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ICSE Class X Notes 2024 : English Paper 2 (English Literature)

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se s' U ch er rT ea Fo nl y O 1 TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 2 Contents 3 4 Act I: Scene 2 4 5 nl y Act I: Scene 1 Act I: Scene 3 6 7 O Act II: Scene 1 Act II: Scene 2 se Act II: Scene 3 Act II: Scene 4 s' U Act III: Scene 1 Act III: Scene 2 Act IV: Scene 1 Act IV: Scene 2 Act IV: Scene 3 rT ea Act V: Scene 1 ch er Act III: Scene 3 7 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 15 15 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 21 22 23 22 23 Act V: Scene 3 23 25 Act V: Scene 4 25 26 Act V: Scene 5 26 27 Fo Act V: Scene 2 Model Test Paper IX and X 27 27 ACT I : SCENE 1 3 ACT I : Scene 1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 11. (a) 12. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) nl y Contextual Questions 1. (i) Flavius and Marullus are tribunes They are at a street in Rome where people are gathered in their best clothes to celebrate Caesar s victory. They are dispersing the crowd as they detest Caesar s growing popularity. (iii) (a) Being manual workers. (b) A working day. (c) Working clothes with tools of their profession. Leather apron, rule (any one) O (ii) Commoners they are not wearing the tools of the trade they are dressed in their best clothes. (v) Flavius demands of the first citizen the name of his trade. Marullus asks the citizen where are his tools both show they are men of authority. Flavius has greater authority as later in the scene Marullus is unsure of removing the decorations on Caesar statues and Flavius dismisses him saying they must quell Caesar s popularity. s' U se (iv) Second citizen who is a cobbler He is the mender of bad soles He got angry and called the man a rascal. 2. (i) Occupation cobbler pun: soles of shoes and human souls. ch er (ii) This is a play on the words mender of soles that is a pun. As a mender of souls of bad people he uses his trade with a clear conscience. (iii) Good for nothing rogue haughty attitude of the officials towards artisans other expressions: thou saucy fellow you blocks you stones the vulgar (any two) (iv) Do not be out at heels ; if your shoes are worn out I ll mend them for you. Do not by angry with me, if you are I can improve your character. (v) They wear signs of their trade which helps in identifying them they are fickle as they have gathered to celebrate Pompey s defeat the same way as they had gathered to celebrate Pompey s victory some time before. rT ea 3. (i) Marullus the commoners at the street they were rejoicing Caesar s victory over Pompey s sons. (ii) Julius Caesar they are fickle because one day they celebrated Pompey s victory and later they celebrated Pompey s defeat with the same fervour they need to repent for their ingratitude. Fo (iii) The conquest is Julius Caesar s victory over Pompey s sons. As it was a victory over a rival in the same country no territory was brought under Rome. (iv) No taxes or fines were paid by the losers, nor were there prisoners tied with chains to the chariot of the conquerer all marks of respect to the conquerer. (v) The common people who had gathered to celebrate Julius Caesar s victory over Pompey s sons. They are cruel because they had celebrated Pompey s victory in the same vein some time ago. 4. (i) Pompey when he returned victorious cheered in a single voice that was so loud that the vibration could be felt at the river Tiber. (ii) They cheered so loudly and in a single voice that the vibration of the shout could be felt at Tiber and it seemed the river trembled at the sound. (iii) Pompey s sons whose blood has been shed. Julius Caesar now comes in triumph after defeating Pompey s sons. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 4 (iv) They dress in their best attire, celebrate the day as a festival, strewing flowers on Caesar s path. (v) The speaker wants to make the common man realise his thoughtless and fickleness and wants him to repent for it. 5. (i) Remove decorations placed on the statues of Caesar to quell the celebrating mood at the triumph of Caesar over Pompey s sons. (ii) The feast to honour Lupercus a god believed to be the protector of flocks and herds. On the feast of Lupercal, young men ran through the city and touched spectators with leather straps. It was believed that barren women so touched would be cured of their infertility. nl y O (iii) Trophies - decorations on the statues of Caesar which are tokens of victories of Caesar. Flavius believes that suppressing people s enthusiasm for Caesar, it will be like pulling feathers from a falcon s wing : it will make him fly at a normal height instead of soaring out of sight (like a god) to treat men like slaves. se (iv) The common people the workers and artisans. They are so called because they are fickle one day they celebrated Pompey s victory and on another day they celebrated Julius Caesar s victory over Pompey s sons. They needed to be dispersed before they crowned Caesar as king. (v) Refer to Fickleness of the Crowd under Critical Comments. 5. ( ) 15. (b) 6. (c) 16. (c) 7. (a) 17. (b) 8. (b) 18. (a) 9. (c) 19. (c) 10. (d) 20. (b) ch er Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 21. (c) s' U ACT I : Scene 2 Contextual Questions 1. (i) A public place in Rome To celebrate the feast of Lupercal. (ii) A race where young men ran through the city touching spectators with leather straps barren women so touched would be cured of infertility. rT ea (iii) Asks her to stand directly in Antony s path so that he could touch her and cure her of her infertility. Caesar s superstitious nature. (iv) (a) Cure the curse of infertility (i.e. being sterile). (b) Whatever Caesar says is immediately carried out. (v) Caesar trusts Antony asks Calpurnia to stand in Antony s path. Fo 2. (i) Soothsayer s warning to Caesar of an impending danger to him on 15 March (Ides of March) Foreshadows the assassination of Caesar shows events are predestined by fate. (ii) Caesar asks him to step out from the crowd; calls him a dreamer and walks off. This shows his arrogance and disregard for the warning from a common man. (iii) To avert a tragedy and bloodshed that would ensure Sense of Fate. (iv) To ascertain if he had powers to foresee the future Caesar called him a dreamer who need not be taken seriously. (v) Calpurnia s dreams Advice of priests asking him not to go out. Calpurnia s description of the omnious sights seen by the watchman. Artemidorus letter. 3. (i) Public place at Rome were with Caesar s procession but stayed back Brutus had been exhibiting unfriendly cold behaviour towards Cassius. (ii) Brutus is troubled by conflicting emotions regarding the Roman state. Compares himself with Antony saying he (Brutus) is not interested in sports nor does he have active energy like Antony. ACT I : SCENE 2 5 (iii) Brutus has been cold and unfriendly towards Cassius. Brutus has been preoccupied with his own conflicting emotions so he forgets to others exhibit affection towards. (iv) (a) You are like a rider who is unfamiliar (strange) with his horse but is strict (stubborn) in handling it. (b) I am troubled lately with conflicting emotions. (v) To gain Brutus s support in the plot to assassinate Caesar because Brutus is highly respected and honoured in Rome. Cassius is a clever manipulator who is practical in nature. nl y 4. (i) At a public place in Rome at a distance from Caesar s entourage they separated from Caesar s entourage to discuss some matters The crowd is shouting. (ii) Brutus believed that the crowd had crowned Caesar the king Actually Caesar had refused the crown and the crowd cheered on. (iii) Refer to Conflict between Monarchic and Republican Principles on page 11. (iv) His love for Caesar and his duty to Rome. Refer to Conflict between Monarchic and Republican Principles on page 11. O s' U se (v) Cassius, a clever manipulator, incites Brutus under the pretext of honour, and freedom, especially with freedom from Caesar. In order to convince Brutus, Cassius shows that Caesar is a weak and vulnerable mortal. Furthermore, Brutus is reminded how his ancestor defended the freedom of Rome by driving away Tarquin kings. 