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GCE JUN 2009 : AS 1- Revised

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Sp N ec e ifi w ca tio n Assessment Unit AS 1 [AH111] MONDAY 8 JUNE, MORNING AH111 History *AH111* ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2009 TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Choose one option. Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2 from your chosen option. Indicate clearly on your Answer Booklet which option you have chosen. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 60. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 1 and question 2(b). This assessment unit is an historical enquiry and candidates are advised to draw on all the relevant material they have studied when answering question 2(b). 4767 Option 1: England 1520 1570 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain the causes of the rebellions of 1549. [12] Or (b) Explain the attitude of the Catholics and Puritans to the Elizabethan Church Settlement up to 1570. 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from William Tyndale s Obedience of a Christian Man, published in 1528. Tyndale was an English Lutheran who in 1526 published his translation of the New Testament from Latin into English. Lutherans were Protestants who criticised the practices of the Catholic Church. Christians should not rebel against lawful authority, but if rulers command us to do evil then we must disobey them and say we must obey God. If a preacher preaches false ideas then whoever God inspires, it will be lawful for him to rebuke and disprove the false teacher with clear and obvious Bible texts. But it is impossible for lay Christians to know the truth unless the text is plainly laid before us in our own language. Without this, whatever truth is taught, the enemies of the truth can stifle it, partly with traditions of their own making, juggling with the text, or giving it a meaning that is impossible to get from the text. Source 2 Extract from a letter from Thomas Cromwell to Stephen Vaughan, his agent in Antwerp, in 1531. Cromwell was Henry VIII s leading minister from 1532 to 1540. I have received your letters and also that part of Tyndale s book which you directed to the attention of the King. His Highness disliked the book and said it was filled with rebellious lies, showing neither learning nor truth. Your favouring of Tyndale, who shows himself in my opinion to be full of poison and malice rather than any good learning, virtue or knowledge, has made the King suspicious of you. He is very pleased to have his realm cleared of such a person as Tyndale, for his Highness rightly and prudently considers that, if he were present, he would infect and corrupt the whole realm. 4767 2 Source Extract from Richard Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation, published in 1994. Until the break with Rome, the official doctrine of the Church of England was unmistakeably Catholic and Henry VIII stood right behind his Church. But in the early 1530s, the leash was slipped from the necks of several academic Lutheran sympathisers in order to mobilise their talents on behalf of the divorce and the royal supremacy. This policy first became apparent in the royal protection given to Hugh Latimer, despite his controversial preaching. Cromwell perhaps saw some kind of Lutheranism as the best way of producing obedient subjects within the realm and securing diplomatic support against Catholic rulers abroad. Nominations of bishops from 1532 to 1536 reflected a shift in royal patronage from staunch Catholics to evangelical reformers. There were even rumours that Henry would relax the obligation of clerical celibacy. (a) Study Source 2. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the religious views of Henry VIII? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which Henry VIII was committed to Protestantism. 4767 [35] [Turn over Option 2: England 160 16 9 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain James I s religious policies in the period 1603 1625. [12] Or (b) Explain why there was opposition to the royal favourite George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham. [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from an Act passed by the Rump Parliament on 6 January 1649 to create a special High Court of Justice to try Charles I. The Act outlined Parliament s reasons for wanting to put the King on trial. The Rump Parliament was what was left of the House of Commons after Pride s Purge. It is widely accepted that Charles Stuart, King of England, had a wicked plan to threaten the ancient laws and liberties of this nation and in their place introduce an evil, tyrannical government. He has carried out his plan with fire and sword, maintaining a cruel war in this land against the Parliament and Kingdom. As a result of his actions the country has been badly damaged, the public finances exhausted, trade decayed, thousands of people murdered and countless other mischiefs committed. Parliament had hoped that the imprisonment of the King, after God had delivered him into our hands, would have quietened the trouble in the Kingdom. However, this only served to encourage him and his accomplices to continue their evil practices, raising new commotions, rebellions and invasions. Source 2 Extract from the speech made by Charles I on the day of his execution. Charles