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NSW HSC 2007 : PHYSICS

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2007 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N Physics Total marks 100 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using pencil Board-approved calculators may be used A data sheet, formulae sheets and Periodic Table are provided at the back of this paper Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of pages 9, 13, 17, 19, 21 and 25 S ection I Pages 2 26 75 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 27 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Section II Pages 27 40 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 28 32 Allow about 45 minutes for this section 433 Section I 75 marks Part A 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1 15. 1 A satellite is in orbit around Earth with tangential velocity v as shown. v Which of the following describes the direction of the centripetal force acting on the satellite? (A) Same direction as the gravitational force (B) Opposite direction to the gravitational force (C) Same direction as the tangential velocity (D) Opposite direction to the tangential velocity 2 2 A spaceship sitting on its launch pad is measured to have a length L. This spaceship passes an outer planet at a speed of 0.95 c . Which observations of the length of the spaceship are correct? Observer on the spaceship (A) No change Shorter than L (B) No change Greater than L (C) Shorter than L No change (D) 3 Observer on the planet Greater than L No change The gravitational potential energy of a given mass is known at both Earth s surface and at a fixed distance above Earth. What CANNOT be determined by comparing these two values of gravitational potential energy? (A) The mass of Earth (B) The speed of rotation of Earth (C) The escape velocity of a satellite from Earth (D) The work done in moving between the two points 4 The acceleration due to gravity on Earth s surface is g. Suppose the radius of Earth was reduced to a quarter of its present value while its mass remained the same. What would be the new value of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface? (A) 1 g 16 (B) 1 g 4 (C) 4 g (D) 16 g 3 5 A cannon ball is fired vertically upward from a stationary boat. Which pair of graphs best describes the velocity, v, and acceleration, a, of the cannon ball as functions of time, t ? Ignore air resistance. (A) 0 (B) t t 0 t a t v 0 0 a v 0 (D) t v 0 (C) a v 0 t a t 0 4 t 6 An electric motor is set up as shown. N S current When current is supplied the coil does not turn. Which of the following is required for the coil to start turning? (A) The magnetic field must be increased. (B) The direction of the current must be reversed. (C) The magnitude of the current must be increased. (D) The starting position of the coil must be changed. In the graph shown, the solid curve shows how the emf produced by a simple generator varies with time. The dashed curve is the output from the same generator after a modification has been made to the generator. 20 10 emf (V) 7 0 0.05 .05 0.1 0. 0.15 .15 0.2 0. 10 20 Which modification was made to produce the result shown? (A) The area of the coil was doubled. (B) A split-ring commutator was added. (C) The speed of rotation of the coil was doubled. (D) The number of turns in the coil was quadrupled. 5 Time (s) 8 The variation in magnetic flux through a coil is shown below. Magnetic flux Time Which graph best represents the corresponding induced emf in the coil? (A) Induced emf Time (B) Induced emf Time (C) Induced emf Time (D) Induced emf Time 6 9 A stationary exercise bike has a solid metal wheel that is rotated by a chain connected to the pedals. An array of strong permanent magnets provides a magnetic field close to the face of the wheel. The exercise level can be selected from 1 (easy) to 6 (hard) using a control panel. When level 6 is selected, which of the following statements is correct? (A) The current supplied to the bike is a minimum. (B) The magnetic field at the wheel is a minimum. (C) The induced current in the wheel is a maximum. (D) The distance between the magnets and the wheel is a maximum. 10 What is the wave property that enabled Hertz to calculate the velocity of radiowaves and compare it to the velocity of light? (A) Interference (B) Polarisation (C) Reflection (D) Refraction 11 Two parallel metal plates are 1 mm apart. A potential difference of 100 V is applied as shown. 1 mm 100 V What is the magnitude of the uniform electric field between the plates? (A) 10 3 V m 1 (B) 10 1 V m 1 (C) 102 V m 1 (D) 105 V m 1 7 12 The Bragg experiment used X-rays to investigate crystal structure. Which statement best describes the results of this experiment? (A) X-rays are scattered from a crystal and form an interference pattern. (B) X-rays penetrate a crystal and form an interference pattern behind it. (C) X-rays are absorbed and re-emitted equally in all directions by a crystal. (D) X-rays absorbed by a crystal produce minima and those reflected produce maxima. 