5. (i) Aeneas who was the founder of Rome and the ancestor of all Romans. He was a Trojan who, when Troy was captured, escaped from the burning city carrying his father, Anchises, on his back. ch er (ii) Like Aeneas he bent his body and carried Caesar across the river Tiber when Caesar was drowning. (iii) Caesar Cassius fears Caesar would become a dictator and tyrant. (iv) Born free fed well endure winter s cold well. (v) Caesar dared Cassius to swim the Tiber that was flooded and in fury Cassius jumped in Caesar started sinking Cassius bent his body and carried Caesar to safety. rT ea 6. (i) According to classical mythology, Zeus was determined to destroy the world because of the sins of men. He saved, because of their piety, one couple Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha. (ii) Caesar He is so powerful that it appears he is the only man in Rome. (iii) The names sound the same. If you use them to call (conjure) spirits, one name is as good as the other (a) to raise devils; and (b) to rouse men of courage. Fo (iv) Reference to Lucius Junius Brutus who was responsible for expelling the Tarquins from Rome in 510 B.C. The Brutus in the play claimed to have descended from him. (v) When he responds, I do fear the people choose Caesar for their king. His involuntary reaction gives Cassius an opportunity to question him directly and to allow Brutus to state openly his opposition to Caesar being crowned king. 7. (i) Cassius (i) He is a great observer (ii) He judges of motives of men in their action. (ii) Yes Cassius observed Brutus reaction to the sound of crowds cheering and manipulated Brutus to join in his plot of assassinating Caesar. (iii) Men that are fat sleek-headed men Men who sleep soundly at night Cassius has a lean and hungry look and thinks too much. (iv) Deaf in left ear contrast - Caesar has a physical deformity that can be explored but he is dismissive of weaknesses in other man e.g. Cassius has a lean and hungry look he could be fatter. (v) Physical weakness sinking while trying to swim in the river Tiber prone to seizures. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 6 ACT I : Scene 3 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 11. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) Contextual Questions 1. (i) A street in Rome breathless and staring to Cicero. (ii) (a) the entire creation of the earth is shaking as if it is unsteady. (b) The ocean is in rage filled with foam and is rising up to match the fury of the stormy clouds. nl y (iii) Harsh winds of a storm torn apart large oaks (trees) raising the sea up to the clouds. (iv) A slave s hand was on fire but remained unburnt. Unnatural events that occur together to prophecise a calamity. O se (v) The next day Senators intended to crown Caesar as king. It will be the day Caesar is assassinated Ides of March Soothsayer had warned Caesar about it. 2. (i) A slave held up his left hand which burned as brightly as twenty torches but his hand was unburnt. s' U (ii) A lion arrogantly walked past Casca without injuring him. Terrible looking women huddled in fear swearing they saw men in fire walking the streets. The owl hooted at the market place at noon. ch er (iii) They are prophetic of impending doom. For Casca, the storm is a sign from the gods. He is breathless and staring, frightened by what he has seen. Cassius interprets the storm in a strange way. He says that Caesar has grown fearful like the storm. (iv) For Casca, the storm is a sign from the gods. He is breathless and staring, frightened by what he has seen. Cicero is less clear whether or not the storm is any more than bad weather. He remains uncommitted over this issue, just as he is to remain uncommitted over the conspiracy to kill Caesar. (v) Caesar was unaffected by these strange things. Only his sleep was disturbed. The audience would be at the edge of their seats waiting for something terrible to happen. rT ea 3. (i) Crown Caesar as the king. Cassius plans to assassinate Caesar before he was crowned. For this he intends to convince noble Brutus to join him. (ii) Romans have become submissive and passive lost their sense of honour and their independence. (iii) (a) Cassius will save Cassius from slavery by committing suicide. (b) In this respect by allowing men to kill themselves. Gods defeat tyrants. Fo (iv) Neither towers nor brass walls nor dungeons nor strong iron chains nothing can imprison a determined spirit. (v) If Caesar were to become king, it would be the signal for Cassius to take his own life. He says neither stormy towers nor brass walls, nor dungeons nor strong iron chains could imprison his determined spirit. 4. (i) Caesar He would not have been a wolf or lion had Romans not been slaves like sheep or deer. (ii) Romans in their haste would crown a weak man like Caesar just like hasty people would use weak straws to build a fire. Caesar has managed to gain power and trust by his weak appearance. (iii) Blames Rome. (i) Caesar is a great warrior; (ii) he has defeated enemies in battles; (iii) he is generous. (iv) Casca shakes Cassius hand as a sign of fellowship. He promises to get involved as much as the boldest of all does. ACT II : SCENE 1 7 (v) To meet and plan a honourable but dangerous enterprise in Pompey s porch, a theatre built by Pompey plan Caesar s assassination. 5. (i) At a street in Rome Casca Casca and Cassius were discussing the strange occurrences and Cassius had convinced Casca to join their conglomerate. (ii) He was glad Casca had joined their group of conspirators. He was there to take letters for Brutus to find. nl y (iii) Casca For Casca, the storm is a sign from the gods. He is breathless and staring, frightened by what he has seen: fire falling from the sky; a slave whose hand burnt brilliantly but without any physical effect on the hand itself; tales of men covered in fire walking the streets. There are other prodigies too: a lion harmlessly wandering near the Capitol, an owl hooting and shrieking in the market-place at midday. And, all the time, lightning is flashing and thunder crashing. O (iv) Stay d for means waited for. Cassius asks whether someone is waiting for him, probably in reference its the meeting of the conspirator in Pompey s porch. se (v) Brutus is believed to be the noblest Roman and is highly respected. His support would make the plot to assassinate Caesar honourable Cassius believes he has convinced Brutus to join the conspiracy. He instructs Cinna to leave letters where Brutus might find them at his window, at Junius Brutus statue, in the praetor s chair. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) s' U ACT II : Scene 1 5. (d) 15. (b) 6. (a) 16. (c) 7. (a) 17. (a) 8. (c) 18. (a) 9. (c) 19. (d) 10. (a) 20. (a) ch er Contextual Questions 1. (i) Brutus orchard (Rome) His servant He has been asked for a lit candle to brought to Brutus in his study. (ii) Confined Rome Caesar s. (iii) Cassius protect Rome from Caesar s tyranny Brutus is patriotic and an idealist. rT ea (iv) It would change his character he would become a tyrant A warm bright day brings out the snake similarly the crown would bring out the tyrant. (v) I feel angry at his justification for a gruesome murder Brutus has made up his mind to kill Caesar. Brutus does not have a particular personal grievance against Caesar. His argument points to the fact that Caesar has to be assassinated not for what he is at present but for what he could become in future. Brutus argues that, once crowned, Caesar will be beyond the power of anyone else to check him. Finally, Brutus seems to distort his view of Caesar: therefore think him as a serpent s egg. Fo 2. (i) That humility serves as a ladder for an ambitious man to rise to a powerful position. When he rises high, the climber pays attention upwards. He forgets the ladder which helped him to climb. (ii) Put it this way that there is no cause to quarrel with him for what he is now. (iii) Power increased by being crowned The crown has been offered to him at the celebration of the Feast of Lupercalia. (iv) Caesar s rise to become a powerful man danger of Caesar becoming a tyrant. (v) Brutus tragedy is both a public one (in effect, he destroys the thing he is trying to preserve, for republican freedom falls to the tyranny of three men) and a private one (the death of Portia, and his happiness). In fact, he destroys his personal life as well as the republic which he hopes to protect. 3. (i) Lucius comes back with one of the anonymous letters (written, as we know, by Cassius), which he has found on the windowsill of Brutus study. By the light of the meteors, Brutus reads the message urging him to save Rome. He promises to take action TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 8 Cassius He has come with other conspirator to discuss the plan of action to ensure success in their conspiracy. (ii) Cassius manages to convince Brutus to join him in the conspiracy to murder Caesar. Brutus believes that the growing power of Caesar threat to Rome s liberty duty to relieve Rome of Caesar s tyranny. (iii) He is troubled he has nothing against Caesar but believes Caesar s death would be good for Rome. Mental condition is a nightmare/horrid dream. (iv) (a) Everything in between is like a nightmare. nl y (b) Rational powers and passions of the body are engaged in argument. (v) The rational powers (the genius) and the passions of the body (mortal instruments) are engaged in an argument (in council). And man s nature, like a small kingdom, then suffers due to the nature of their revolt. O 4. (i) The conspirators Cassius, Casca, Decius, Cinna Metellus Cimber and Trebonius. hats pulled down up to their ears cloaks covering their faces unrecognisable Lucius. se (ii) Faction conspirators; Thy dangerous brow your dangerous face. (iii) Conspiracy is ashamed to show itself in the darkness of the night when evil things are most at liberty during the day it covers and hides its face in a dark cave. s' U (iv) Hell the darkness of hell would not be able to hide conspirators from those who would prevent their action. (v) They would not be able to be successful in their mission necessary to disguise conspiracy (i) met in the night (ii) covered their faces so they were not recognisable. 