 10 February 2004 39 25 34 3 August 2004 12 29 29 31 January 2005 40 32 25 3 August 2001 31 July 2003 (i) On the graph paper provided on page 33, draw a graph to show the abundance of the two introduced species over the period of time. 4 (ii) Propose a reason for the trend shown in the abundance of both species over the period of time. 2 Question 27 continues on page 23 22 Marks Question 27 (continued) (c) Assess the effectiveness of strategies that are currently being used to rehabilitate a named ecosystem that has been damaged by introduced species. (d) 7 Study the photographs of two different gardens in Australia. Photo 1 Photo 2 T Dixon & J Churchill, 1988, Gardens in Time: In the Footsteps of Edna Walling, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, p 113. Peter Spooner (ed), 1973, Practical Guide to Home Landscaping, Reader s Digest Services Pty Ltd, Sydney, page 60 (i) Explain why people may have introduced plants into the Australian environment. 2 (ii) Explain how the establishment of the garden in Photo 1 may have altered the abiotic characteristics of the environment. 3 (iii) Predict what will happen to each garden during a long period of drought, and give reasons for your prediction. 3 End of Question 27 23 Marks Question 28 Organic Geology a Non-renewable Resource (25 marks) (a) In your study of this option you carried out an investigation to distinguish between the products of complete and incomplete combustion. (i) 2 (ii) (b) Describe ONE appropriate method you used to present the data you gathered. Justify whether this investigation was best undertaken individually or by a team. 2 Examine the data table of coal characteristics. Coal rank Carbon (%) Specific energy (MJ kg 1) In-situ moisture (%) Volatile material (%) (Peat) 60 14.7 75 65 Brown 71 23.0 30 52 Sub-bituminous 80 33.5 5 40 High volatile bituminous 86 35.6 3 31 Medium volatile bituminous 90 36.0 1 22 Low volatile bituminous 91 36.4 <1 14 Semi-anthracite 92 36.0 <1 8 Anthracite 95 35.2 <1 2 (i) 4 (ii) (c) On the graph paper provided on page 33, draw a graph to show the effect of changing coal rank on carbon content and volatile material. Propose a reason for the trends in carbon content and volatile material with coal rank. 2 Assess the effectiveness of strategies that are currently being used to reduce the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels. 7 Question 28 continues on page 25 24 Marks Question 28 (continued) (d) salt dome Shale Sandstone Oil and gas Limestone (i) Explain the formation of TWO major geological traps for petroleum indicated in the diagram. 3 (ii) Predict the ancient geological setting most likely to have generated large petroleum accumulations. 3 (iii) Describe the process by which petroleum is refined into fuel for use in motor vehicles. 2 End of Question 28 25 Marks Question 29 Mining and the Australian Environment (25 marks) (a) In your study of this option you were required to perform a first-hand investigation to distinguish between waste rock and ore, and ore minerals and gangue minerals. (i) 2 (ii) (b) Describe ONE appropriate method you used to present the data you gathered. Justify whether this investigation was best undertaken individually or by a team. 2 Examine the data table of production figures for the Madpass gold mine. Years 1 2 3 Mine production (kt) ore mined 0 0 300 Ore re ned (kt) 0 0 Gold metal produced ( 000 oz) 0 Price ($ per oz) 4 5 6 7 8 1200 1400 1300 650 0 200 1150 1360 1250 520 0 0 85 240 319 335 160 0 420 440 420 435 440 425 380 360 Total mine costs ($ millions) 18 30 23 60 70 67 40 28 Income ($ millions) 0 0 36 105 141 142 61 0 Profits ($ millions) 18 30 13 45 71 75 21 28 (i) On the graph paper provided on page 33, draw a graph to show total mine costs and profits for the duration of the mining activity. 4 (ii) Propose a reason related to the mining activities for the mine losing money during some years. 2 Question 29 continues on page 27 26 Marks Question 29 (continued) (c) Assess the effectiveness of environmental rehabilitation strategies for the main mining methods at a named deposit. (d) 7 The diagram depicts a variety of tectonic settings. (i) Describe the geological features of ONE of the tectonic settings depicted in the diagram. 2 (ii) Predict where you would find EITHER a base/precious metal producing locality OR an iron ore producing locality in the above diagram, and give reasons for your prediction. 3 (iii) Propose ONE exploration method that could be used to identify the ore deposit that you predicted. 3 End of Question 29 27 Marks Question 30 Oceanography (25 marks) (a) In your study of this option you were required to carry out an investigation to demonstrate the precipitation of salts from a cooling solution. (i) 2 (ii) (b) Describe ONE appropriate method you used to present the data you gathered. Justify whether this investigation was best undertaken individually or by a team. 2 Examine the data table for Station 184 in the Tasman Sea. Station 184 Depth (m) Turbidity index Temperature ( C) pH Salinity (ppt) 155 35 20.5 7.5 36.9 304 35 16.4 7.3 36.2 698 36 10.6 7.0 35.4 895 36 7.7 7.0 35.1 1202 39 5.4 6.7 35.0 1699 43 4.3 6.5 35.0 1992 35 3.9 6.8 35.0 2493 32 3.1 6.8 34.9 2993 39 2.7 6.8 34.9 (i) On the graph paper provided on page 33, draw a graph to show the change in salinity and temperature with increasing depth. 4 (ii) Propose a reason for the trend in salinity and temperature. 2 Question 30 continues on page 29 28 Marks Question 30 (continued) (c) Evaluate the role of oceanographic technologies in increasing knowledge and understanding about the oceans. (d) 7 The photographs show life from two different locations in the ocean. Coral reef Deep ocean Courtesy of the California Academy of Sciences. (i) Describe ONE adaptation of deep ocean organisms. 2 (ii) Describe the characteristics of hydrothermal vents and their unique biotic communities. 3 (iii) Discuss why most ocean life occurs in the upper 30 metres of the ocean. 3 End of paper 29 BLANK PAGE 30 BLANK PAGE 31 Geological Time Scale EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH Holocene 0 Quaternary 2 Pleistocene Pliocene 5 Cenozoic 10 20 30 Miocene Tertiary Oligocene 40 Ma BP 60 70 Palaeocene Mesozoic 50 Phanerozoic Eocene 100 200 Palaeozoic 300 400 500 1000 2000 Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Proterozoic 600 Cretaceous 3000 Archaean 4000 Hadean 32 Board of Studies NSW 2005 2 005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Earth and Environmental Science Centre Number Student Number This page is to be detached, completed and attached to the inside front cover of your writing booklet for the option question you have completed. Question attempted 144 33 BLANK PAGE 34 Board of Studies NSW 2005

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Additional Info : New South Wales Higher School Certificate Earth And Environmental Science 2005
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