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NSW HSC 2008 : PHYSICS

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2008 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N Physics Total marks 100 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using pencil Board-approved calculators may be used A data sheet, formulae sheets and Periodic Table are provided at the back of this paper Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of pages 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 S ection I Pages 2 22 75 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 27 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Section II Pages 23 34 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 28 32 Allow about 45 minutes for this section 433 Section I 75 marks Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1 15. 1 An object on Earth has a weight of 490 N and experiences an acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m s 2. On Mars, this object would experience an acceleration due to gravity of 3.7 m s 2. On Mars, what would be the weight of this object? (A) 490 N (B) (C) 490 3.7 N 9.8 (D) 2 490 N 9.8 490 9.8 N 3.7 Which of these statements best describes the forces acting on a satellite in orbit around Earth? (A) Although gravity has no effect, there is still an outward force. (B) The satellite is kept up by an outward force that balances the force due to gravity. (C) Gravity is the only force acting on the satellite and this results in an inward acceleration. (D) The effect of gravity is negligible, the satellite is kept in orbit by its momentum and the net force on it is zero. 2 3 An aeroplane is flying horizontally over level ground. It has an altitude of 490 m and a velocity of 100 m s 1. As the aeroplane passes directly above a cross marked on the ground, an object is released from the aeroplane. How far away from the cross will this object land? (A) 490 m (B) 1000 m (C) 10 000 m (D) 49 000 m 4 An investigation was performed to determine the acceleration due to gravity. A ball was dropped from various heights and the time it took to reach the ground from each height was measured. The results were graphed with the independent variable on the horizontal axis. Which graph best represents the relationship between the variables? (A) Time Time (B) Height Height (D) Height Height (C) Time 5 Time A spaceship is travelling away from Earth at 1.8 108 m s 1. The time interval between consecutive ticks of a clock on board the spaceship is 0.50 s. Each time the clock ticks, a radio pulse is transmitted back to Earth. What is the time interval between consecutive radio pulses as measured on Earth? (A) 0.40 s (B) 0.50 s (C) 0.63 s (D) 0.78 s 3 6 Three identical wires W1, W2 and W3 are positioned as shown. Each carries a current of the same magnitude in the direction indicated. W1 W2 d W3 d What is the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on W2? Magnitude Direction (A) None (B) Non zero To the left (C) Non zero To the right (D) 7 Zero Non zero Out of the page Which of the following is necessary for the operation of an ACinduction motor? (A) A fixed magnetic field in the rotor (B) Adirect current supply to the rotor (C) Achanging magnetic f ield in the rotor (D) Split rings conducting current to the rotor 4 8 A plastic cylinder with a metal strip, M, on its surface is rotated at constant speed about its axis, in a uniform magnetic field. During each rotation the strip, M, passes locations W, X, Y and Z shown below. W M N X Z S Y When is the potential difference across M greatest? (A) As M passes W. (B) As M passes X. (C) As M passes Y. (D) As M passes Z . 9 Which statement best explains how induction cooktops heat food? (A) Eddy currents generated in the water in the food produce heat. (B) Eddy currents generated in the base of the saucepan produce heat. (C) Resistance in the glass of the cooktop produces heat. (D) Resistance in the element beneath the glass cooktop produces heat. 10 The cathode ray tube and transistor circuits in a conventional television rely on transformers. What transformation of the 240 V AC input voltage do these components require? Cathode ray tube Transistor circuits (A) Step-up Step-down (B) Step-down Step-up (C) Step-up Step-up (D) Step-down Step-down 5 11 An electron, e, moving with a velocity of 8.0 106 m s 1 enters a uniform magnetic field, B, of strength 2.1 10 2 T as shown. 