5. (i) The conspirators to get rid of Caesar We do no need any incentive but our own plot to kill Caesar to protect Rome from his tyranny. ch er (ii) Cassius Brutus believed that and why should we need anything other than the understanding by which honourable men have bound each other to do a certain thing or die in the attempt? No, at the end he destroys everything he stood for. (iii) A promise made by one honest man to another. Brutus is a true patriot and a man of integrity. Because of his personal reputation, conspirators would like to have him as their leader. rT ea (iv) We shall be successful or we will be ready to die for it. (v) Priests, cowards, deceiving men, old and feeble men untrustworthy men Brutus is philosophical. He erroneously objects to the conspirators taking an oath of secrecy because they are Romans, and are united by the justice of their cause. 6. (i) Cicero conspiracy to kill Caesar He is irresolute and will not follow any course of action which has been initiated by others. (ii) Let us not confide in him Brutus says so Brutus rejection of Cicero is, we gather, personal; seemingly he wants to be the most (and only) highly respected member of the group. Fo (iii) Killed Mark Antony as he is deeply loved by Caesar. (iv) He vetoes the inclusion of Cicero into the group, he limits the objective of the plot (only Caesar is to be killed not Antony); and he sets the tone for the enterprise by placing the entire undertaking within the context of a religious ceremony. Cassius concedes to Brutus objections because he does not want to antagonise Brutus. (v) Cassius says Antony will turn out to be a mischievous schemer with enough resources to cause great harm to the conspirator all this came true Antony s speech Brutus looses everything. 7. (i) The conspirators are planning the murder of Caesar debating whether to kill Mark Antony too ungrafted love deep rooted love Referring to Mark Antony. (ii) Antony is focussed on games, irresponsible behaviour and enjoying the company of large number of friends so he would not grieve Caesar s death much. ACT II : SCENE 2 9 (iii) He will continue to live and will even laugh at what has happened. (iv) Because he will live his life as usual and laugh at this (Caesar s murder) later. (v) Cassius observing that since Antony and Caesar are so close, it seems a shame to let one outlive the other. Time proves him right Antony s speech moves public in his favour render Brutus to be cast as a traitor Brutus and Conspirators loose everything. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) nl y ACT II : Scene 2 8. (b) 9. (b) Soothsayer Beware of ides of March (Act I, Scene 2). (ii) Neither heaven nor earth are at peace asks servant to bid priests to sacrifice and return with the outcome Caesar is superstitions. se O Contextual Questions 1. (i) Frightened She is frightened by her dream and she foresees danger to Caesar s life. s' U (iii) She tells him that there have been reports of horrid sights in the streets of Rome: graves have yielded up their dead and ghosts have squealed, the groans of dying men have been heard, and blood has been seen dripping on the walls of the Capitol. (iv) Cowards die many times (in their imagination) before their actual death. Danger sees the face of Caesar, it varnishes. (v) Refer to Calpurnia and Caesar under Characterisation. ch er 2. (i) Calpurnia never paid attention to omens Superstitious yet proud worried about the storm and Calpurnia s dream but shows he is fearless. (ii) Calpurnia has had a dream that Caesar s statue has been spouting blood. We learn of more prodigies in the streets of Rome (ghosts, a drizzle of blood over the Capitol, a lioness giving birth in the street). Calpurnia interprets these signs and her dream as prophetic of her husband s death. (iii) Devoted wife cries in her sleep for Caesar tries everything to stop Caesar. rT ea (iv) As a loving husband, alleges Calpurnia s fears, prepared not to go to the Senate He is led by his pride, vanity and fate to disregard his wife s warning. (v) Refer to Caesar s Vanity under Critical Comments. 3. (i) A room in their (Caesar s) home not to step out fearful for his life. (ii) l Calpurnia s fear. l Caesar being unwell. Fo (iii) He convinces Caesar that his absence will go against his interests in the Senate. He interprets Calpurnia s dream to suit his own scheme of things and flatters Caesar by saying that the senators are likely to offer the royal crown to him. The final argument by which he wins over Caesar is that if Caesar does not go, he would be seen as a hen-pecked husband and a coward leader. (iv) Caesar is overconfident so he cannot be wise or think for himself. (v) Calpurnia is a caring wife she accepts the responsibility for Caesar s action of not going to the Capitol Portia wants to share her husband s problems but does nothing remains a silent spectator. 4. (i) At Caesar s house eight o clock in the morning 15th March Ides of March Caesar has been warned of it. (ii) Caesar s statue is spouting blood grave harm is going to come upon Caesar Decius says Caesar s blood from the statue means that great Rome shall renew its strength from Caesar. Great men will crowd around Caesar to get something stained by his blood to be cherished like a relic. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 10 (iii) She tells him that there have been reports of horrid sights in the streets of Rome: graves have yielded up their dead and ghosts have squealed, the groans of dying men have been heard, and blood has been seen dripping on the walls of the Capitol. (iv) He convinces Caesar that his absence will go against his interests in the Senate. He interprets Calpurnia s dream to suit his own scheme of things and flatters Caesar by saying that the senators are likely to offer the royal crown to him. The final argument by which he wins over Caesar is that if Caesar does not go, he would be seen as a hen-pecked husband and a coward leader. (v) Refer to Caesar s Vanity under Critical Comments. nl y 5. (i) The Senate are resolved to offer Caesar a crown that very day, he says, and if Caesar does not come they may change their minds. Also, he suggests, Caesar may be mocked if it becomes known that he is frightened by the dreams of his wife. (iii) When Caesar confides that Calpurnia s dream is the true reason Decius interprets the dream in an excessively flattering manner. excuse that might suggest some human weakness, Caesar relies great to be obliged to explain himself. Decius appeals to Caesar s and his concern for Caesar s future career. se O (ii) Crown was offered to Caesar during the celebration of the feast of Lupercalia Caesar refused crowd had shouted in delight at Caesar s response. why he will not go, Unable to make an on pride: he is too ambition to be king s' U (iv) Antony: Caesar says he ll tell Antony what is fear rather than what he fears because he is Caesar. Calpurnia: If seems strange men should fear their death because death comes as a necessary end. (v) It would be a joke that would be cracked later. Refer to Decius under Characterisation. ch er ACT II : Scene 3 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) rT ea Contextual Questions 1. (i) A single figure, Artemidorus, comes on to the stage and reads out a letter he intends giving to Caesar as he passes on the way to the Capitol. Artemidorus represents honest common citizens, voicing his concern for the safety of Caesar. (ii) They have only one intention to kill Caesar. Cassius is worldly wise and a shrewd intriguer. He is self-centred, cunning and envious. His reasons are personal but he gives a patriotic colouring to the conspiracy. He knows that Brutus is noble and is held high in esteem by the people. He exploits Brutus love for his country as well as for freedom. In every matter, Brutus over-rules him time will prove him right and Brutus wrong. Fo (iii) They fear Caesar has become too powerful. Look around you You are surrounded by conspirators. (iv) If a man feels secure his enemies are sure to utilise this overconfidence to gravely harm the man. (v) Soothsayer (Act I, Scene 2) Beware of the Ides of March Caesar dismisses him as a day dreamer. ACT II : Scene 4 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) Contextual Questions 1. (i) Outside Brutus House run to the Senate House 8. (a) 9. (b) ACT III : SCENE 1 11 Stay not to answer me Why dost thou stay all said at the same time. (ii) She urges Lucius to run to the Capitol and report back what he witnesses there. Portia invents an errand he is to see how his master is and observe what suitors are pressing about Caesar. Portia is struggling with the dangerous information she now has assume that Brutus has confided in her or else that she has concluded that her husband is a part of a conspiracy to kill Caesar. She is bursting to make this news public but she is sworn to silence. nl y (iii) They are joined by a soothsayer, who tells her that Caesar has not yet gone to the Senate House. He is waiting for Caesar with a petition that shall beseech him to befriend himself. (iv) Loving and devoted wife of Brutus. She is the daughter of Cato, renowned for high ideals, patriotism, and stoicism. She claims her right to share the secrets of her husband. O (v) Portia cries out in terror as she seems to hear a great noise coming from the Capitol, but Lucius assures her that he hears nothing. This builds up tension so that we note how time is passing and the moment of the assassination is approaching. s' U se 2. (i) She urges Lucius to run to the Capitol and report back what he witnesses there. Portia invents an errand he is to see how his master is and observe what suitors are pressing about Caesar. Portia is struggling with the dangerous information she now has assume that Brutus has confided in her or else that she has concluded that her husband is a part of a conspiracy to kill Caesar. She is bursting to make this news public but she is sworn to silence. (ii) Refer to Characterisation. (iii) Portia shaking under the strain of the knowledge she begged for, feeling her weakness. (iv) Refer to Elements of Drama. ch er (v) She wants to know what is happening at the Capitol She feels like sending Lucius up and down bringing her the news in the next line itself she knows she is displaying her anxiety so prays for patience. 