addressed the large crowd from the scaffold, outlining his views on why he was being put to death. The entire world knows that I never did begin a war with the two Houses of Parliament. I believe that malicious elements have caused the difficulties between us and have been the chief cause of all this bloodshed. I have forgiven all those who have been to blame for my death. I truly desire liberty and freedom for the people as much as anyone but their liberty and freedom consists in having government; it is not for having a share in government. A subject and a sovereign are entirely different things. If I had given way to the power of the sword to have all laws changed, I need not have come here. I am a martyr of the people. I die a Christian according to the profession of the Church of England as I found it left to me by my father. 4767 Source Extract from Barry Coward and Chris Durston, The English Revolution, published in 1997. By the end of 1648, the New Model Army emerged victorious from the Second Civil War as it had from the first. It then embarked on what is often known as the English Revolution. In December 1648 and January 1649, it forcibly expelled its enemies from Parliament, put the King on trial and then executed him. The Rump Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and established an English republic. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the reasons why Charles I was put on trial in January 1649? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which Charles I s actions were responsible for his own execution. 4767 5 [35] [Turn over Option : England 1815 1868 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain how the Tory Governments between 1819 and 1827 reformed the criminal code and the economy. [12] Or (b) Explain the main social and economic reforms of the Whig Governments between 1833 and 1841. 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from an article in The Chartist Circular, 5 October 1839. This was a newspaper produced by the Chartists. We support Universal Suffrage, so that the right to vote will be granted to every man over 21. We prefer Annual Parliaments because we should be able to get rid of a bad government at the end of one year, instead of waiting for a full seven years. There should be a Secret Ballot at all elections, in order to prevent bribery and intimidation. Our aim of Equal Representation means that the country should be divided into equal electoral districts. There should be Payment of Members of Parliament. Finally, we support No Property Qualification. The implementation of the People s Charter will result in the repeal of bad laws and the making of good laws. Taxes will be reduced, and it will end the injustices the poor face under the criminal justice system. Source 2 Extract from a letter from Sir James Graham, Home Secretary in Sir Robert Peel s Government, to Queen Victoria, 16 August 1842. Graham is describing recent Chartist activity in the North of England. In Blackburn, Colonel Arbuthnot successfully prevented the mob from entering the town. Peace was maintained in Manchester, but all labour was suspended. Huddersfield was attacked by a mob, and Wakefield threatened. I have requested the Duke of Rutland to take action in his county, and assemble the yeomanry in Leicestershire, where the potential for violence exists. Disturbances have occurred in Warwickshire, and in the Pottery district houses have been burned and plundered. I have been dissatisfied with the response of the magistrates in some of the disturbed counties, and as a result have been in contact with all the Lords Lieutenant of these areas. 4767 6 [12] Source Extract from Derrick Murphy, Britain 1783 1918, published in 2004. He is writing about the failure of the Chartist movement. Chartist leaders were divided between moral force and physical force . A personality clash between Lovett and O Connor added to the divisions. The Chartist movement tended to act in isolation and there were few examples of a co-ordinated national strategy to undermine the Government. The Army and Police remained loyal to the Government. The use of physical force ensured that the majority of the middle classes refused to support the Chartists. The success of Chartism usually coincided with an economic crisis, but Peel s reforms in the 1840s brought about an improvement in living standards and a decline in support for Chartism. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying Chartism? (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which the Chartists themselves were responsible for their failure to achieve their aims by 1846. 4767 [13] [35] 7 [Turn over Option : Unification of Italy and Germany 1815 1871 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain the failure of the revolutions in the Italian states in 1848. [12] Or (b) Explain the role of Cavour in achieving the unification of Italy. 