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NSW HSC 2001 : PHYSICS

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2001 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N Physics Total marks 100 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using pencil Board-approved calculators may be used A data sheet, formulae sheets and Periodic Table are provided at the back of this paper Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of pages 13, 15, 17 and 21 Section I Pages 2 23 75 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 26 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Section II Pages 25 31 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 27 31 Allow about 45 minutes for this section 433 Section I 75 marks Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the multiple-choice answer sheet. Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely. Sample: 2+4= (A) 2 A (B) 6 (C) 8 B C (D) 9 D If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new answer. A B C D If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows. correct A B C 2 D 1 A person has a mass of 70.0 kg. What is the weight of the person at the Earth s surface? (A) 70.0 kg (B) 70.0 N (C) 686 kg (D) 686 N 2 At a particular moment, a positively charged particle is moving with velocity v in a magnetic field as shown. Magnetic field out of page v At this moment, what is the direction of the force on the positively charged particle? (A) To the right (B) To the left (C) Into the page (D) Out of the page 3 3 The resistance of mercury at various temperatures is shown in the graph. Resistance ( ) 0.16 0.08 0.00 0 2 4 6 Temperature (K) 8 Between which two temperatures does mercury always act as a superconductor? (A) 0 K and 4.2 K (B) 4.2 K and 4.5 K (C) 4.5 K and 8.0 K (D) 0 K and 8.0 K 4 Two types of generator are shown. N N S S Resistance Resistance Generator 2 Generator 1 What type of current is produced by each generator when connected to an external resistance? (A) Both produce d.c. (B) Both produce a.c. (C) Generator 1 produces d.c. and Generator 2 produces a.c. (D) Generator 1 produces a.c. and Generator 2 produces d.c. 4 The graph shows the forces experienced by an astronaut during a rocket launch into a stable orbit. Forces on astronaut 5 S T U V W Time In which time interval was the acceleration of the rocket the greatest? (A) S T (B) T U (C) U V (D) V W 6 The signal from a microwave transmitter can be thought of as a beam of photons. The photons from a particular transmitter have a wavelength of 3.5 10 2 m. What is the approximate energy of each photon? (A) 7.73 10 44 J (B) 5.68 10 24 J (C) 2.32 10 35 J (D) 1.89 10 32 J 5 7 An astronaut is standing on Mars. The astronaut throws an object of mass 0.30 kg vertically upward at an initial speed of 9.0 m s 1. It reaches a maximum height of 11 metres. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the object? (A) 1.4 m s 2 (B) 3.7 m s 2 (C) 9.0 m s 2 (D) 9.8 m s 2 8 A light rod has a coil of insulated copper wire fixed at one end and is pivoted at the other end. The result is a pendulum which is free to swing back and forth. A magnet is placed underneath this pendulum. The arrangement is shown in the diagram. Pivot Rod Coil Magnet The pendulum is pulled back and then allowed to swing. Which of the following would cause the pendulum to come to rest most quickly? (A) Replacing the magnet with a stronger one (B) Shortening the pendulum (C) Replacing the rod with a heavier one (D) Connecting the ends of the coil by a piece of copper wire 6 9 Which is the most suitable means of reliable and continuous communication between an orbiting satellite and Earth? (A) Light from a green laser (B) Microwaves (C) Radio waves (D) Sound waves 10 An electric motor is connected to a power supply of constant voltage. The motor is allowed to run at different speeds by adjusting a brake. Which graph best shows how the current through the motor varies with speed? (B) 0 Current Current (A) 0 Speed 0 11 Current (D) Current (C) Speed 0 Speed Speed A transformer has a primary coil with 60 turns and a secondary coil with 2300 turns. If the primary voltage to the transformer is 110 V, what is the secondary voltage? (A) 2.4 10 4 V (B) 2.4 102 V (C) 1.3 103 V (D) 4.2 103 V 7 12 Which of the following statements best describes the reason why some materials become superconducting at very low temperatures? (A) The ions in the superconductor form a regular crystal lattice. There are long channels through the lattice along which the electrons can pass without colliding with the lattice. (B) Vibrations of the crystal lattice are so small that they do not interfere with the motion of the electrons. (C) Electrons in a superconductor have very low energy. Their energy is so low that they cannot transfer energy to the crystal lattice in a collision. (D) Electrons pair up . These electron pairs pass through the crystal lattice of the superconductor without losing energy in collisions with the lattice. 