13 An electron is moving near a long straight wire. When a current is applied to the wire the electron experiences a force in the same direction as the current flow in the wire. What was the electron s initial direction of motion? (A) Parallel to the current direction (B) Opposite to the current direction (C) Towards the wire and perpendicular to it (D) Away from the wire and perpendicular to it 14 Which of the following is a property of a silicon p-type semiconductor? (A) It is positively charged. (B) It has fewer holes than pure silicon. (C) It can be produced by doping the silicon with boron. (D) It can be produced by doping the silicon with phosphorus. 15 What CANNOT be calculated using the principle of conservation of energy? (A) The energy of a proton at rest (B) The production of back emf in a motor (C) Voltage transformation in an ideal transformer (D) The escape velocity of an object from the gravitational field of a planet 8 Board of Studies NSW 2007 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I (continued) Part B 60 marks Attempt Questions 16 27 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Answer the questions in the spaces provided. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Question 16 (5 marks) Please turn over 434 9 Student Number Question 16 (5 marks) A group of students conducted an investigation in which ball bearings were released from various points on a ramp. The ball bearings rolled down the ramp to the edge of a table at point P as shown. Their ranges were measured. G F E Vertical height above P D C B A P 30 cm 0 Ran Range The results are shown in the table. Point of release Vertical height above P (cm) Range (cm) A 10 32 B 20 44 C 30 58 D 40 66 E 50 76 F 60 82 G 70 87 Question 16 continues on page 11 10 Marks Question 16 (continued) (a) 2 Plot the data from the table and draw a curve of best fit. 100 90 80 Range (cm) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Vertical height above P (cm) (b) (i) Using your graph, predict the range of a ball bearing released from a height of 80 cm above point P. 1 ................................................................................................................... (ii) Calculate the horizontal velocity of the ball bearing released from a height of 80 cm above point P. ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... End of Question 16 11 2 Marks Question 17 (4 marks) The diagram shows the position X on Earth s surface from which a satellite is to be launched into a geostationary orbit. X (a) On the diagram, draw an arrow to show the direction of launch from X, and justify your choice. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Given that the radius of Earth is 6.38 106 m, calculate the height of the satellite above Earth s surface. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 12 Board of Studies NSW 2007 3 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 18 (7 marks) (a) How has our understanding of time been influenced by the discovery of the constancy of the speed of light? 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) A piece of radioactive material of mass 2.5 kilogram undergoes radioactive decay. How much energy is released if 10 grams of this mass are converted to energy during the decay process? 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) A mass is moving in an inertial frame of reference at a velocity v relative to a stationary observer. The observer measures an apparent mass increase of 0.37%. Calculate the value of v in m s 1. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 435a 13 3 Question 19 (6 marks) This flowchart represents one model of scientific method used to show the relationship between theory and the evidence supporting it. Observation Problem raised New hypothesis Experiment to test hypothesis Collection of data Analysis of results Lack of support Support for hypothesis New theory or law Question 19 continues on page 15 14 Marks Question 19 (continued) Analyse Einstein s Theory of Special Relativity and the evidence supporting it as an application of this model of scientific method. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... End of Question 19 15 6 BLANK PAGE 16 Board of Studies NSW 2007 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 20 (4 marks) Assess the effects of the development of AC generators on today s society and the environment. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 435b 17 4 Marks Question 21 (5 marks) A simple motor consists of a flat rectangular coil with n turns in a magnetic field B as shown. B = 0.1 T 1A X 0.01 m2 Y The coil has an area of 0.01 m2 and carries a current of 1 A. The motor drives a pulley of diameter 20 cm, and weights can be hung from either side of the pulley at point X or point Y. (a) In order to prevent rotation, should a weight be hung at point X or at point Y ? Justify your answer. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) What is the magnitude of the torque provided by a mass of 0.2 kg suspended from either point X or point Y ? 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) If the motor is just stopped by a mass of 0.2 kg, how many turns does the coil have? ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 18 Board of Studies NSW 2007 2 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 22 (4 marks) Explain why solid state devices have largely replaced thermionic devices. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Please turn over 436a 19 4 Marks Question 23 (4 marks) (a) The table shows the critical temperature Tc at which some materials become superconducting. Year discovered Material Tc (K) 1 Tc ( C) 1941 Niobium nitride 16 257 1987 YBa2Cu3O7(YBCO) 92 185 1993 HgBa2Ca2Cu3O7 133 140 With reference to the table, identify what scientists working in the area of superconductivity are trying to achieve. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Describe what happens to one property of superconductors near the critical temperature. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) Explain why magnetic levitation occurs in superconducting materials. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 20 Board of Studies NSW 2007 2 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Question 24 (3 marks) Please turn over 436b 21 Marks Question 24 (continued) (a) A negatively charged cylinder is fixed in position near a positively charged plate as shown in the cross-section. 1 Sketch the electric field lines between the cylinder and the plate on the crosssection diagram. (b) A tiny particle of mass 10 30 kg and charge + 6 10 12 C is released at point Y as shown on the diagram. The particle initially accelerates at 7.0 1021 m s 2. Y Calculate the electric field intensity at Y. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 22 2 Marks Question 25 (4 marks) A student claims that a DC generator is an electric motor in reverse . Analyse this claim with reference to the structure and function of a simple DC generator and an electric motor. Include diagrams in your answer. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 23 4 Marks Question 26 (6 marks) An electricity substation delivers a current of 10 A at a voltage of 6 kV to an office complex. The office complex uses a transformer to provide a current of 230 A at a voltage of 240 V. Office complex 240 V 230 A Substation Transformer (a) Explain why AC is preferable to DC as an input current for transformers. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Outline possible causes of energy loss in the transformer. 2 ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (c) Calculate the energy lost by the transformer in eight hours. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 24 Board of Studies NSW 2007 2 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Centre Number Section I Part B (continued) Student Number Marks Question 27 (8 marks) (a) Scientists tried to explain observations of black-body radiation using classical wave theory and then quantum theory. 3 How does quantum theory satisfactorily explain black-body radiation? ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (b) Describe Hertz s observation of the photoelectric effect. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... Question 27 continues on page 26 437 25 2 Marks Question 27 (continued) An experiment was conducted in which light of different frequencies was shone onto the surfaces of four different metals. Electrons were found to be emitted and their kinetic energies were measured. The graph shows the results. 8 Na Li 7 6 KE (eV) (c) Al Cu 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Frequency (10 (i) 1.4 15 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 Hz) Calculate the gradient of the sodium (Na) graph. Show your working. 2 ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... (ii) Each of the graphs has the same gradient. What is the significance of this observation? ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... End of Question 27 26 Board of Studies NSW 2007 1 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics Section II 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 28 32 Allow about 45 minutes for this section Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Pages Question 28 Question 29 Medical Physics ................................................................... 31 33 Question 30 Astrophysics ............................................................................... 34 Question 31 From Quanta to Quarks ........................................................ 