3. (i) The soothsayer wants to warn Caesar of some harm the soothsayer will add nothing definite of what knowledge he has. Portia s fear increases as she hears of the soothsayer s intention and she almost loses her self-control. rT ea (ii) Portia asks if there is any harm planned against Caesar Soothsayer says he does not know of any specific harm but fears harm may be done to Caesar. (iii) A throng of Senators, Praetors and common suitors are at Caesar s heels as he passes through the narrow streets to the Senate House. Witness Caesar s murder. (iv) To warn Caesar to take care of himself he is an feeble man who might get crushed by the crowd so he is looking for some empty space to speak to Caesar. Fo (v) Artemidorus intends to give a letter to Caesar naming his murderers and warning Caesar. He reasons that Caesar may survive if the Fate does not ally itself with the conspirators. Artemidorus represents honest common citizens, voicing his concern for the safety of Caesar. ACT III : Scene 1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 5. (b) 15. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) Contextual Questions 1. (i) Rome, in front of the Capital Because earlier, (Act I, sc 2) the soothsayer had warned him for this day but he is unharmed. (Act I, sc 2) during the celebration of the Feast of Lupercal. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 12 (ii) a school master he represents the common people/citizens of Rome his schedule is a warning to Caesar, that would affect Caesar personally ( touches Caesar nearer ) (iii) Because his schedule affects Caesar personally and touches Caesar nearer . In the previous scene (Act II, Sc 4), a tense atmosphere is created before Caesar s murder with Portia crying out in terror. Similar tension is reflected in Artemidorus fears of the dangers ahead. (iv) Two reasons: (i) Whatever affects Caesar personally will be addressed last (ii) Official petitions should be put up on the Capitol, not in the street. nl y (v) Warned by (i) Soothsayer, and (ii) Artemidorus Efforts thwarted by (i) Decius, and (ii) Publius O Caesar, as a king who is considered to be God s agent (using third person royal plural) places public welfare before self. se Here, Caesar neglected his private self in favour of what he believed was public good because he says what affects him personally comes last and ignores Artemidorus warning. 2. (i) this refers to the conspiracy to kill Julius Caesar. (ii) To be the first to stab Caesar. s' U If the plan to murder Caesar would become public or if it failed, Cassius would commit suicide. He has to be sudden (quick) so that no one can stop them from killing Caesar. ch er (iii) Popilius Lena had said to Cassius, I wish your enterprise today may thrive , without elaborating. He advances to Caesar after that. They feared Popilius Lena had discovered their evil intentions and had gone ahead to warn Caesar of impeding danger. Brutus points out that Popilius Lena was smiling and that Caesar s expression had remained unchanged. (iv) Trebonius had to distract Mark Antony and move him out of the way. rT ea Metellus Cimber made a petition to repeal the banishment of his brother. He flattered Caesar by kneeling couching s and lowly curtsies . (v) Caesar doth no wrong Nor without cause will he (Caesar) be satisfied Character trait: Steadfast. Does not give in to flattery 3. (i) The Pole Star Fo No other star in the sky is as rigid or constant as the North Star. It is the most resolute and inflexible. (ii) Quality of being most resolute and firm He would not change his decision about repealing banishment of Publius Cimber, despite all flattery. (iii) Just like the sky has innumerable stars, all filled with fire and shining. Yet there is only one as fixed and firm as the North Pole, with true fixed and resting place. Similarly, the world is filled with people, yet Caesar stands apart, being most unshak d of motion and constant. (v) Murder of Julius Caesar Casca Antony was outside. It was believed that he escaped to his house. He could have prevented this murder. ACT III : SCENE 1 13 4. (i) Just after the assassination of Julius Caesar Jubiliant mood (ii) The three goddesses of Destiny (Classical allusion). They are responsible for time of death of people on earth. Men know that they will surely die, but they don t know exactly when. Hence they spend their living years fearing the impending moment of inevitable death. (iii) Casca was the first to strike (stab) Julius Caesar. nl y Brutus feels that he has done a good deed by cutting short his times of fearing death . It was the act of a friend or well wisher. (iv) Stoop, Romans, stoop. And let us bathe our hands in Caesar s blood and that all should cry Peace, freedom, and Liberty! O Act II, Sc. 2, Calpurnia dreamt of Caesar s statue bleeding like a fountain with an hundred spouts....many lusty Romans...bathe their hands in it. (v) Creates the crisis in the play. Emphasises the theme of betrayal as Caesar realizes he cannot trust anyone, including Brutus. se 5. (i) Citizens of Rome Marcus Brutus s' U He means that all people should wish their hands in Caesar s blood. (ii) States unborn: States (nations) not yet discovered or known or faraway lands. Accents: Languages Pompey s basis: Base or foot of Pompey s statue ch er (iii) They have become famous and this scene would be enacted many times. In later years, people all over the world (of different) nations would commemorate this lofty scene , a historical moment through drama for entertainment. (iv) The men that gave their country liberty because they got rid of a dictator to establish the republican form of government. rT ea (v) At this moment Brutus and the conspirators have managed to appease the crowd and even won over their favours. The servant seeks permission for Mark Antony to address them, after he is assured of his safety. The tides will turn after this as Antony uses his oratory skills to turn the public against the conspirators. 6. (i) At the foot of Pompey s statue. The small place where his dead body lies. Conquests: The play begins with Caesar s victory over the sons of Pompey. Glories: He places the public over his personal self. (ii) The conspirators Fo Implores them to kill him too with the same swords they had used to assassinate Julius Caesar. Loyal friend who is grieving deeply. (iii) Who else must be assassinated (after the killing of Julius Caesar) Who else has the same status as Julius Caesar. Antony says this because he is unaware of the intentions of the conspirators and fears that they intend to murder him too. (iv) Extreme love and respect, high regard. Someone he looks up to. (v) Their hearts are pitiful and they loved Caesar. But they love Rome more. Yes, Brutus is honest because he sincerely believed in the cause and welfare of the Romans, seeing Caesar a tyrant and unworthy leader. Because he was influenced by TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 14 the conniving words of Cassius. 7. (i) Reputation He is befriending the murderers of his friend, Julius Caesar. At present this would make him look either like a coward or a flatterer. (ii) Because he is fawning at the killers of his friend, Julius Caesar, Antonys appears to be a bad person who is behaving like a coward or flattener. He seems to be insincere and not brave. nl y (iii) They are swayed by his emotional outburst and consider him to be a friend at that moment. (iv) Brutus underestimates Mark Antony s oratory power and gives Antony a chance to sway the mood of the general public of Rome with his words. O Cassius warns Brutus that people might be moved by what Antony speaks at Caesar s funeral. People turn against the conspirators. se (v) By fawning at the murderers, kneeling down, shaking each one s hand and praising them excessively. 