13 A rocket car moves on a straight horizontal track. Half of the initial mass of the rocket car is propellant. During the run, propellant is consumed at a constant rate and ejected at a constant nozzle velocity. Which of the following best describes the force propelling the rocket car, and the magnitude of the acceleration of the rocket car while the propellant is being ejected? Force Acceleration (A) constant constant (B) increasing constant (C) constant increasing (D) increasing increasing 8 14 Two straight metal rods, P and Q, have the same length. They are each pivoted at one end and rotated with the same angular velocity so that they sweep out horizontal circular paths as shown in diagrams X and Y. A constant current I is flowing along each rod, as shown. In diagram X, a constant magnetic field is applied at right angles to the plane of the circular path. In diagram Y, a uniform magnetic field of the same magnitude is applied in the plane of the circular path. I I P Diagram X Q Diagram Y Which of the following statements about the forces acting on rod P and rod Q is correct? (A) The magnitude of the force on P is exactly the same as the magnitude of the force on Q at all times. (B) The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force on Q is zero. (C) The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force on Q varies with time. (D) The magnitude of the force on P varies with time and the magnitude of the force on Q is constant. 9 A student releases a ball from eye level. The ball bounces several times. Which velocity vs time graph best represents the ball s motion? Velocity Time Velocity Time Velocity (A) Time Velocity 15 Time (B) (C) (D) 10 BLANK PAGE 11 BLANK PAGE 12 Board of Studies NSW 2001 200 1 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 26 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Student Number Answer the questions in the spaces provided. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Marks Question 16 (4 marks) Muons are very short-lived particles that are created when energetic protons collide with each other. A beam of muons can be produced by very-high-energy particle accelerators. The high-speed muons produced for an experiment by the Fermilab accelerator are measured to have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds. When these muons are brought to rest, their lifetime is measured to be 2.2 microseconds. (a) Name the effect demonstrated by these observations of the lifetimes of the muons. 1 ............................................................................................................................... (b) Calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 434 13 3 Marks Question 17 (6 marks) A rocket was launched vertically to probe the upper atmosphere. The vertical velocity of the rocket as a function of time is shown in the graph. 5.0 Velocity (km s 1) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 (a) 0 40 80 120 160 200 Time after lift-off (s) 240 Using either words or calculations, compare the acceleration of the rocket at t = 20 s with its acceleration at t = 100 s. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 14 Board of Studies NSW 2001 4 200 1 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 18 (6 marks) A 30 kg object, A, was fired from a cannon in projectile motion. When the projectile was at its maximum height of 25 m, its speed was 20 m s 1. An identical object, B, was attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant speed of 20 m s 1 in a vertical half-circle. The length of the arm was 25 m. A B 20 m s 1 25 m 20 m s 1 25 m Ground Ground Pivot Ignore air resistance. (a) Calculate the force acting on object A at its maximum height. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Calculate the time it would take object A to reach the ground from its position of maximum height. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) Describe and compare the vertical forces acting on objects A and B at their maximum heights. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 435 15 3 Marks Question 19 (4 marks) How does Einstein s Theory of Special Relativity explain the result of the Michelson Morley experiment? 