40 e B The electron experiences a force which causes it to move along a circular path. What is the radius of the path followed by the electron? (A) 1.1 10 3 m (B) 1.4 10 3 m (C) 1.7 10 3 m (D) 2.2 10 3 m 12 The debate as to whether cathode rays are charged particles or electromagnetic waves continued for many years. Which observation of cathode rays resolved this debate? (A) Cathode rays can turn a paddle wheel. (B) An electric field can deflect cathode rays. (C) Cathode rays can penetrate thin metal foil. (D) Fluorescent screens glow when struck by cathode rays. 13 What is the energy of a photon of wavelength 580 nm? (A) 3.43 10 19 J (B) 3.43 10 28 J (C) 3.85 10 31 J (D) 3.85 10 40 J 6 14 When a magnet is released above a superconductor that has been cooled below its critical temperature, the magnet hovers above the superconductor. This is called the Meissner effect. What is the best explanation for this? (A) The net force is zero due to electrostatic repulsion. (B) The magnetic field freezes at very low temperature. (C) The net force is zero due to repulsion between the Cooper pairs. (D) The superconductor excludes magnetic fields at very low temperatures. 15 A block of silicon doped with boron is connected as shown in the diagram below. 10 V What is the main way in which conduction occurs in the doped silicon block? (A) Valence band electrons move to the right. (B) Valence band electrons move to the left. (C) Conduction band electrons move to the right. (D) Conduction band electrons move to the left. 7 BLANK PAGE 8 Board of Studies NSW 2008 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 27 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Student Number Answer the questions in the spaces provided. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Marks Question 16 (3 marks) Using a diagram and text, describe how an investigation can be performed to demonstrate the production and reception of radio waves. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 434 9 3 Marks Question 17 (5 marks) The graph below represents the gravitational potential energy (Ep ) of a mass as it is raised above Earth s surface. Height above Earth s surface (m) 0 RE 2RE 3RE Ep ( 108 J) 0 1.0 RE = 1 Earth radius 2.0 (a) From the graph, what is the gravitational potential energy of the mass when it is one Earth radius above Earth s surface? 1 ............................................................................................................................... (b) Use an equation to explain why the graph is a curve and not a straight line. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) Explain what happens to a rocket s chemical energy, kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy when it is being launched from the surface of Earth. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 10 Board of Studies NSW 2008 3 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Student Number Marks Question 18 (4 marks) The diagram shows a coil in a magnetic field. The coil can rotate freely. Q N P S X Y The coil is connected to a power supply and, at the instant shown, terminal X is positive. (a) In which direction will side PQ initially move? 1 ............................................................................................................................... (b) When the coil starts rotating, the potential difference experienced by the electrons in the wire is less than that supplied by the power supply. Describe the origin of this effect. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 435a 11 3 Marks Question 19 (8 marks) (a) Explain the changes in momentum when a satellite fires its propulsion system. 3 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) A satellite is propelled from Orbit 1 to Orbit 2 as shown in the diagram. Earth Orbit 1 Orbit 2 Orbit 2 has a radius of 27 000 km. What is the satellite s speed in this orbit? 3 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) The radius of Orbit 2 is four times that of Orbit 1. What is the ratio of the new orbital period to the original period? ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 12 Board of Studies NSW 2008 2 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Student Number Marks Question 20 (4 marks) Compare how electric current is conducted through samples of germanium at room temperature, mercury at room temperature and mercury at 3 K (Tc for mercury is 4.2 K). ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 435b 13 4 Marks Question 21 (6 marks) The work of scientists is influenced by external factors. Do you agree? Justify your answer with reference to the work of a scientist in the development of space exploration OR large-scale electricity distribution systems. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Board of Studies NSW 2008 6 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Student Number Marks Question 22 (3 marks) Explain why the development of transformers was necessary to enable the large-scale distribution of electrical power. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 436a 15 3 Marks Question 23 (7 marks) Two parallel metal plates in a magnetic field are separated by a distance d, as shown. An electron enters the space between the plates. ev d B (a) On the diagram indicate with an arrow the direction of the force on the electron due to the magnetic field. 1 (b) The strength of the magnetic field is B = 0.001 T and the electron s velocity is v = 2 106 m s 1. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic force on the electron. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) If d = 10 mm, calculate the voltage required for the electron to continue on a straight path parallel to the plates. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (d) How was this experimental set-up used by Thomson to determine the charge/mass ratio of an electron? ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 16 Board of Studies NSW 2008 2 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Student Number Marks Question 24 (6 marks) How did Einstein s theory of special relativity and his explanation of the photoelectric effect lead to the reconceptualisation of the model of light? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 436b 17 6 Marks Question 25 (5 marks) The diagrams show two different types of generator spinning at the same number of revolutions per minute. The difference between the two generators is in the way they are connected to the external circuits. Awaiting copyright (a) On the axes below, sketch a voltage-time graph for each generator. (b) Generator Y Time Voltage Voltage Generator X 2 Time Explain how the difference in connection to the external circuit accounts for the different output voltages. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 18 Board of Studies NSW 2008 3 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Student Number Marks Question 26 (3 marks) An induction coil is a type of transformer that allows a small voltage to be stepped up to a higher voltage. An induction coil consists of a primary coil wound around an iron core and a secondary coil. The secondary coil can be moved sideways so that different lengths of the iron core are within the secondary coil. The photographs show an induction coil with the secondary coil in two different arrangements with the power supply turned off. At sufficiently high voltages a spark can be produced between the secondary coil electrodes. electrodes secondary coil (a) Arrangement A Arrangement B primary coil electrodes secondary coil Which arrangement would produce a spark when the power supply is turned on? Justify your choice. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Explain how different voltages are induced when the secondary coil is moved to different positions. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 437 19 2 Question 27 (6 marks) A student was given a sample of wire X and a sample of wire Y. The wires looked identical. However, one was pure chromium and the other was nichrome, an alloy containing chromium and nickel. To differentiate between the two wires, the student set up the circuit below and obtained the results shown in the table. A V 2 1 m sample of wire Current (A) Potential difference (V) Wire X Wire Y 0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 0 0.57 1.14 1.71 2.28 2.50 0 0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.99 Question 27 continues on page 21 20 Marks Question 27 (continued) (a) The data for wire X has been plotted on the graph below. Plot the data, including a trend line, for wire Y on the same graph. Wire X 3 Current (A) 2 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Potential difference (V) (b) 1 Calculate the resistance of wire Y. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) Which sample of wire was pure chromium? Justify your response with reference to your graph. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (d) When the data for wire X was plotted, one data point was considered inconsistent and was disregarded when drawing the trend line for calculating its resistance. Suggest a physical reason why this data point is inconsistent with the trend line. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... End of Question 27 21 1 BLANK PAGE 22 Board of Studies NSW 2008 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Section II 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 28 32 Allow about 45 minutes for this section Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Pages Question 28 Question 29 Medical Physics ......................................................................... 27 Question 30 Astrophysics ......................................................................... 28 29 Question 31 From Quanta to Quarks ........................................................ 30 31 Question 32 438 Geophysics ........................................................................... 24 26 The Age of Silicon ............................................................... 32 34 23 Marks Question 28 Geophysics (25 marks) (a) The table lists some of the principal methods used in geophysics, a property on which each method is based and an application of each method. Method used in geophysics Property of earth materials Application Magnetic Magnetism Plate tectonics Gravitational Density X Electrical Y Water location Seismic Elasticity of medium Z (i) From the table, what do the letters X, Y and Z represent? 3 (ii) For any one of the principal methods used in geophysics describe how the type of information generated can be used to advance our understanding of Earth. 3 Question 28 continues on page 25 24 Marks Question 28 (continued) (b) An S wave can be modelled by a transverse pulse sent along a string as indicated below. t=0s Horizontal scale 1 cm = 1 km t=1s t=2s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A P wave can be modelled by a compression wave sent along a slinky spring as indicated below. t=0s Horizontal scale 1 cm = 1 km t=1s t=2s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (i) Calculate the speeds of the S wave and the P wave shown. 3 (ii) Explain how S waves and P waves are reflected and refracted at an interface. 4 Question 28 continues on page 26 25 Marks Question 28 (continued) (c) The CSIRO Remote Sensing Project used images from the NOAA satellites to produce the following scenes of the NSW bushfires in December 1997. The two images were taken simultaneously using different techniques. visible image thermal image Reproduced with the permission of CSIRO (i) 3 (ii) (d) With reference to the two images of the scene, explain the underlying physical principles that result in the different images. Describe the role of remote sensing techniques in monitoring climate, pollution and natural hazards. 3 Both geophones and seismometers detect seismic activity. Compare the structure and function of these devices and the information they provide about the large-scale structure of the Earth. End of Question 28 26 6 Marks Question 29 Medical Physics (25 marks) Explain what happens to ultrasound waves as they travel through body tissues and return to the transducer. 3 (i) Outline TWO uses of endoscopy. 2 Using diagrams, distinguish between the coherent and incoherent bundles of optical fibres and their roles in endoscopy. 3 Outline ONE advantage of endoscopy over alternative surgical procedures. 1 (i) Contrast the advantages of bone scans with the advantages of X-ray images when examining bones. 3 (ii) Describe how X-rays are produced. 2 (iii) (d) 3 (iii) (c) Account for the production and detection of ultrasound waves by the transducer of an ultrasound machine. (ii) (b) (i) (ii) (a) Describe the properties of a radiopharmaceutical substance that make it suitable for producing a bone scan. 2 Explain how different medical imaging techniques use tomography to improve our diagnostic abilities. 6 End of Question 29 27 Marks Question 30 Astrophysics (25 marks) (a) The analysis of electromagnetic radiation is widely used by astronomers. (i) 3 (ii) (b) Contrast emission and absorption spectra in terms of how they are produced. Describe the physical characteristics of stars and their motion that can be revealed by spectroscopy. 