8. (i) Antony He has compared Caesar to the hunting of a stag or deer by hounds. (ii) Pun (hart/heart) s' U It refers to the hunters custom of dogs or hounds chasing a deer to a bay from where it cannot escape. Meaning a courageous (hart) deer hunted down by dogs and Caesar being a bold man with a brave heart hunted down and killed by the conspirators. ch er (iii) The conspirators or killers of Caesar. They are all marked with Caesar s blood. Their hands are red at present just after killing Caesar. Lethe was the river of death in the classical underworld. Anyone who drank its water forgot the past. Caesar too has forgotten all his earthy possessions after losing his life. rT ea (iv) Julius Caesar was a great Roman soldier who roamed the world freely just as a stag moves forcedly in the forest Caesar loved Rome, and he was so great that he was the heart of the world i.e., he was loved by all. (v) Because he was speaking highly of Julius Caesar who has just been assassinated by Cassius and other conspirators. Cassius asks Antony, the speaker, his true intentions and whether or not to be counted as a friend to them. 9. (i) Because he has been brutally murdered. He is now hunting with Ate, the Greek goddess of mischief and revenge, to avenge his untimely death. This is a classical Allusion Fo Later in the play inside Brutus tent at Sardis, Caesar s ghost appears to Brutus at night proclaiming they would meet again at Philippi. (ii) Ate is the Greek goddess of mischief and revenge Julius Caesar has been wrongfully murdered, which must be avenged hence the reference to the goddess of revenge. Confines means regions (iii) It is a royal command which is a signal for mass slaughter and plunder. It is the sign of times to come in the political arena of Rome with shifting powers from the republicans to monarchy (iv) War is described as a destructive hunter with fierce dogs. The foul deed referred to is the murder of Julius Caesar This would have strong consequences that would affect several men. (v) The public turns against the conspirators, further leading to a war and formation of the second Triumvirate with Antony, Lepidus and Octavius. ACT III : SCENE 2 15 10. (i) Octavius Caesar s servant. The servant has just come from Octavius Caesar. He has come here with a message from Octavius that he is coming to Rome. They are near Caesar s dead body in front of the Capitol, in Rome. (ii) Antony had told the servant to rush back to Octavius and inform him of the mischance. Here is a mourning Rome, a dangerous Rome . It would not be safe for Octavius to come there yet. This person lent his hand to Antony to help carry Caesar s corpse to the market place. nl y (iii) Oration means Speech Antony proposes to carry Caesar s dead body to the market place and address the citizens of Rome at that public spot. He would incite them with his words (iv) A curse shall light upon the limbs of men Domestic fury and fierce civil strife shall cumber all the parts of Italy O Blood and destruction. se (v) Shrewd, good orator and planner. In Act I Scene 2 Antony acts a tool for Caesar. He says whatever Caesar says is done. In Act V Scene 1 he is a bee with a sting a powerful cunning commander. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) s' U ACT III : Scene 2 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) ch er Contextual Questions 1. (i) Brutus is at the Forum in Rome He asks the Roman citizens to be patient and listen to what Brutus has to say upon Caesar s death (funeral speech) Purpose was to justify Caesar s assassination, give the common people reason for it and win them over. (ii) Extremely important rT ea He is convinced that he killed his good friend Julius Caesar only for the honour and welfare of Rome, not for any personal gain. People loved Caesar and will now turn against Brutus. They will strip him of all honours. (iii) His cause was welfare of Rome and safeguard its honour curbing Caesar s rising tyranny. He believed in his motives and was genuinely sincere. Brutus did not stand to gain anything personally by killing Caesar. (iv) At the beginning, the crowd seems agitated and demands to be satisfied with reasons for Julius Caesar s assassination. Brutus convinces them of the nobility of this deed and they favour Brutus saying Live, Brutus! Live! Live! They wish to crown him and erect his statue. The scene ends with the mob turning riotous pulling down seats, windows, everything. This change was a result of Mark Antony s speech. Fo (v) Judge one with your intelligent (to understand the cause) The citizens of Rome They were influenced by his funeral speech for Julius Caesar and honoured him highly later, this reverence towards Brutus changes to hatred after Mark Antony s oration. 2. (i) He had earlier permitted Mark Antony to address the crowd, on the condition that Brutus would speak first. The listeners are left behind to listen to Mark Antony His trust in Antony who manges to turn the tides with his powerful words, inciting the TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 16 people against Brutus and other conspirators. (ii) (a) Honour the dead body of Julius Caesar and respect his funeral speech by Mark Antony (b) Let not a single man leave this place (iii) He showed Caesar as a tyrant and his death would be for the betterment of Rome where they can live as free citizens. He appeals to their sense of patriotism. (iv) Brutus Mark Antony would address the public after Brutus has spoken to them and nl y he would not speak ill of the conspirators. (v) Caesar had won many wars and had brought back captives to Rome and had filled the public treasury. 3. (i) Anti-Caesar as they believed him to be a tyrant O This was to show that Caesar was not ambitious (as Brutus had stated earlier) but worked for the welfare of Rome and her glory. In favous of Brutus wanting to hear him and crown (make) him king. se Will hear Antony because Brutus had told them to do so. (ii) At the behest of Brutus Antony begins his speech by praising the conspirators, calling them honourable men . s' U (iii) His ambition Brought laurels to Rome through conquests (captives and wealth in general coffers) In his will, Julius Caesar has given every citizen of Rome seventy five drachmas . ch er (iv) The conspirators had put up the condition to allow Mark Antony to address the public that he would not say anything against them. He cannot be frank in his remarks because he fears the conspirators would kill him too. Hence he does not wish to antagonize them. (v) For his oratory skills rT ea Without criticising the conspirators directly, he appeals to the emotions of the Roman citizens showing them the cruel wounds on Julius Caesar s body and stating how he had selflessly willed each citizen 75 drachmas. 4. (i) Julius Caesar s will Citizers of Rome It would reveal how Caesar was not ambitious or selfish Because it would inflame the crowd and make them mad to know that they were Caesar s heirs. Fo (ii) leaving something very precious as a legacy to one s children to be handed down generations. (iii) To mention it within their wills when they die, and bequeathing it as a rich legacy into their issue. (iv) Julius Caesar s Mantle Antony describes Caesar wearing the same Mantle as he wore the day he overcame the Nervii Now it is bloodied with several stabs and Caesar lies dead in his mantle muffling (covering) up his face. (v) Antony appealed to the emotions of the citizens of Rome and made a show of the corpse of Julius Caesar in his bloodied mantle. He revealed contents of Caesar s will proving that Caesar was not ambitious as he had bequeathed 75 drachmas to every single citizen. The people who wanted to crown Brutus now want to kill him. 5. (i) They are open gaping wounds on Caesar s dead body, resembling open months, but they cannot speak to express pain or cruelty suffered by them. ACT III : SCENE 3 17 If Brutus were Antony, he would have spoken in such a powerful manner that even these wounds would be incited to speak up and express pain or stir a civil strife. (ii) Antony says Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up. To such a sudden flood of mutiny as he is no orator, as Brutus is He says that if Brutus has spoken to them, they would feel enraged. The irony is that with his words he is inciting the mob to rebel against the conspirators. (iii) The mob is enraged and plan to mutiny . They wish to avenge Julius Caesar s death by burning the house of Brutus and seeking the conspirators to punish them all. Octavius and Lepidus. Brutus and Cassius have fled the city hurriedly. They are rid like madmen through the gates of Rome. (v) Refer to Oratorical Devices by Antony on page 132. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. (b) 5. ( ) s' U Contextual Questions 1. (i) A poet se ACT III : Scene 3 O nl y (iv) Caesar s house Some indescribable force has made him wander forth although he does not wish to do so. He dreamt that he had a feast with Caesar that night. (ii) My imagination is fired with something unfortunate. ch er Ironical because he shall soon be killed and his ill-fated imagination would turn real. (iii) Because he dreamt he was feasting with Julius Caesar, who had been assassinated. This was a sign of misfortune, especially for people of the Elizabethan age who believed in signs and omens. (iv) his name where was he going rT ea where did he live was he a married man or bachelor. He said that he was a bachelor who was going to Julius Caesar s funeral. He lived by the capital and his name was Cinna. (v) Mob is expressing extreme heightened emotion with no patience for logic and reason. They kill Cinna, the poet, in a frenzy just because one of the conspirators bore the same name. 2. (i) Citizens of Rome Fo Assassination of Julius Caesar followed by riveting speeches by Brutus and Mark Antony. (ii) (iii) This innocent poet Cinna shared his name with one of the conspirators who had killed J. Caesar. The mob is in such a state of fury that they do not pause for reason and kill him as soon as he reveals his name. (iv) There is an air of unrest and chaos all around and troubled times lie ahead. (v) Just after the climax scene where Julius Caesar is brutally killed, this short scene is significant to emphasise the air of tension that is building up which will lead to the ultimate downfall of the wicked conspirator. The mob is irrational so they did not follow logic. The second citizen calls those who marry fools; but they beat up the bachelor. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 18 ACT IV : Scene 1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 5. (a) 15. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) Contextual Questions 1. (i) Drawing up a list of condemned men who shall be punished/killed. nl y (ii) He agrees readily and damns his own nephew, Publius with a spot saying, He shall not live. Asks Lepidus to go to Julius Caesar s house and fetch his will to see how they can save money by cutting off some charge in legacies. (iii) Calls him a slight unmeritable man, Meet to be sent on errands. O After his purpose is served, Antony intends to leave Lepidus unrewarded, Then take we down.....and graze in commons. Pg 98 L 27-29. (iv) To fetch Julius Caesar s will to see how to save money and cut costs. Shows he is shrewd. se (v) Antony, shrewd. Takes advantage of situation for personal gains. Brutus, honourable. Only thought of welfare of the State. He was selfless. s' U 2. (i) Mark Antony, Octavius Caesar and Lepidus. The 2nd Triumvirate. Publius, Mark Antony s sister s son. (ii) Earlier Antony sounded most generous stating Julius Caesar s will give 75 drachmas to each citizen. ch er Now, in reality, he is asking for the will to see how he can cut off some change in legacies and not pay much. (iii) determine: plan charge: expenditure/payments manipulative, money minded, shrewd. rT ea (iv) he s a tried and valiant soldier. (v) Pg 98 L 13-16. shows Antony is manipulative and shrewd. 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. (b) 8. ( ) Fo Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) ACT IV : Scene 2 Contextual Questions 1. (i) servant to Cassius. Caius Cassius That his noble master cassius will appear. Such as he is, full of regard and honour . (ii) While Brutus has trusted Cassius implicitly earlier, he feels cheated and betrayed now and says that Cassius has changed in his behaviour and is keeping company of bad officers. This makes Brutus feel regretful and he wishes he could undo events of the past (killing of Julius Caesar). (iii) Casius killed Caesar for personal gains/jealousy not for welfare of State. he was not sincere/genuine in his intentions. (iv) That his master will appear as he is full of regard and honour . Cassius had received Lucilius with courtesy and with respect enough. ACT IV: SCENE 3 19 (v) Camp, near Sardis: Before Brutus tent. Brutus and Cassius, leading their respective armies are meeting at Sardis to proceed together to meet Antony and Octavius. 2. (i) Lucilius has just described Cassius. It means a good friend whose feelings are wavering or diminishing. (ii) It useth an enforced ceremony and becomes false and pretentious. In sincere friendship, there are no tricks. It is honest and true. nl y (iii) Some horses are high spirited when they are held by the hands of their masters but drop their heads and fail to prove their mettle in times of need. False friends are like that. (iv) Cassius. O Their friendship has soured. Brutus has realised he had been tricked by Cassius into killing Julius Caesar not for the good of Rome but for personal reasons and gains. (v) At present, Brutus and Cassius are at loggerheads. They are quarrelling constantly and have become weak in power. se Contrary to this, Octavius and Antony display solidarity as they wait with their armies on the plains of Philippi. They appear stronger. 3. (i) Serious face/grave appearance. s' U Ignoring Cassius letters to be lenient with Lucius Pella who had been condemned for taking bribes. Brutus sober countenance hides his inner feelings. (ii) Judge me, you gods! Wrong I mine enemies? ch er And..............brother? L 41-42, Pg 101. Ironical because righteous sounding Brutus had wrongfully murdered his brother-like friend Julius Caesar earlier. (iii) Armies of Brutus and Cassius. They have to put up a united front to fight against Octavius and Antony. The leaders must not bicker among themselves as it would demoralise their armies. rT ea (iv) Tell me your complaints in detail and I will listen to you. Brutus wants to have a private conversation with Cassius away from earshot of their armies so that the soldiers may keep their morales high. Fo Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) ACT IV : Scene 3 5. (a) 15. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) Contextual Questions 1. (i) Sardis, inside Brutus tent. Brutus blames Cassius for having written a letter favouring Lucius Pella. (ii) Cassius had just complained that Brutus ignored his letters praying for Lucius Pella to be pardoned, who had been condemned and punished/disgraced for taking bribes from Sardians. (iii) Cassius feels that at such difficult times it was not suitable to criticise and punish every small/trivial offence. (iv) Brutus accuses Cassius of having an itching palm who has been known to taking bribes for giving official posts to undeserving candidates itching palm . TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 20 Cassius is blasphemed and most agitated and swears by the Gods that had it not been Brutus, he would have killed anyone else who accused him like this. (v) Brutus accuses Cassius of being corrupt and misusing his powers to avoid chastisement (punishment). He also says that Cassius is not a more capable soldier (older in practice, abler.....). Brutus is being too severe. 2. (i) Taking bribes and selling official posts to unmerited people. nl y Cassius had been very upset and told Brutus that his life is spared only because you know that you are Brutus.....last. Pg 103 L 14-15 (ii) The day they had killed Julius Caesar for the welfare and freedom of Rome. Brutus believed that Caesar had become tyrannical and hence his assassination would lead to the betterment of the commonwealth. O (iii) Brutus is speaking angrily calling Cassius a madman and waspish . He even misinterprets Cassius words saying he was claiming to be a better soldier . se (iv) Brutus is angry because Cassius had not heeded Brutus request and sent him money to pay his soldiers. Ironically, he is accusing Cassius of having taken bribes wrongly and their quarrel will be detrimental to the morale of their armies. s' U (v) When Cassius asks Brutus to stab him with his own dagger, Brutus tells him to sheathe his dagger and admits to being in a bad mood ( ill temper d ). They go on to holding each others hands and hearts . Cassius requests Brutus to love him enough to bear his rash humour , which his mother gave him. 3. (i) You shall swallow the poison of your own anger and even burst with it and suffer deeply. ch er I ll use you........laughter..............waspish . (Pg 104 L 53-54). For fun and entertainment/ mirth. (ii) Must I give way and room to your rash choler? Shall I be frighted when a madman stares? Go show your slaves how choleric you are rT ea (iii) When Brutus was complaining about Cassius, he had responded by calling himself a soldier Older in practice, abler than yourself . He is fairly correct in saying so as he had more experience in the battlefield. (iv) boasting. Cassius could challenge Brutus and emerge winner. (v) A poet. The poet entreats the two generals to be more amicable Love and be friends... Fo Brutus tells him to go away, saying, Saucy fellow, hence. 4. (i) Cassius is disturbed and upset by Brutus accusations. Brutus claims that Cassius had denied him certain sums of gold . To this Cassius says that I denied you not and is presently offering his dagger to Brutus, asking him to stab and kill him to prove his sincerity and goodness of heart. (ii) Pluto is the ancient Roman god of the underworld, known for his wealth. because Pluto is known of his wealth and, being the god of the underworld, he is associated with mines. Cassius says that his heart is richer than that meaning he is true and sincere. (iii) Cassius is greedy and selfish. Brutus needed the gold for the soldiers in his army. Cassius says that he did not deny Brutus the gold and calls the messenger a fool for conveying the message wrongly. ACT IV: SCENE 3 21 (iv) Brutus tells Cassius, Sheathe your dagger, and not be angry anymore. He compares himself to a lamb who has a momentary spark of temper and cools down immediately. (v) This dialogue highlights the discord between the 2 generals, Cassius and Brutus. Subsequently, this will lead to disharmony and their downfall. 