35 37 Question 32 438 Geophysics ........................................................................... 28 30 The Age of Silicon ............................................................... 38 40 27 Marks Question 28 Geophysics (25 marks) (a) (i) The graph shows the velocity of P and S waves at different depths in the Earth. 3 Awaiting copyright Describe the rigidity and density of rocks at different depths in the Earth and relate this to the velocity of both P and S waves. (ii) The velocity of S waves through rock is given by the formula vs = where = rigidity = density. Two rocks, A and B, are compared. Both have the same rigidity but rock A has twice the density of rock B. If the velocity of S waves in rock B is 7 km s 1, calculate the velocity of S waves in rock A. Question 28 continues on page 29 28 2 Marks Question 28 (continued) (b) (i) In your study of Geophysics you performed an investigation that models the variation of the inclination of Earth s magnetic field with latitude. 2 Describe how you modelled the variation and the results obtained. (ii) The map below shows the positions of the south magnetic pole about 200 million years ago as measured from each of five present day land masses. The positions of the south magnetic pole are shown as on the map. 4 Explain how these south magnetic pole positions were determined and how they provide evidence for continental drift. (c) Remote sensing by satellites has added greatly to our ability to understand Earth. Analyse how the introduction of satellites has contributed to TWO areas of knowledge of Earth that were previously inaccessible. Question 28 continues on page 30 29 7 Marks Question 28 (continued) (d) Seismograms are shown for a nuclear test and an earthquake. Nuclear test Earthquake Ack: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (i) By using features of the seismograms, compare the nature of the energy release during a nuclear test and an earthquake. 3 (ii) What information do seismograms provide about nuclear tests? 2 (iii) Describe how seismogram studies are used in either natural hazard reduction or mineral exploration. 2 End of Question 28 30 Marks Question 29 Medical Physics (25 marks) (a) Ultrasound imaging depends on the fact that different materials have different acoustic impedances. The density and acoustic impedance of fat and muscle are shown. Density ( kg m 3 ) Acoustic impedance ( kg m 2 s 1 106 ) Fat 9.25 102 1.38 Muscle 1.073 103 1.70 (i) 2 (ii) (b) Calculate the fraction of ultrasound intensity that is transmitted as it passes from fat into muscle. Explain how a piezoelectric crystal can act as both a source and detector of ultrasonic waves. 3 (i) In your study of Medical Physics you performed an investigation to identify the function of the components of MRI equipment. The following information is from the Australian Twin Registry Newsletter, 2006. MRI: How does it work? Unlike conventional radiography Computed Tomography (CT) scans, which make use of potentially harmful X-rays passing through a patient to generate images, MRI is based on the magnetic properties of atoms within the tissue. A powerful magnet generates a magnetic field roughly 10,000 times stronger than the Earth s. A very small percentage of hydrogen atoms within the body will line up with this field. Radio waves are passed through the person s body then bounce back depending on how many lined up atoms they meet. The subtle differences in how the radio waves bounce back provide the information needed to construct the image. Australian Twin Registry Assess the information provided in this article in terms of its scientific accuracy. (ii) 4 Why is ultrasound imaging NOT used for investigating the function and structure of the brain? 2 Question 29 continues on page 32 31 Marks Question 29 (continued) (c) (d) Assess the effects on the lives of individuals and the wider community of the production and use of X-rays, CAT scans and MRI. (i) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of CAT and PET scans in investigating the structure and function of the brain with reference to the images shown. Image A Image B Dark areas show abnormal brain activity function. White area shows the result of a stroke. Question 29 continues on page 33 32 7 3 Marks Question 29 (continued) Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease in which there is a gradual loss of minerals in the bone. This leads to decreased bone strength and an increased chance of bone fractures. Awaiting copyright (ii) With reference to the images shown, compare TWO imaging techniques which can be used to diagnose osteoporosis. End of Question 29 33 4 Marks Question 30 Astrophysics (25 marks) (b) (i) Describe how the existence of a binary star may be deduced. 