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GCE JUN 2008 : AS 1, Module 1

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ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2008 History assessing Module 1 ASH11 Assessment Unit AS 1 [ASH11] WEDNESDAY 4 JUNE, MORNING TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Choose one option. Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2 from your chosen option. Indicate clearly on your Answer Booklet which option you have chosen. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 80. Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. Question 1 in each option is worth 12 marks. You are expected to present an explanation and show understanding of appropriate concepts and arrive at judgements which are substantiated with factual evidence. You should spend 15 minutes on this question. Question 2 in each option is worth 68 marks. You are expected to interpret, evaluate and use source material in its historical context. ASH1S8 3244 OPTION 1 RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN ENGLAND 1520 1547 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Assess the influence of humanism on religious belief and practice in England in the period 1520 1547. [12] Or (b) To what extent was England a Protestant country by 1547? 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from Hall s Chronicle, published in 1542. Edward Hall was a lawyer and M.P. In this extract he is recording contemporary reactions to Thomas Cromwell s arrest in June 1540. Some were sorry to hear about his downfall. Others, however, rejoiced, especially those who had once been favoured religious persons, and they banqueted in triumph, many wishing that it had occurred seven years earlier. Some clergymen hated him, especially those who had been born into privilege, and, because of him, lost it. In all his doings he did not favour any kind of Popery, nor could he tolerate the snobbish pride of some senior clergy. Whatever else was the cause of his death, these men helped to arrange his fate. Others who knew the truth about him both mourned his death and heartily prayed for him. Source 2 Extract from a letter accompanying a payment made by the abbot of a monastery to Thomas Cromwell, 4 June 1531. This was one of at least 30 such payments made by monasteries to Cromwell in an attempt to prevent their dissolution. I give to Thomas Cromwell for his good and generous advice and help and for his goodwill already shown, and to be shown in future, an annual payment of 26 shillings and 8 pence to be paid to him during his lifetime. ASH1S8 3244 2 Source 3 Extract from Colin Pendrill, The English Reformation, published in 2000. In July 1540 Thomas Cromwell, the architect of the break with Rome, the royal supremacy and the dissolution of the monasteries, was charged with being a Lutheran and was convicted and executed. For nearly six years he had been the King s vice-regent in religious affairs and had exerted the greatest day-to-day influence of any individual on the life of the Church. Yet Cromwell maintained that his beliefs took second place to his loyalty to his master and he would have followed any religion he had been instructed to. Within months of his death Henry was convinced of the truth of his claim and most historians have subsequently come to the same conclusion. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying contemporary attitudes to Thomas Cromwell? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing contemporary views on Cromwell s relationship with the Church. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the role played by Thomas Cromwell in accomplishing the English Reformation. ASH1S8 3244 3 [30] [Turn over OPTION 2 CONFRONTATION IN ENGLAND 1603 1629 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) How successful was English foreign policy in the period 1603 1625? [12] Or (b) Assess the significance of witchcraft in England between 1603 and 1629. 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from a letter from King James I to his Privy Council, October 1607. In this extract he compares his financial difficulties to an illness. The only illness which I fear will endanger me is this disease of want. If it were cured, I could be as happy as any King. In this disease I am the patient and you have promised to be the doctor and to use the best cure that your wisdom, faithfulness and diligence can find. As for my part I shall help by observing strictly any diet which you can, with honour and reason, prescribe and by using such remedies and medicine at the right time and in the right way. Source 2 Extract from The Character and Court of King James by Sir Anthony Weldon (1583 1648). Weldon wrote this account in 1617 after James I had dismissed him from his post at court for criticising the King s Scottish favourites. This book was published after Weldon s death. King James I was very generous with what he did not possess. He would rather part with 100 that he did not have than 1 which he actually possessed. He spent much, particularly money raised from taxing his subjects, and this gave rise to clashes with them in parliament. He would rather spend 100,000 on embassies to keep peace with dishonour than spend 10,000 on an army that would