4 ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Question 20 (4 marks) The electrical supply network uses a.c. and a variety of transformers between the generating stations and the final consumer. Explain why transformers are used at various points in the network. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Board of Studies NSW 2001 4 200 1 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 21 (3 marks) A fan that ventilates an underground mine is run by a very large d.c. electric motor. This motor is connected in series with a variable resistor to protect the windings in the coil. When the motor is starting up, the variable resistor is adjusted to have a large resistance. The resistance is then lowered slowly as the motor increases to its operating speed. Explain why no resistance is required when the motor is running at high speed, but a substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 436 17 3 Marks Question 22 (7 marks) Two parallel wires are separated by a distance of 0.75 m. Wire X is 3.0 m long and carries a current of 2.0 A. Wire Y can be considered to be infinitely long and carries a current of 5.0 A. Both currents flow in the same direction along the wires. 3.0 m Wire X 2.0 A 0.75 m Wire Y 5.0 A (a) What is the direction of the force that exists between the two wires? 1 ............................................................................................................................... On the axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would vary if the length of Wire X was increased. 2 Force (b) Length of Wire X (c) In your Physics course you have performed a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the motor effect. Explain how your results demonstrated that effect. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 18 4 Marks Question 23 (6 marks) Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the environment. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 19 6 BLANK PAGE 20 Board of Studies NSW 2001 200 1 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 24 (6 marks) Sir William Bragg and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg shared the Nobel prize for physics in 1915 for their work on X-ray diffraction and crystal structure analysis. (a) Describe ONE way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 437 21 4 Marks Question 25 (6 marks) A student carried out an experiment on the photoelectric effect. The frequency of the incident radiation and the energy of the photoelectrons were both determined from measurements taken during the experiment. The results obtained are shown in the table: Frequency of incident radiation ( 1014 Hz) 6.9 1.22 8.2 1.70 9.1 3.70 9.9 3.05 10.6 3.38 11.8 (a) Energy of photoelectrons ( 10 19 J) 3.91 Graph these results on the grid, including the line of best fit. Question 25 continues on page 23 22 4 Marks Question 25 (continued) (b) How could the reliability of the experiment be improved? 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... Question 26 (8 marks) In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 23 8 BLANK PAGE 24 Board of Studies NSW 2001 200 1 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Section II 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 27 31 Allow about 45 minutes for this section Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Pages Question 27 Question 28 Medical Physics ............................................................. 27 Question 29 Astrophysics ............................................................. 28 29 Question 30 From Quanta to Quarks .................................................. 30 Question 31 438 Geophysics ..................................................................... 26 The Age of Silicon ......................................................... 31 25 Marks Question 27 Geophysics (25 marks) (b) (i) Name the instrument used in local gravity surveys. 1 (ii) (a) Describe how that instrument is used in resource exploration. 2 The diagram shows a map of the part of an ocean that includes two chains of features, a chain of islands and a chain of seamounts. Continent Chain 63 ounts of seam Ocean 56 54 47 43 N 28 22 Chai n of 12 7 54 2 islan ds 0 Age (Ma) (i) Name the geophysical phenomenon that accounts for the shape of the chain of islands. 1 (ii) Account for the formation and alignment of the chain of islands and the chain of seamounts. 