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from a letter from Otto von Bismarck, Minister-President of Prussia, to Count Eduard Bethusy-Huc, a Conservative Deputy in the Prussian Parliament, March 1867. Unhappily, I believe that there will be a war with France before long its pride, hurt by our victories, will drive it in that direction. Only a country s most vital interests justify embarking on war only its honour, which is not to be confused with so-called prestige. If foreign ministers had followed their military commanders into the field, history would have recorded fewer wars. On the battlefield, and in the hospitals, I have seen the flower of our youth struck down by wounds and disease. From the window of my office, I can see many a cripple hobbling along the Wilhelmstrasse, looking up and thinking to himself that if the men up there had not waged that wicked war I would be at home strong and well. Such sights would leave me without a moment s peace if I thought that I had gone to war from personal ambition or national pride. You may rest assured that I will never advise His Majesty to wage war unless the most vital interests of the Fatherland require it. Source 2 Extract from a letter from Otto von Bismarck, Minister-President of Prussia, to Baron Georg Werthern, Prussian Envoy in Munich, February 1869. German unity will be achieved through violent events. It is quite another matter, however, to bring about such a catastrophe and bear responsibility for the choice of the timing of this war. German unity is not at this minute a ripe fruit. The capacity to wait while circumstances develop is one of the requirements of a practical policy. 4767 8 Source Extract from Gordon Craig, Germany 1866 1945, published in 1981. Is it a mistake to begin with Bismarck? So much is written these days about the primary importance of economic and social forces in history that there is a danger of being considered old fashioned if too much prominence is given to personality. If Bismarck had never risen to the top in Prussian politics, the unification of Germany would probably have taken place anyway, but surely not at the same time or in quite the same way as it did. There is no denying the fact that the decision concerning the form unification would take was made on the battlefield at K niggr tz on 3rd July 1866. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying Bismarck s attitude to the way in which German unification should be achieved? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which war brought about the unification of Germany. 4767 9 [35] [Turn over Option 5: Germany 1918 19 5 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain how the Nazis rose to power in the period 1930 1933. [12] Or (b) Explain how the Nazis consolidated their power from 30 January 1933 until 2 August 1934. [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from a radio broadcast to the German people by Hitler at 1am on 21 July 1944. My fellow German men and women! I don t know how many attempts to assassinate me have been planned and carried out. But I am speaking to you today for two reasons, in particular: first, so that you can hear my voice and know that I am unhurt and in good health; secondly, so that you can hear the details of a crime for which there can be few comparisons in German history. A very small group of wicked officers organised a plot to assassinate me and virtually the entire leadership of the German armed forces. The bomb which was planted by Colonel Count von Stauffenberg exploded two metres to my right. It very seriously injured a number of associates, one of whom has died. At a time when the German armies are engaged in a very tough struggle, a very small group thought they could stab us in the back just like in November 1918. This small group of criminals will be mercilessly exterminated. We will settle accounts the way we Nazis are accustomed to. Source 2 Extract from a memorandum by Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, to the Security Service (SD), 25 October 1944. Himmler is describing the activities of opposition youth groups known as the Edelweiss Pirates who were most prominent in the working class neighbourhoods of large cities in western Germany such as Essen and D sseldorf. In all parts of the Reich, especially in the larger cities, gangs of youths have been forming in increased numbers. They exhibit criminal, anti-social and anti-Nazi tendencies. They engage in behaviour such as rejection of and attacks on the Hitler Youth, indifference towards the conduct of the war and listening to foreign radio broadcasts. Some of these youths frequently attempt to infiltrate Nazi Party organisations in order to have the opportunity to undermine them. 4767 10 Source Extract from Hitler 1936 1945 by Ian Kershaw, published in 2001. It would be as well not to overestimate the significance of discontent and dissent in Nazi Germany. None of it was transformed into political opposition likely to cause serious trouble to the regime. Any threat of resistance from below by illegal organisations was effectively ruled out. Communist resistance cells were frequently infiltrated, the members arrested and interned in concentration camps. Opposition endangering Hitler s dictatorship could in practice only come from within the regime itself. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the bomb plot against Hitler in July 1944? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the view that the extent of German opposition and resistance to Hitler in the period 1933 1945 was limited. [35] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER 4767 11 Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. T80847/2

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Additional Info : Gce History June 2009 Assessment Unit AS 1 - Revised
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