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topo definitions

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Jagdeesh Babu
Fravashi Academy, Nashik
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TOPO DEFINITIONS 1. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF): It is the ratio between the distances on the map to its corresponding distance on actual ground. The RF on this map is 1:50,000. 2. SCALE: Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two points on the map and the actual distance of the same points on the ground. The scale of the given map extract is 2 cm: 1 km or 1:50,000. 3. CONTOUR: Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps, joining all places with the same height above the mean sea level. 4. CONTOUR INTERVAL: The vertical interval between two consecutive contours is called contour interval (*it is a constant 20 mts in your topography sheets.) 5. INDEX CONTOUR: Contour lines are thickened at regular intervals to make it easier to read contours. For example at every 100 mts the contour line is made darker. The darker lines are called Index Contours. 6. TRIANGULATED HEIGHT: It is the height of a place which has been calculated using trigonometry, represented by a small triangle. 7. SPOT HEIGHT: The height of random places above the mean sea level between contours shown with a dot. 8. BENCH MARK - Height of a place actually marked on a stone pillar, rock or shown on a building as a permanent reference. It is written as BM 200 m. 9. RELATIVE HEIGHT: Relative height is the height of a feature with reference to the height of the surrounding land and NOT to sea level. It is represented by the height with a small r eg 12r. 10. ROCK OUTCROP: It is a portion of rock jutting above the surface of the earth. 11. SHEET ROCK: Large areas of rock where the overlying soil layers have been eroded and removed due to mechanical weathering. 9 STONY WASTE: A large area usually in arid/semi arid regions where the finer sand/soil has blown away leaving a surface covered with boulders, stones and pebbles. 10. BROKEN GROUND: A relief feature found mostly in dry regions around rivers and streams. It is land around river, which is totally weathered (exfoliated) due to alternate cooling and heating. 11. FIRELINE: A cleared pathway in a forest to prevent the spread of forest fires. 12. MIXED FOREST: A forest with more than two varieties of trees growing in close proximity to each other. 13. OPEN JUNGLE: A forest where trees are widely scattered. 14. DENSE JUNGLE. : A forest where trees grow very close to each other. 15. OPEN SCRUB: Scrub is vegetation found in regions with less than 100 cms of rainfall. Therefore it indicates a dry region.

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