5. (i) Portia has committed by swallowing fire. Brutus gives more importance to public service than private grief. He dismisses thoughts of Portia s death at present to concentrate on the current crisis and prepare for the impending war. This shows his stoic nature. nl y (ii) Messala is a friend of Brutus and Cassius. The message of the self-same tenor is that young Octavius and Mark Antony are approaching Philippi with a powerful army to attack them. O (iii) Messala adds that Octavius, Antony and Lepidus had decreed a hundred senators outside the law and have been put to death. (iv) That Octavius and Mark Antony have gathered their powerful armies and are marching towards Philipi to rage war against Brutus and Cassius. se (v) Octavius and Antony have combined their forces to come up with an army with a mighty power . s' U They have been condemning some senators to death for acts of treason and Cicero has been one of them to be sentenced to death too. 6. (i) To Cassius suggestion that Tis better that the enemy seek us. Brutus says that their combined armies are at maximum strength at present having support of all possible friends. The time for fighting for their cause was most appropriate. ch er (ii) The strength of their armies of Brutus and Cassius is at its peak with support of Maximum friends possible. In marching towards Philippi, they would be able to cut off chances of Antony and Octavius garnering more help from those who stand but in forc d affection. (iii) The enemy, Antony and Octavius, keep adding support to their combined armies by new friends who lend them assistance. This keeps increasing day by day. rT ea (iv) Life on earth is compared to a journey by sea. There is a tide in the life of human beings just as there is a tide in the ocean. This refers to taking advantage of various opportunities that arise in life. (v) This statement is most appropriate right now, according to Brutus, because this seems the most opportune moment for their armies to wage a war. 7. (i) The ghost of Julius Caesar. In Sardis, inside Brutus tent. Fo Brutus is in his tent at night time with Varro and Claudius asleep at one side Lucius had been playing some music and had fallen asleep. (ii) Ghost of Julius Caesar. It seems to be a manifestation of Brutus guilty conscience and appears most ghastly to him, who is in a distraught frame of mind. (iii) Brutus wonders if this apparition is some god, angel or devil. It makes his blood turn cold and hair stand on end. (iv) The apparition calls itself Brutus evil spirit and says that he would meet. Brutus again at Philippi. This apparition highlights Brutus disturbed state of mind. (v) Varro, Claudius and Lucius are present inside Brutus tent at Sardis. They had been asleep and did not see the apparition. It could be a product of Brutus imagination because he is filled with guilt and present. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 22 ACT V : Scene 1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a) Contextual Questions 1. (i) They refer to Brutus and Cassius. Warning here refers to waging a war against. From Sardis. (ii) (a) Attacking before being provoked in war. nl y (b) I know their intentions Antony says that he is aware of what is in the hearts of Brutus and Cassius. (iii) Brutus O His reason for marching from Sardis to Philippi and attacking the enemies were that their own armies were at their optimum and they would cut off Antony and the others from increasing their forces with allegiance from those they d meet on the way. se (iv) Octavius had hoped or anticipated that their enemies would meet them down at the plains of Philippi and challenge them to war before they could be called for fighting. 2. (i) Antony s tongue. s' U (v) According to Antony, the enemy planned to display an act of courage to impress them. Antony is sure that they are full of fearful bravery and would rather be in other places than this battlefield because they are not brave in reality. Antony called them Villains into had not even warned Julius Caesar before stabbing him on the ides of March with their vile daggers. He further accusses them of fawning like curs and flattering Caesar while Casca Like a cur struck his neck from behind. ch er (ii) Earlier, Cassius had wanted to kill Antony along with Caesar. He had not wanted to allow Antony to address the public for Caesar s funeral speech. (iii) Address the public for Caesar s funeral speech. (iv) Cause means confrontation . Octavius urges them all to stop talking and start fighting till he has avenged Julius Caesar s death by killing the conspirators or dying in the act of doing so being killed by the enemies. rT ea (v) Octavius draws his sword to kill the conspirators and avenge Julius Caesar s death. Later in the play, Cassius killed himself after being defeated in the first battle at Philippi. Brutus did the likewise after the second battle. 3. (i) Cassius saw two huge eagles perching on their main standard bearer and eating greedily from the hands of their soldiers. They accompanied the army up to Philippi and flew away that morning. In their stead, birds of ill omen like ravens, crows, kites are hovering overhead now. Earlier he held Epicurus strong and did not believe in these omens. Fo (ii) These birds of prey are hovering over their armies at present as if they were animals about to die soon. Their shadows are like a deathly covering over the soldiers. (iii) The previous morning, Cassius had seen two large eagles, perched on their former ensign and eating hungrily out of the hands of the soldiers. That day, he saw birds of ill omen like ravens, crows and kites instead. The signs are ominous. (iv) Cassius says, Our army lies, ready to give up the ghost. He believes in the portent danger partly and says, Let s reason with the worst that may befall. (v) Brutus consoles him by saying that he found it cowardly and vile to commit suicide. Instead, he wishes to arm himself with patience and wait for the fates ordained to them by divine powers that guide all destinies on earth. 4. (i) Brutus has just said that he opposes the idea of committing suicide and is ready to face his destiny bravely. The Roman practice of parading prisoners of war through the city streets. ACT V: SCENE 2 23 (ii) Brutus is too honourable to suffer the humiliation of being paraded through the city roads as a prisoner, taken captive during war. (iii) A mutiny ensued after the assassination of Julius Caesar on the ides of March. Brutus says, Whether we shall meet again I know not This turns out to be prophetic. (iv) No. Cassius commits suicide in a part of the battlefield at Philippi. (v) Contrary to his Epicurean nature, Cassius is now starting to believe in omens and signs. nl y ACT V : Scene 2 O Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) Contextual Questions 1. (i) In the battlefield at Philippi. se Written orders The troops on the other side of the battlefield, led by Cassius. (ii) Brutus sends instructions to Cassius to attack Octavius army at once. s' U (iii) Brutus has noticed cold demeanour in Ocatvius wing and feels a sudden attack would be to their advantage. (iv) Octavius warns Brutus drawing out his sword against the conspirators saying that he would avenge Caesar s death or till another Caesar added slaughter to the sword of traitors. ch er Brutus denies having the hands of a traitor. (v) Brutus seems to have become more confident of victory in this scene. ACT V : Scene 3 rT ea Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 11. (a) 12. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c) Contextual Questions 1. (i) Philippi, another part of the battlefield. the coward refers to a soldier from Cassius own army who had been fleeing. Cassius killed this cowardly soldier as he had been running away. Fo (ii) Brutus gave the word too early because of attacking early without full preparation. Brutus had been able to defeat Octavious but Antony s army/forces had surrounded Cassius legions from all sides. (iii) Sends Titinius on his own horse to go fast up to the point where come troops are stationed and ride back hurridly with the information whether they were friends or enemies. (iv) Pindarus says that Antony s legions are in their tents and they should now fly further off. Cassius had earlier feared that they had attacked too soon which would be to their disadvantage. (v) Cassius thinks about that day being his birthday. In the present circumstances, it seems likely that this would be the day he would die too. 2. (i) Titinius is a friend of Brutus and Cassius and Pindarus is a servant to Cassius. They are in another part of the field at Philippi. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 24 The army of Cassius has been surrounded by Antony s at that point. (ii) As quick as the speed of thought. Cassius asks Titinuius to ride quickly to the troops at a distance and bring back information about whether they are friends or enemies. (iii) Pindarus reports that Titinius was surrounded on all sides by soldiers mounted on horses who were moving towards him at a fast speed. Cassius believed that he was being captured by the enemies. (iv) Cassius asks Pindarus to slab him with his own sword while he stood covering his face. Pindarus obeys his master and then flees far from this country where no Roman would ever see him. Brutus is horrified to see Cassius dead and feels that this was the doing of Julius Caesar who art mighty yet. O 3. (i) Titinius being surrounded by soldiers mounted on horses. nl y He reported that these horsemen were surrounding Cassius from all sides at a great speed. se (ii) Cassius had made Pindarus swear that he would be obedient and loyal to Cassius if his life was spared. Pindarus has promised to do whatever Cassius asked of him. s' U He is asked to kill Cassius with his own sword now. (iii) After sending Titinius to check on the troops nearby, Cassius asks Pindarus to climb on a hill and report what he saw. Upon learning that Titinius had been surrounded by soldiers on horses, he is resigned to defeat and finally decides to commit suicide. ch er We can call him noble as he preferred death to being taken captive in war. (iv) Pindarus had earlier sworn to obey all orders of Cassius in exchange for his own life when he had been taken captive in Parthia. Cassius now wants Pindarus to stab him, which was not an easy task for the slave. (v) The evil influence that drove Cassius to suicide was the spirit of Julius Caesar that was mighty yet . rT ea A distraught mind, like that of Brutus at present, makes one believe in such fantastical thoughts. One should remain calm under pressure and not become superstitious. 4. (i) The scene takes place on another part of the battlefield in Philippi. Titinius and Messala are friends of Brutus and Cassius. Titinius had been sent by Cassius to check the troops nearby and they have now returned with good news about Brutus victory over Octavius. Fo (ii) After killing his master, Cassius, at his behest, the servant Pindarus is now free. He flees far from this country where he may never have to encounter another Roman. (iii) Messala would report of Cassius death to Brutus. This news would be heart breaking to Brutus as it would render him weak, losing his closest friend and ally. (iv) Brutus defeating Octavius in the battle. Titinius, following Brutus instructions, puts this wreath on the head of Cassius dead body. Cassius had misinterpreted the shouts of victory to be jubilant cries of soldiers capturing Titinius. (v) After putting the wreath on Cassius head, as per the bidding of Brutus, Titinius stabs himself with Cassius sword. 5. (i) With Cassius dead body an another part of the battlefield at Philippi. To Cassius dead body. Because he has returned after checking the troops for friends or foes. ACT V: SCENE 4 25 (ii) Misunderstood/wrongly interpreted. The shouts and cheers of soldiers surrounding Titinius has been misinterpreted by Cassius. His overwrought mind promptly thought that Titinius was being captured by the enemy. (iii) The garland was a sign of victory. Brutus had sent this to convey their victory over Octavius in the battle. nl y (iv) Respected/honoured. Titinius puts the wreath on the head of Cassius dead body. Are yet two Romans living such as these? The last of all the Romans, fare thee well! (v) Brutus feels that even after his death, Julius Caesar is mighty yet . His spirit is roaming about to avenge his murder and it is guiding their own swords into their bowels. O 6. (i) Brutus is in another part of the battlefield in Philippi. He is speaking about Cassius and Titinius who have committed suicide. se (ii) Cassius. Brutus was Cassius friend and ally and trusted his noble intentions for the welfare of the citizens of Rome. s' U (iii) Misconstruing the cheers of soldiers surrounding Titinius, Cassius commits suicide to avoid being defeated and taken prisoner in this war. Seeing his dead body later, Titinius too kills himself with Cassius sword. (iv) After Cassius and Titinius commit suicide, Brutus feels weak with his poor remains of friends. Because he had been seeing visions of Julius Caesar of late, he felt his end was near. ch er (v) Brutus instructs his friends to carry the dead body of Cassius to Thasos where he would mourn his death properly later. To Lucilius, young Cato, Labeo and Flavius, he then says that they should proceed to the battlefield to try fortune in a second fight. ACT V : Scene 4 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) rT ea Contextual Questions 1. (i) Young Cato is Brutus brother-in-law, son of a brave Roman soldier, Marcus Cato who has been called A foe to tyrants, and my country s friend. (ii) Both young Cato and Titinius have died bravely . (iii) because Lucilius is as noble as Brutus and a prize no less in worth. he prefers death to becoming a captive in the war, for the sake of honour. Fo Antony recognises him as a noble prisoner and says, keep this man....than enemies. (iv) Lucilius, when captured by the enemies who mistakenly think he is Brutus, says that he is taken prisoner and would prefer to die. He asks the enemies to kill him straightaway. (v) Antony. Thinks very highly of him, considers him most noble. A prize no less in worth. Keep this man safe, give him all kindness. I had rather have such men my friends than enemies. 2. (i) Brutus has not been captured by the enemies yet. Later, Brutus would commit suicide and not be captured alive. (ii) Young Cato. Lucilius himself offers money to some soldiers and asks them to kill him. He calls himself Brutus. The soldiers, thinking he is Brutus, capture him. TEACHERS HANDBOOK (WORKBOOK ON JULIUS CAESAR-ICSE) 26 (iii) To be taken captive as a prisoner of war by the enemy. The Romans considered it most shameful to live as slaves to enemies. (iv) Antony is emerging victorius in the battlefield as Brutus is becoming more weak, losing his friends and allies. (v) To fool the enemy into a false sense of victory. To give Brutus ample time to flee. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) nl y ACT V : Scene 5 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d) O Contextual Questions 1. (i) Volumnius is a friend of Brutus and Cassius. They had gone to school together and are old friends. se One by one, Brutus has lost several friends and supporters and Volumnius is one of the very few who is loyal to him. Fearing impending defeat, Brutus wishes Volumnius to hold his sword-hilts, while he runs into it to die rather than be taken prisoner. s' U (ii) Earlier, Julius Caesar s ghost had met Brutus at Sardis saying that he would see him again at Philippi. It indicates that Brutus end is near. (iii) Clitus and Dardanius. He says, Shall I do such a deed? ch er Dardanius is appalled at the suggestion of killing Brutus. (iv) You have seen how things have worked out in the battlefield and are aware of the current situation when the enemies have defeated them and driven them to the edge. (v) Brutus tells Volumnius that the repeated appearance of Caesar s ghost spells doom for them. rT ea Their enemies have driven them to the edge and have an advantageous position in this battle. 2. (i) Philippi, another part of the battlefield. Brutus is currently speaking to his poor remains of friends , Clitus, Dardanius, Volumnius and Strato and talking about all people he has encountered in his life. (ii) The loyalty of all people in his life. (iii) Strato. Fo (iv) (v) Yes, Brutus has proved to be honourable in his death, rather than be captured alive in the battle. 3. (i) When he sees Brutus dead body. Marus Brutus. All refers to all the conspirators namely, Cassius, Casca, Trebonius, Ligarius, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber and Cinna. (ii) He only refers to Brutus who had joined forces with the other conspirators. While the others had ulterior motives for personal gains, Brutus was the only one with honourable intentions to free Rome of tyranny by killing Julius Caesar (iii) His life was gentle, and the elements so mixed.... This was a Man! He was honourable, selfless and most virtuous. (iv) He orders With all respect and rites of burial . MODEL TEST PAPER IX AND X 27 Yes, he deserves an honourable funeral. His intentions for killing Caesar were honest and noble. (v) One by one, all the evil conspirators face defeat and death. FOR CLASS IX 5. (a) 6. (a) Model Test Paper-II Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) se Model Test Paper-III s' U Model Test Paper-IV Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) Model Test Paper-V ch er Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) rT ea FOR CLASS X Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) Model Test Paper-I 5. (a) 6. (c) Model Test Paper-II Fo Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) Model Test Paper-III Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. ( ) Model Test Paper-IV Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) Model Test Paper-V Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. ( ) O Multiple-Choice Questions 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. ( ) nl y Model Test Paper-I

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