3 (c) Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the relationship between the nature of a surface and the radiation reflected from it. 4 (d) When the theory of plate tectonics was first proposed, some parts of the scientific community were reluctant to accept it. 6 Discuss the theory of plate tectonics and the evidence leading to its acceptance. (e) Discuss how information gathered from seismic observations has led to greater understanding of the structure of the Earth. 26 8 Marks Question 28 Medical Physics (25 marks) (b) (i) Identify the purpose of a coherent bundle of optical fibres in an endoscope. 1 (ii) (a) An optical fibre consists of a central core surrounded by cladding. Describe the role of the core and cladding. 2 The table shows information relating to the transmission of sound through some types of body tissue. Tissue Acoustic impedance ( 106 kg m 2 s 1) Density (kg m 3) Velocity of sound (m s 1) Muscle 1.70 1040 1630 Fat 1.38 945 1460 Bone 7.80 2560 3050 (i) Identify ONE property of ultrasound. 1 (ii) Justify why, in an ultrasound scan, a boundary between muscle and bone would show up more clearly than would a boundary between muscle and fat. 3 (c) You have conducted a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the Doppler effect. Describe your investigation and conclusions. 4 (d) CAT scans provide more information than X-rays, so they should be used whenever possible. Discuss this statement. 6 (e) Explain why MRI can be used to detect cancerous tissues. 8 27 Marks Question 29 Astrophysics (25 marks) (b) (i) Define the term binary stars. 1 (ii) (a) Describe the characteristics of its spectrum that identify a spectroscopic binary. 2 The table shows information about three stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Name Spectral class Distance from Sun (parsecs) Apparent magnitude Betelgeuse M2 184 + 0.41 Achernar B5 20 + 0.47 Deneb A2 429 + 1.24 (i) Identify which of the stars has the greatest surface temperature. 1 (ii) If Deneb and Betelgeuse were viewed from the same distance, which would appear brighter? Justify your answer. 3 Question 29 continues on page 29 28 Marks Question 29 (continued) (c) A student carried out an experiment to examine the spectra of various light sources through spectroscopes as shown in the diagram. The student observed three different spectra. 4 Full range of colours X Incandescent lamp Spectroscope Two yellow lines on a dark background Y Sodium vapour lamp Spectroscope Range of colours with two black lines Z Incandescent lamp Sodium vapour Spectroscope Account for the differences in the three observed spectra. (d) A new generation of Earth-based optical telescopes is advancing optical astronomy. Describe the advances in design that have been incorporated in large telescopes over recent years. 6 (e) Explain how the data presented in Hertzsprung Russell diagrams may be used to understand the evolution of stars. 8 End of Question 29 29 Marks Question 30 From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks) (b) (i) Define nucleon. 1 (ii) (a) Contrast ONE property of nucleons. 2 The table shows the quantum numbers of the four lowest states of the hydrogen atom, together with the energies of those states. Quantum number, n Energy (joule) 1 (Ground state) 0 2 1.63 10 18 3 1.94 10 18 4 2.04 10 18 (i) What is the energy of the photon emitted when an electron in the n = 4 level makes a transition to the n = 3 level? 1 (ii) Use the data to draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen, and indicate on this diagram where the energy levels lie for quantum numbers greater than 4. 3 (c) Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the penetrating power of alpha, beta and gamma radiation on a range of materials. 4 (d) The Manhattan Project is the codename given to the development of atomic (nuclear fission) bombs during World War II. 6 Discuss the significance of this project for society. (e) Analyse how Chadwick s and Fermi s work resulted in a greater understanding of the atom. 30 8 Marks Question 31 The Age of Silicon (25 marks) (i) State the name of the transducer that is commonly used in a light meter of a camera. 1 (ii) Describe the relationship between the amount of light incident on the transducer referred to in part (i), and its resistance. 2 (a) (b) An ideal differential-input operational amplifier is connected into the following circuit. 500 k 25 k Vin = + 0.4 V Op. amp. Vout + (i) 1 (ii) (c) Explain the function of the 500 k resistor in this circuit. Determine the output voltage, Vout. 3 A student constructed the following circuit in which four different logic gates were used. The circuit had two inputs, A and B, and one output, S. B Key Gate 1 A P Gate 2 Q 4 Gate Function Gate 4 R S Gate 3 1 2 3 4 NAND NOT NOR OR For each of the possible input states of A and B, construct a truth table showing the output of Gate 1 at P, Gate 2 at Q, Gate 3 at R and Gate 4 at S. (d) Discuss the possibility that there may be a limit on the growth of computer power. 