force peace with honour. But the promotion of his favourites was his worst failing. ASH1S8 3244 4 Source 3 Extract from S. J. Houston, James I, published in 1995. There are weighty reasons why James found it impossible to pay his way: rising prices, the inability of parliament to recognise changing economic conditions, the reluctance of landowners to pay for the increased cost of government with heavier taxation and the additional household expenses of a monarch with a wife and children. The financial system was clearly outdated and it was high time that parliament faced this uncomfortable fact. Unfortunately, the chances of their doing so were reduced by the King s carefree extravagance. He was encouraged to be generous by a noisy chorus of courtiers, some of whom should have known better. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying King James I s attitude towards his financial difficulties? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing contemporary accounts of James I s attitude to finance. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which Parliament was responsible for King James I s financial difficulties. [30] ASH1S8 3244 5 [Turn over OPTION 3 REACTION AND REFORM IN ENGLAND 1815 1841 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) How repressive was the government of Lord Liverpool in responding to the unrest in England between 1815 and 1820? [12] Or (b) How far was the economic slump in England after 1830 responsible for the Parliamentary Reform Act of 1832? 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from the minutes of a Cabinet meeting of the Whig Government, 6 May 1841. The vast majority of the Cabinet believed that, in spite of recent difficulties, the Government should call a General Election. It was pointed out that, while the Chartist movement was still active, it had proved ineffective. Most Cabinet ministers believed that the Government should seize the initiative from Sir Robert Peel, seek an election victory and damage the Conservative Party. Palmerston suggested that some amendments to the Poor Law of 1834 would assist the Government s prospects. He also said that the Conservatives were not ready for an election campaign. Duncannon argued that the Government should face up to criticisms of its financial policies. Source 2 Extract from a letter from the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, to Lord John Russell, a senior member of the Whig government, 14 May 1841. If we opt for a General Election, we may be soundly beaten. We must not overlook the gains that the Conservatives have made in the last two elections. Queen Victoria despises the Conservatives, especially after the recent Bedchamber Crisis, and believes that a General Election will weaken them. However, the Queen could be left helpless in the face of a Conservative majority. I dislike the idea of a General Election, especially when there is much discontent over issues like the Corn Laws. An election may turn out badly both for us and the Queen. ASH1S8 3244 6 Source 3 Extract from the historian Robert Stewart, writing in 1989 about the Whig governments between 1833 and 1841. By 1841 the Whigs were under strain. Their association with Daniel O Connell had aroused anti-Irish feeling in England. The Poor Law of 1834 had earned them much criticism in the north of England. The economic slump after 1838, as well as their inability to balance the budget, further damaged the Whigs. The Conservatives had in Peel a leader of notable financial and parliamentary gifts. He appeared to be in control of events, while Melbourne seemed to be at their mercy. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the problems facing the Whig Government by 1841? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing contemporary attitudes towards the problems confronting the Whigs between 1833 and 1841. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess how far the Whigs were to blame for their decline by 1841. [30] ASH1S8 3244 7 [Turn over OPTION 4 THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION IN EUROPE 1823 1848 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) To what extent was the outbreak of the revolutions in Italy in 1848 due to economic factors? [12] Or (b) How far would you agree that the failure of the revolutions in the Habsburg Empire in 1848 was due to the weak and timid leadership of the revolutionaries? [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from the memoirs of Prince Kraft von Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, a Prussian general and military writer. His memoirs, which he wrote in retirement, were published in 1897, five years after his death. In this extract he is writing about the situation of the peasants on his father s estate in Prussia in 1848. When my father saw disaster coming, he offered the peasants potatoes at half price. Not a single peasant took up this offer because they imagined that the potatoes must be very bad. When whole families had nothing at all to eat, my father had soup made and fed the people. When they heard that if they stopped working and destroyed their tools they would be fed by their landowner, the number rose daily. In the spring of 1848 my father was providing food for 1,400 persons each day. Source 