2 (ii) (a) The distance from the Sun to Earth is 1 astronomical unit (1 AU). The apparent magnitude of the Sun, when viewed from Earth, is 26.5. Calculate the apparent magnitude of the Sun when viewed from Saturn, a distance of 10 AU from the Sun. 3 (i) In your study of Astrophysics you performed a first-hand investigation to demonstrate ONE characteristic of a star that can be deduced by observing the light received from it. 2 Describe your investigation and the results obtained. Explain how TWO other characteristics or properties of a star can be deduced by observing the light received from the star. 4 (c) Evaluate the ways that TWO technologies used in modern astrophysics have changed scientific understanding of celestial objects. 7 (d) The table shows some characteristics of selected stars. (ii) Star Apparent magnitude Absolute magnitude Spectral class Sun 26.5 + 4.7 G2 Sirius A 1.51 +1.4 A1 Betelgeuse + 0.41 5.6 M2 Arcturus + 0.00 0.3 K2 Vega + 0.04 +0.5 A0 (i) Which star is the most distant from Earth? Justify your answer. 1 (ii) Sketch in your writing booklet a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing the positions of the stars in the table. Identify the position of the Main Sequence on your diagram. 3 (iii) Compare the physical properties, nuclear reactions and relative stages of stellar evolution of the stars Sirius A and Arcturus. 3 34 Marks Question 31 From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks) (a) The Bohr model of the atom describes a nucleus with electron shells surrounding it. (i) 2 (ii) (b) Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation required to remove an electron from the second shell of a hydrogen atom. Outline atomic spectral features that cannot be completely explained by the Rutherford-Bohr model. 3 In your study of Quanta to Quarks you have performed an investigation to observe radiation emitted from a nucleus using a Wilson Cloud Chamber or a similar detection device. (i) Describe how you carried out your investigation. 2 (ii) Isotopes can be used in medicine, agriculture and engineering. 4 Choose TWO of these areas and nominate a different isotope for use in each area. For each isotope, explain how the properties of the isotope are related to its use. (c) Analyse how de Broglie s proposal and supporting experimental evidence led to the move from classical physics to quantum physics. Question 31 continues on page 36 35 7 Marks Question 31 (continued) The graph shows the force between nucleons as a function of the distance between them. Repulsive (i) Force between nucleons Z 0 Distance between nucleons Attractive (d) Explain what would happen if two nucleons were separated by the distance indicated as Z on the graph. Question 31 continues on page 37 36 2 Marks Question 31 (continued) The figure shows the basic features of a nuclear fission reactor. Steam Electric power Control rods Turbine Generator Water (hot) Reactor core (moderator) Pump Water Reactor pressure (cool) vessel Steam condenser Pump Water (ii) Which part of a nuclear reactor regulates the rate of fission reaction taking place? Justify your answer. 2 (iii) Neutron beams can be extracted from nuclear reactors. 3 Describe how the neutrons can be used as a probe for investigating the properties of matter. End of Question 31 37 Marks Question 32 The Age of Silicon (25 marks) (a) Consider the logic expression C = ( A + B ) ( A + B ) . (i) Using standard symbols, draw a labelled logic diagram in your writing booklet corresponding to this expression. 2 (ii) Develop a truth table for C. 3 (b) In your study of the Age of Silicon you have investigated operational amplifiers. The two operational amplifier circuits shown below have the indicated waveforms applied at their inputs. In each case, copy the input waveforms into your writing booklet, and on the same axes sketch the output produced by the circuit. Show all relevant calculations. (i) V 2in (V) V 2in 12 k 5 k 3 4 t V 1in (V) V 1in 8 +15 V 10 k + Vout 15 V t (ii) Vin (V) Vin 5 10 k 25 k 3 +15 V + t 15 V 7 Question 32 continues on page 39 38 Vout Marks Question 32 (continued) (c) (d) Analyse how developments in the semiconductor industry could help to reduce energy consumption. 7 (i) Electronic circuits may use both input and output transducers. Explain the difference between these types of transducer, using an example of each. 3 (ii) The circuit below is used to illuminate an alarm clock display. 2 +15 V LED 220 b Q R1 c 1000 e LDR R1 is a light-dependent resistor (LDR) and Q is a transistor with b, c and e as its base, collector and emitter terminals, respectively. It is found that when the voltage at the base (ie across R1) is below 0.7 V, the transistor is OFF, preventing current from flowing in the LED. If the base voltage is 0.7 V or more, the transistor is ON, causing 10 mA to flow through the LED. Calculate the value of R1 at the instant when the transistor switches on. Question 32 continues on page 40 39 Marks Question 32 (continued) 2 A thermistor is used to construct a thermometer circuit as shown. 