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Periodic Table ICSE Class X Notes 2021 : Chemistry (St. Xaviers English School, West Singhbhum) : Periodic Table

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Webster Harsh
St. Xavier's English School, West Singhbhum

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Chemistry Note Definitions mein jitna bhi chez underlined hai wo sare important hai. 1. Periodic Table There are 7 periods and 18 groups in which we have to study about group 1, 2 and group 13 or IIIA to group 18 or zero. Also remember the name of the groups like IIIA or IVA, we have already seen it in 2nd pre-board. So learn or revise it from the above image. Further, there are some periodic properties which you need to remember:i) Atomic size or Atomic Radius Dekho, isme hota kya hai ki jaise jaise shells badhte jate hai uska size badhte jata hai, jo ki obvious hai, aur number of shells badh raha hai matlab humlog group mein niche jaa rahe hai. Aur agar number of shells same hai aur humlog uska valence electron badha rahe hai to hoga kya ki, nucleous usko aapna taraf khichega to jitna jada electron akhri mein hoga utna zor se khichega aur uska size chota ho jayega. So the conclusion is ki:Down the Group(Group mein upar se niche aate hue) - Atomic Size Increases Across the period(Period mein left se right jana) - Atomic Size Decreases Element with biggest atomic size - Francium Element with smallest atomic size - Helium ii) Metallic Character Dekho, Metal kya hota hai? Jo element easily aapna electrons dede wo hota hai Metals. Correct? To, jiska atomic size sabse bada hoga wo aapna nuclous se sabse dur hoga. Aur humlog ko pata hai ki nucleous aapne taraf khichta hai to sabse kaam energy lag raha hoga. To jo element sabse aasani se aapna element de de uska metallic character sabse zyada aur jo nakhra kare uska sabse kaam. So the conclusion is:Down the group - Metallic character Increases Across the period - Metallic character Decreases Element with highest Metallic character - Francium(Being a Radioactive metal its properties are not known.) Element with lowest Metallic character - Fluorine iii) Non-Metallic Character Dekho, ye kuch nahi bas Metallic character ka ulta hai, wo metals ke liye tha aur ye non metals ke liye hai. Non-metal usko bolenge toh apna element easily lose na kare. To jo sabse dith(ziddi(Stubborn)) hoga uska non-metallic character sabse aacha. Matlab ki uska group mein wo kaisa hai jaise ki criminals log aapas mein proudly bolte hai ki hum 5 murder kiye ya hum 10 murder kiye . Waise he metal mein jo jitna aacha se de de uska metallic character(Sanskar ) zyada aur jo ziddi ho uska non-metallic character aacha. So, conclusion is:Down the group - Non-metallic character Decreases(Kyu ki niche aate hue valence electron ka nucleous se duri badh jayega aur aasani se electron de dega to wo ganda hai non-metal ke liye, isliye uska non-metallic character decreses.) Across the period - Non-metallic character Increases(Kyuki valence electron badhega to nucleus usko aapna tarf tanega to wo easily lose nahi karega electron to uska non-metallic character acha hoga) Element with highest Non-Metallic character Flourine(Helium ho sakta hai magar wo nobel gas hai wo kabhi nahi dega aapna electrons) Element with lowest Non-Metallic character - Francium Chemical Reactivity The chemical reactivity of elements depends upon their tendency to lose or gain electrons to complete their outermost orbit. To samjho, jaise sodium hai uska atomic number 11 aur valency 1 hai matlab wo ek electron de kar ke stable ho jayega isliye isko zyadaa chahat bhi nahi hai, chahat hai magar zyada nahi hai aur jaise ki alumunim hai uska atomic number 13 hai aur valency 3 hai to usko 3 electron dena padega stable hone ke liye iska matlab usko sodium se zyada electron dena padega aur iska chahat bhi zyada hai to ye stable hone ke liye koi bhi element mila to pakad ke shadi kar lega. Jaise ki koi ladkha hai usko ladkhi chahiye, uski girlfriend bhi nahi hai to usko jab shadi ke liye risha aaya wo turant haa bol diye aur shadi kar liya, aisehi hai electrons mein. To dekho ki sodium ko kaam electrons ka zaroorat hai to reactivity kaam hai aur alumunnium ka zyada hai. Aur non metal ke liye jiska valency zyada wo zyada reactive, jaise ki phosphorous uska atomic number 15 usko stable hone ke liye zyadda electron chahiye to wo zyada reactive. So in a nutshell, jo element stable hone ke liye zyada electron dena ya lena pade wo zyada reactive aaur jisko kaam ka zaroorat ho wo kaam reactive. So the conclusion is:Down the group - Chemical reactivity increases(kyuki uska nucleous se duri badh jayega aur easily electron lose kar dega isliye neeche jaate hue reactivity badh jayega) Across the period - Chemical reactivity first increases then decreases Most reactive metal - Francium Most reactive nonmetal - Fluorine Selina ki book mein page number 10 ka Intext question pura solve kar de. iv ) Ionisation potential or