3 The table shows some photometric measurements of certain stars. Star Apparent magnitude Absolute magnitude Colour index Bellatrix + 1.64 2.72 0.22 Sirius A 1.47 + 1.42 + 0.01 Regulus A + 1.35 0.52 0.11 Betelgeuse + 0.58 5.14 + 1.85 (i) How much brighter is Sirius A than Bellatrix when viewed from Earth? 2 (ii) Calculate the distance from Earth to Regulus A. 2 (iii) Explain why cooler stars have a more positive colour index than hotter stars. 3 Question 30 continues on page 29 28 Marks Question 30 (continued) (i) Describe the physical processes that precede nuclear fusion reactions in a newly formed star. 2 (ii) (c) Compare the nuclear reactions occurring in stars located at positions X and Y on the HR diagram below. 2 Temperature (K) 25 000 10 000 10 6000 3000 10 4 Y 0 10 2 X +5 1 +10 10 2 +15 Luminosity Absolute magnitude 5 10 4 O B A F G K M Spectral class (iii) (d) Draw a flowchart summarising the possible pathways a red giant could follow as it evolves. 2 Explain how observations of binary and variable stars can be used to infer physical properties of these stars. 6 End of Question 30 29 Marks Question 31 From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks) Outline how you would conduct a first-hand investigation to observe the visible components of the hydrogen emission spectrum. 2 (ii) How would the results from this investigation support Bohr s model of the atom? 2 (iii) (b) (i) Outline ONE feature of atomic emission spectra that cannot be explained by Bohr s model. 2 Nuclear transmutations caused by natural radioactivity can be represented in diagrams such as the one shown. Each symbol represents a radioactive element and each arrow represents a transmutation. U235 143 Number of neutrons in the nucleus (N) (a) Th231 141 Pa231 139 Ac227 Th227 137 Fr223 135 Ra223 At219 133 Rn219 Bi215 131 Po215 At215 129 Pb211 Bi211 127 Po211 Tl207 125 Pb207 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 Number of protons in the nucleus (Z) Reproduced with the permission of ThinkQuest (i) How many protons and how many neutrons are there in the nucleus of a Thorium-227 atom? 1 (ii) Write the equation for the -decay of Francium-223. 2 Question 31 continues on page 31 30 Marks Question 31 (continued) (e) An atom of Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. The mass of a Carbon-12 atom is 12.000 atomic mass unit. Show that the mass defect of one Carbon-12 atom is 0.097 atomic mass unit. 3 How much energy is this mass defect equivalent to? 1 (i) Use a diagram to outline one way in which physicists obtain particles with the appropriate energy to investigate the structure of matter. 2 (ii) (d) (i) (ii) (c) Describe the key features and components of the standard model of matter. 4 Use the work of TWO physicists to explain how the combination of ideas led to new directions in scientific thinking about atomic structure. 6 End of Question 31 31 Marks Question 32 The Age of Silicon (25 marks) The graph below shows how the size of integrated circuit elements has changed over the interval 1970 2000. 100 Element size (10 6 m) (a) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year (i) Explain the effect that this trend has had on computer performance. 3 (ii) Comment on the validity of using this data to predict integrated circuit element size in 2040. 2 Question 32 continues on page 33 32 Marks Question 32 (continued) (b) An ideal differential-input operational amplifier is connected into the following circuit. Vin 10 k VB = +1.0 V 100 k 10 k Vout (i) Describe the properties of an ideal operational amplifier. 2 (ii) Identify the function of the 100 k resistor in this circuit. 1 (iii) Identify the function of the portion of the circuit enclosed in the dashed box. 1 (iv) Copy the axes below into your writing booklet and sketch the Vout vs Vin transfer characteristic of this amplifier. 3 Vout Vin Question 32 continues on page 34 33 Marks Question 32 (continued) (c) In recent years, torches using LEDs rather than incandescent bulbs have become commonly available. (i) Describe the internal structure and operation of a typical LED. 2 (ii) Explain why LEDs are preferable to incandescent bulbs in this application. 