6 (e) Discuss the impact that developments in electronics have had on society. 8 End of paper 31 BLANK PAGE 32 Board of Studies NSW 2001 200 1 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics DATA SHEET Charge on the electron, qe 1.602 10 19 C Mass of electron, me 9.109 10 31 kg Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 10 27 kg Mass of proton, mp 1.673 10 27 kg Speed of sound in air 340 m s 1 Earth s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s 2 Speed of light, c 3.00 108 m s 1 Magnetic force constant, k 0 2 2.0 10 7 N A 2 Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 Mass of Earth 6.0 1024 kg Planck s constant, h 6.626 10 34 J s Rydberg s constant, RH 1.097 107 m 1 Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 10 27 kg 931.5 MeV/ c 2 1 eV 1.602 10 19 J Density of water, 1.00 103 kg m 3 Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 103 J kg 1 K 1 33 FORMULAE SHEET c = f Intensity Gm1 m2 F= r2 1 d2 r3 T2 v1 sin i = v2 sin r GM = 4 2 m1 + m2 = E= R= F q 4 2 r 3 GT 2 d M = m 5 log 10 V I IA P = VI = 100 IB (mB mA ) Energy = VIt d= vav = s t aav = v v u = t t 1 p F = BIl sin F = ma F l Ek = 12 mv 2 =k I1 I2 d = Fd p = mv = nBIA cos p = Ft Vp Vs 34 = np ns 5 FORMULAE SHEET Ep = F = qvB sin Gm1 m2 r E= v = u + at E = hf v x 2 = ux 2 v y 2 = uy 2 + 2 ay y Z = v x = ux t Ir Io 1 2 y = uy t + ay t 2 u+v s = t 2 [ Z2 Z1 ] 2 = [ Z2 + Z1 ] 2 1 1 1 = RH 2 2 n f ni lv = lo 1 tv = V d v2 c2 = h mv to 1 v2 c2 Amplifier gain = Ao = 35 Vo V+ V Vout Vin 36 Yttrium 57 71 Strontium 56 Ba 137.3 Barium 88 Ra [226.0] Radium Rubidium 55 Cs 132.9 Caesium 87 Fr [223.0] Francium Rutherfordium 104 Rf [261.1] Hafnium 72 Hf 178.5 Zirconium 90 Th 232.0 Thorium Actinides 89 Ac [227.0] Actinium Protactinium 91 Pa 231.0 Praseodymium 59 Pr 140.9 Dubnium 105 Db [262.1] Tantalum 73 Ta 180.9 Niobium 41 Nb 92.91 Vanadium Uranium 92 U 238.0 Neodymium 60 Nd 144.2 Seaborgium 106 Sg [263.1] Tungsten 74 W 183.8 Molybdenum 42 Mo 95.94 Chromium Neptunium 93 Np [237.0] Promethium 61 Pm [146.9] Bohrium 107 Bh [264.1] Rhenium 75 Re 186.2 Technetium 43 Tc [98.91] Manganese Platinum 78 Pt 195.1 Palladium 46 Pd 106.4 Nickel Plutonium 94 Pu [239.1] Samarium Americium 95 Am [241.1] Europium Curium 96 Cm [244.1] Gadolinium 64 Gd 157.3 Meitnerium Hassium 63 Eu 152.0 Ununnilium 109 Mt [268] 108 Hs [265.1] 62 Sm 150.4 110 Uun Iridium 77 Ir 192.2 Rhodium 45 Rh 102.9 Cobalt Osmium 76 Os 190.2 Ruthenium 44 Ru 101.1 Iron 28 Ni 58.69 Berkelium 97 Bk [249.1] Terbium 65 Tb 158.9 Unununium 111 Uuu Gold 79 Au 197.0 Silver 47 Ag 107.9 Copper Californium 98 Cf [252.1] Dysprosium 66 Dy 162.5 Ununbium 112 Uub Mercury 80 Hg 200.6 Cadmium 48 Cd 112.4 Zinc Einsteinium 99 Es [252.1] Holmium 67 Ho 164.9 113 Thallium 81 Tl 204.4 Indium 49 In 114.8 Gallium 31 Ga 69.72 Fermium 100 Fm [257.1] Erbium 68 Er 167.3 Ununquadium 114 Uuq Lead 82 Pb 207.2 Tin 50 Sn 118.7 Germanium 32 Ge 72.61 Silicon 14 Si 28.09 Carbon 6 C 12.01 9 F 19.00 Sulfur Phosphorus Mendelevium 101 Md [258.1] Thulium 69 Tm 168.9 115 Bismuth 83 Bi 209.0 Antimony 51 Sb 121.8 Arsenic Nobelium 102 No [259.1] Ytterbium 70 Yb 173.0 Ununhexium 116 Uuh Polonium 84 Po [210.0] Tellurium 52 Te 127.6 Selenium 34 Se 78.96 16 S 32.07 15 P 30.97 33 As 74.92 Oxygen Nitrogen Lawrencium 103 Lr [262.1] Lutetium 71 Lu 175.0 117 Astatine 85 At [210.0] Iodine 53 I 126.9 Bromine 35 Br 79.90 Chlorine 17 Cl 35.45 Fluorine 8 O 16.00 7 N 14.01 Where the atomic weight is not known, the relative atomic mass of the most common radioactive isotope is shown in brackets. The atomic weights of Np and Tc are given for the isotopes 237Np and 99Tc. Cerium Lanthanum Lanthanides 57 58 La Ce 138.9 140.1 Actinides 89 103 Lanthanides 39 Y 88.91 38 Sr 87.62 40 Zr 91.22 Titanium Scandium Calcium 27 Co 58.93 30 Zn 65.39 37 Rb 85.47 26 Fe 55.85 29 Cu 63.55 Potassium 25 Mn 54.94 Aluminium 24 Cr 52.00 20 Ca 40.08 19 K 39.10 23 V 50.94 Magnesium Sodium 22 Ti 47.87 13 Al 26.98 Boron 12 Mg 24.31 Name of element 11 Na 22.99 Atomic Weight Gold Beryllium Symbol of element Lithium 21 Sc 44.96 5 B 10.81 79 Au 197.0 3 Li 6.941 Atomic Number KEY 4 Be 9.012 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Hydrogen 1 H 1.008 Ununoctium 118 Uuo Radon 86 Rn [222.0] Xenon 54 Xe 131.3 Krypton 36 Kr 83.80 Argon 18 Ar 39.95 Neon 10 Ne 20.18 Helium 2 He 4.003

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