2 Extract from an article by Georg B chner, printed in 1834 in a secret journal in the state of Hesse. B chner was a student at the University of Giessen where he founded a secret society called Society of Human Rights and demanded the establishment of a republic. The article gained little support among the peasants who handed it to the government authorities. B chner was betrayed by a government spy and fled to France. It seems that God created peasants on the fifth day and aristocratic landowners on the sixth. Then the Lord must have said to these landowners: Rule over all creatures that creep upon the earth, counting peasants and the lower class people in with the vermin. The sweat of the workers is the salt on the table of landowners and aristocrats . ASH1S8 3244 8 Source 3 Extract from A History of Germany 1815 1945 by William Carr, published in 1972. There was much discontent in the countryside in 1848. In some areas a semi-independent peasantry enjoyed tolerable conditions. Elsewhere the peasants lived an unbearable existence. In the first half of the nineteenth century large estates run by efficient landowners expanded rapidly at the expense of the peasants, some of whom could not survive on the remaining land. A rapid increase in population between 1816 and 1848 added to the difficulties of the peasants. Conditions in the countryside deteriorated quite sharply on the eve of the 1848 Revolutions. In 1847 the last major famine occurred in Europe; the potato harvests of 1845 and 1846 were ruined by blight and in 1847 a sudden drought destroyed the grain harvest. Hunger gripped Germany and many peasants were forced off the land. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the agricultural crisis in Germany in 1848? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing contemporary attitudes to German landowners in the 1830s and 1840s. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess to what extent rural discontent was responsible for the outbreak of the revolutions in Germany in 1848. [30] ASH1S8 3244 9 [Turn over OPTION 5 THE NAZIS AND GERMANY 1919 1945 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) To what extent was the rise to power of the Nazis in the period 1930 1933 due to the consequences of the economic slump which began in 1929? [12] Or (b) How far would you agree that propaganda was the most important means of control in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1939? [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from a private conversation between Walther von Reichenau and a colleague in the summer of 1933. Reichenau was a Chief of Staff within the German Army. Our most dangerous enemy at present is the SA which sees its new task as taking over from us. All power is now concentrated in Hitler s hands and he will know how to consolidate it legally. What was left of the parties has melted away like snow in the sun. The trade unions have been smashed, the Communists driven into a corner and the Reichstag has surrendered its rights with the Enabling Law. The whole state apparatus of the police, the press, the radio, in short everything through which the public can be kept on a lead, is under firm control and doing what it is told. Source 2 Extract from the testimony of Rudolf Diels given in 1946 at the Nuremberg trials of Nazis accused of war crimes. Diels was the first head of the Gestapo until he was dismissed in 1934. It was a natural matter for the new Nazi Government to annihilate its enemies by all possible means. These actions started after the Reichstag fire. Human beings were deprived of their freedom and severely mistreated or killed. Numerous politicians, writers, doctors and lawyers were arrested illegally, tortured and killed. Over 700 people perished during this first wave of terror from March until October 1933. The first great terror project under Himmler s leadership was the blood purge of 30 June 1934 when SA leaders and others were murdered. ASH1S8 3244 10 Source 3 Extract from Years of Weimar and the Third Reich by David Evans and Jane Jenkins, published in 1999. Using the powers of the State which he had acquired as Chancellor, Hitler quickly followed the 5 March 1933 elections with legal actions. But intimidation and violence were also vital ingredients of Hitler s methods of maintaining power. There was a wave of terror which spread in the spring of 1933. Most historians concentrate on the deliberate use of terror by the leadership, but there is evidence that it was also begun by ordinary members of the Nazi party. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying Hitler s consolidation of power in 1933 and 1934? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing contemporary accounts of the methods used by the Nazis in their consolidation of power in 1933 and 1934. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, examine how the Nazis used legal means and terror to consolidate their power in 1933 and 1934. [30] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER ASH1S8 3244 11 Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. SP (NF) T60887/2

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Additional Info : Gce History June 2008 Assessment Unit AS 1Module 1
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