2 (d) For the logic circuit below, construct a truth table showing the output D for all possible combinations of inputs on A, B and C. 3 A D B C (e) Advances in computer technology based on high-speed digital integrated circuits have had a huge impact on the design of electronics. However, analogue transducers still play an important role in many modern circuits. Explain these statements, providing examples from modern electronics. End of paper 34 Board of Studies NSW 2008 6 2 008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics DATA SHEET Charge on electron, qe 1.602 10 19 C Mass of electron, me 9.109 10 31 kg Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 10 27 kg Mass of proton, mp 1.673 10 27 kg Speed of sound in air 340 m s 1 Earth s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s 2 Speed of light, c 3.00 108 m s 1 0 Magnetic force constant, k 2 2.0 10 7 N A 2 Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 Mass of Earth 6.0 1024 kg Planck constant, h 6.626 10 34 J s Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1.097 107 m 1 Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 10 27 kg 931.5 MeV/ c 2 1 eV Density of water, 1.00 103 kg m 3 Specific heat capacity of water 439 1.602 10 19 J 4.18 103 J kg 1 K 1 35 FORMULAE SHEET v = f I v2 m1 m2 r 1 v1 Ep = G F = mg d 2 sin i sin r = v x 2 = ux 2 v = u + at E= F q R= V I v y 2 = u y 2 + 2a y y x = ux t 1 2 P = VI y = uy t + ay t 2 Energy = VI t r3 T2 vav = aav = GM 4 2 r t F= v v u therefore aav = t t E = mc 2 F = ma a F= = mv r G m1 m2 d2 l v = l0 1 2 tv = W = Fs mv = v2 c2 m0 1 p = mv Impulse = Ft 36 c2 t0 1 1 Ek = m v 2 2 v2 v2 c2 FORMULAE SHEET F l I1 I 2 =k 1 p d= d F = BI l sin d M = m 5log 10 = Fd IA = 100 ( mB m A ) = nBIA cos IB Vp m1 + m2 = Vs = np ns GT 2 1 1 = R n2 n2 f i 1 qvB F = q sin E= 4 2r 3 V d = h mv E = hf c = f A0 = Z = v Vout Vin Ir I0 = Z 2 Z1 2 Z 2 + Z1 2 37 Vout Vin = Rf Ri 5 38 4 Be 9.012 12 Mg 24.31 Magnesium 20 Ca 40.08 Calcium 38 Sr 87.62 Strontium 56 Ba 137.3 Barium 88 Ra [226] Radium Lithium 11 Na 22.99 Sodium 19 K 39.10 Potassium 37 Rb 85.47 Rubidium 55 Cs 132.9 Caesium 87 Fr [223] Francium Zirconium Yttrium Rutherfordium 104 Rf [261] Hafnium Cerium 90 Th 232.0 Thorium Lanthanum Actinoids 89 Ac [227] Actinium Lanthanoids 57 58 La Ce 138.9 140.1 Actinoids 89 103 Lanthanoids 72 Hf 178.5 40 Zr 91.22 39 Y 88.91 57 71 Titanium 22 Ti 47.87 Scandium 21 Sc 44.96 Protactinium 91 Pa 231.0 Praseodymium 59 Pr 140.9 Dubnium 105 Db [262] Tantalum 73 Ta 180.9 Niobium 41 Nb 92.91 Vanadium 23 V 50.94 Uranium 92 U 238.0 Neodymium 60 Nd 144.2 Seaborgium 106 Sg [266] Tungsten 74 W 183.8 Molybdenum 42 Mo 95.94 Chromium 24 Cr 52.00 Hassium Bohrium Neptunium 93 Np [237] Promethium Plutonium 94 Pu [244] Samarium 62 Sm 150.4 108 Hs [277] 107 Bh [264] 61 Pm [145] Osmium 76 Os 190.2 Ruthenium 44 Ru 101.1 Iron 26 Fe 55.85 Rhenium 75 Re 186.2 Technetium 43 Tc [97.91] Manganese 25 Mn 54.94 Atomic Weight Atomic Number Americium 95 Am [243] Europium 63 Eu 152.0 Meitnerium 109 Mt [268] Iridium 77 Ir 192.2 Rhodium 45 Rh 102.9 Cobalt 27 Co 58.93 Gold 79 Au 197.0 KEY 111 Rg [272] Gold 79 Au 197.0 Silver 47 Ag 107.9 Copper 29 Cu 63.55 Curium 96 Cm [247] Gadolinium 64 Gd 157.3 Berkelium 97 Bk [247] Terbium 65 Tb 158.9 Darmstadtium Roentgenium 110 Ds [271] Platinum 78 Pt 195.1 Palladium 46 Pd 106.4 Nickel 28 Ni 58.69 Name of element Symbol of element Californium 98 Cf [251] Dysprosium 66 Dy 162.5 Mercury 80 Hg 200.6 Cadmium 48 Cd 112.4 Zinc 30 Zn 65.41 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 6 C 12.01 Einsteinium 99 Es [252] Holmium 67 Ho 164.9 Thallium 81 Tl 204.4 Indium 49 In 114.8 Gallium 31 Ga 69.72 Aluminium Fermium 100 Fm [257] Erbium 68 Er 167.3 Lead 82 Pb 207.2 Tin 50 Sn 118.7 Germanium 32 Ge 72.64 Silicon 14 Si 28.09 Boron 13 Al 26.98 Carbon 5 B 10.81 Mendelevium 101 Md [258] Thulium 69 Tm 168.9 Bismuth 83 Bi 209.0 Antimony 51 Sb 121.8 Arsenic 33 As 74.92 Phosphorus 15 P 30.97 Nitrogen 7 N 14.01 Nobelium 102 No [259] Ytterbium 70 Yb 173.0 Polonium 84 Po [209.0] Tellurium 52 Te 127.6 Selenium 34 Se 78.96 Sulfur 16 S 32.07 Oxygen 8 O 16.00 Lawrencium 103 Lr [262] Lutetium 71 Lu 175.0 Astatine 85 At [210.0] Iodine 53 I 126.9 Bromine 35 Br 79.90 Chlorine 17 Cl 35.45 Fluorine 9 F 19.00 Xenon 54 Xe 131.3 Krypton 36 Kr 83.80 Argon 18 Ar 39.95 Neon 10 Ne 20.18 Helium 2 He 4.003 Radon 86 Rn [222.0] For elements that have no stable or long-lived nuclides, the mass number of the nuclide with the longest confirmed half-life is listed between square brackets. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements (October 2005 version) is the principal source of data. Some data may have been modified. Beryllium 3 Li 6.941 Hydrogen 1 H 1.008

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