10 k Vout 9V 2 k Thermistor The thermistor s resistance as a function of temperature is plotted below. 10000 8000 Resistance ( ) (iii) 6000 4000 2000 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature ( C) At a certain temperature the output voltage Vout is found to be 1.2 V. What is the temperature of the environment in which the thermometer circuit is located? End of paper 40 BLANK PAGE 41 BLANK PAGE 42 Board of Studies NSW 2007 2 007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION Physics DATA SHEET Charge on electron, qe 1.602 10 19 C Mass of electron, me 9.109 10 31 kg Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 10 27 kg Mass of proton, mp 1.673 10 27 kg Speed of sound in air 340 m s 1 Earth s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s 2 Speed of light, c 3.00 108 m s 1 0 Magnetic force constant, k 2 2.0 10 7 N A 2 Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 Mass of Earth 6.0 1024 kg Planck constant, h 6.626 10 34 J s Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1.097 107 m 1 Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 10 27 kg 931.5 MeV/ c 2 1 eV Density of water, 1.00 103 kg m 3 Specific heat capacity of water 439 1.602 10 19 J 4.18 103 J kg 1 K 1 43 FORMULAE SHEET v = f I v2 m1 m2 r 1 v1 Ep = G F = mg d 2 sin i sin r = v x 2 = ux 2 v = u + at E= F q R= V I v y 2 = u y 2 + 2a y y x = ux t 1 2 P = VI y = uy t + ay t 2 Energy = VI t r3 T vav = aav = = GM 4 2 r t F= v v u therefore aav = t t E = mc 2 F = ma a F= 2 mv r G m1 m2 d2 l v = l0 1 2 tv = W = Fs mv = v2 c2 m0 1 p = mv Impulse = Ft 44 c2 t0 1 1 Ek = m v 2 2 v2 v2 c2 FORMULAE SHEET F l I1 I 2 =k 1 p d= d F = BI l sin d M = m 5log 10 = Fd IA IB = nBIA cos Vp Vs = ( mB m A ) m1 + m2 = np ns 4 2r 3 GT 2 1 1 = R n2 n2 f i 1 F = qvB sin q E= = 100 V d = h mv E = hf c = f A0 = Z = v Vout Vin Ir I0 = Z 2 Z1 2 Z 2 + Z1 2 45 Vout Vin = Rf Ri 5 46 4 Be 9.012 12 Mg 24.31 Magnesium 20 Ca 40.08 Calcium 38 Sr 87.62 Strontium 56 Ba 137.3 Barium 88 Ra [226] Radium Lithium 11 Na 22.99 Sodium 19 K 39.10 Potassium 37 Rb 85.47 Rubidium 55 Cs 132.9 Caesium 87 Fr [223] Francium Zirconium Yttrium Rutherfordium 104 Rf [261] Hafnium Cerium 90 Th 232.0 Thorium Lanthanum Actinoids 89 Ac [227] Actinium Lanthanoids 57 58 La Ce 138.9 140.1 Actinoids 89 103 Lanthanoids 72 Hf 178.5 40 Zr 91.22 39 Y 88.91 57 71 Titanium 22 Ti 47.87 Scandium 21 Sc 44.96 Protactinium 91 Pa 231.0 Praseodymium 59 Pr 140.9 Dubnium 105 Db [262] Tantalum 73 Ta 180.9 Niobium 41 Nb 92.91 Vanadium 23 V 50.94 Uranium 92 U 238.0 Neodymium 60 Nd 144.2 Seaborgium 106 Sg [266] Tungsten 74 W 183.8 Molybdenum 42 Mo 95.94 Chromium 24 Cr 52.00 Hassium Bohrium Neptunium 93 Np [237] Promethium Plutonium 94 Pu [244] Samarium 62 Sm 150.4 108 Hs [277] 107 Bh [264] 61 Pm [145] Osmium 76 Os 190.2 Ruthenium 44 Ru 101.1 Iron 26 Fe 55.85 Rhenium 75 Re 186.2 Technetium 43 Tc [97.91] Manganese 25 Mn 54.94 Atomic Weight Atomic Number Americium 95 Am [243] Europium 63 Eu 152.0 Meitnerium 109 Mt [268] Iridium 77 Ir 192.2 Rhodium 45 Rh 102.9 Cobalt 27 Co 58.93 Gold 79 Au 197.0 KEY 111 Rg [272] Gold 79 Au 197.0 Silver 47 Ag 107.9 Copper 29 Cu 63.55 Curium 96 Cm [247] Gadolinium 64 Gd 157.3 Berkelium 97 Bk [247] Terbium 65 Tb 158.9 Darmstadtium Roentgenium 110 Ds [271] Platinum 78 Pt 195.1 Palladium 46 Pd 106.4 Nickel 28 Ni 58.69 Name of element Symbol of element Californium 98 Cf [251] Dysprosium 66 Dy 162.5 Mercury 80 Hg 200.6 Cadmium 48 Cd 112.4 Zinc 30 Zn 65.41 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 6 C 12.01 Einsteinium 99 Es [252] Holmium 67 Ho 164.9 Thallium 81 Tl 204.4 Indium 49 In 114.8 Gallium 31 Ga 69.72 Aluminium Fermium 100 Fm [257] Erbium 68 Er 167.3 Lead 82 Pb 207.2 Tin 50 Sn 118.7 Germanium 32 Ge 72.64 Silicon 14 Si 28.09 Boron 13 Al 26.98 Carbon 5 B 10.81 Mendelevium 101 Md [258] Thulium 69 Tm 168.9 Bismuth 83 Bi 209.0 Antimony 51 Sb 121.8 Arsenic 33 As 74.92 Phosphorus 15 P 30.97 Nitrogen 7 N 14.01 Nobelium 102 No [259] Ytterbium 70 Yb 173.0 Polonium 84 Po [209.0] Tellurium 52 Te 127.6 Selenium 34 Se 78.96 Sulfur 16 S 32.07 Oxygen 8 O 16.00 Lawrencium 103 Lr [262] Lutetium 71 Lu 175.0 Astatine 85 At [210.0] Iodine 53 I 126.9 Bromine 35 Br 79.90 Chlorine 17 Cl 35.45 Fluorine 9 F 19.00 Xenon 54 Xe 131.3 Krypton 36 Kr 83.80 Argon 18 Ar 39.95 Neon 10 Ne 20.18 Helium 2 He 4.003 Radon 86 Rn [222.0] For elements that have no stable or long-lived nuclides, the mass number of the nuclide with the longest confirmed half-life is listed between square brackets. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements (October 2005 version) is the principal source of data. Some data may have been modified. Beryllium 3 Li 6.941 Hydrogen 1 H 1.008

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Additional Info : New South Wales Higher School Certificate Physics 2007
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