Ionisation energy or Ionisation enthalpy The energy required to remove from a neutral isolated gaseous atom and convert it into a positively charged gaseous ion is called ionisation potential. It is measured in electron volts per atom and its S.I unit is kilojoule per mole. Ionisation potential depend upon:a) Atomic Size - Dekho, Jis element ko nikalne mein zyada energy lage uska Ionisation potential zyada to periodic table dekho. Jiska atomic size kaam usko nikalne mein zyada dum lagega kyuki nucleous zyada dum lagayega aur jiska zyada usko nikalne mein zyad adum lagega. Therefore, atomic size is inversely proportional to ionisation potential. b) Nuclear charge - Nuclear charge matlab samajh lo nucleus ka gravity electron ke liye. To nuclear charge is directly proportional to ionisation potential. Kyu Ki iska nuclear charge zyada usko zyada dum lagega nikalne mein electrons ko. Down the group - Ionisation potential decreases Across the period - Ionisation potential increases Element with highest Ionisation Potential - Helium Element with lowest Ionisation Potential - Cesium(Fransium ho sakta tha lekin wo radioactive element hai aur uska bare zyada pata nahi hai humog ko) v) Electron Affinity or electron gain enthalpy The amount of energy released while converting a neutral gaseous isolated atom i nto a negatively charged gaseous ion(anion) by the addition of electrons is called Electron Affinity. Iska matlab hota hai ek electron kisi ka shell mein daalne ke baad kitna energy release hua. Ye bhi same hai, ye bhi do chez par depend karta hai atomic size aur nuclear charge. a) Atomic Size - Dekho, jo chota atom hoga uska electron affinity ya phir chahat electron ke liye zyada hoga. To, Atomic size is inversely proportional to Electron Affinity. b) Nuclear Charge - Ab thoda gaur( ) karna ki jiska atomic size kaam hota hai uska nuclear charge zyada hota hai, i ska explanation upar hai. To Electron Affinity Atomic size se inversely proportional hai iska kya matlab hua? Iska ye matlab hua ki Electron Affinity is directly proportional to Nuclear Charge.(Electron Affinity is inversely proportional to Atomic size and Atomic Size is Inversely proportional to Nuclear charge to electron affinity is directly proportional to nuclear charge, ) Down the group - Ionisation Affinity decreases Across the period - Ionisation Affinity increases Element with highest Ionisation Affinity - Chlorine(Exceptional case. Fluorine is a small atom with a small amount of space available in its 2p orbital, isliye chlorine) Element with lowest Ionisation Affinity - Cesium(Francium ka nahi hone ka same reason hai kyuki wo radioactive element hai) vi) Electronegativity The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called its electronegativity. It is a dimensionless property. Iska matlab ye hai ki iska koi dimensions nahi hai. Dimension matlab height, length, breath sab. It is measured by various scales. Ye bhi same hai, ye bhi wahi do cheez par depend karta hai, atomic size aur nuclear charge. a) Atomic Size - The greater the size of the atom , the lesser the electronegativity , since the electrons being farther away from the nucleus, experience a lesser force of attraction. b) Nuclear charge - Wahi baat hai, chor chor mausere bhai, atomic size se inversely to obviously nuclear charge se directly. Down the group - Electronegativity decreases Across the period - Electronegativity increases Element with highest Electronegativity - Helium Element with lowest Electronegativity - Cesium(Fransium ho sakta tha lekin wo radioactive element hai aur uska bare zyada pata nahi hai humog ko) Book ka akhri mein kitne questions hai sare ko solve kar lo 2. C hemical Bonding Stability means having the electron arrangement of an inert gas, i.e octet in its outermost shell. Helium has two atoms in its outermost shell while other inert gases have eight electrons in its outermost shell. Abhi ke liye higher classes mein ye change ho jata hai. To attain stability, atoms tend to combine chemically with other elements by distributing the electron in their outermost shell. Cause of Chemical Combination Cause of chemical chemical combination is the tendency of elements to acquire the nearest noble gas configuration in their outermost orbit and become stable. Chemical Bond A bond is the force of attraction formed between the elements when combined to become stable. A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atoms, in a molecule, to maintain stability. There are three types of chemical bond:i. I onic Bond or Electrovalent Bond ii. C ovalent Bond or a Molecular Bond iii. Coordinate Bond or Dative Bond a) Ionic bond or Electrovalent Bond The chemical compounds formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element are called ionic compounds. Electrovalency :- The number of electrons that an atom of an element loses or gains to form an electrovalent bond is called its electrovalency.

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