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GCE JUN 2007 : AS 1, Module 1

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ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2007 History assessing Module 1 ASH11 Assessment Unit AS 1 [ASH11] FRIDAY 8 JUNE, MORNING TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Choose one option. Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2 from your chosen option. Indicate clearly on your Answer Booklet which option you have chosen. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 80. Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. Question 1 in each option is worth 12 marks. You are expected to present an explanation and show understanding of appropriate concepts and arrive at judgements which are substantiated with factual evidence. You should spend 15 minutes on this question. Question 2 in each option is worth 68 marks. You are expected to interpret, evaluate and use source material in its historical context. ASH1S7 2442 OPTION 1 RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN ENGLAND 1520 1547 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) How important was Lollardy in shaping religious belief and practice in pre-Reformation England? [12] Or (b) How far did religious considerations influence King Henry VIII s decision to dissolve the monasteries? [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from a letter written early in 1533 by Eustace Chapuys to Emperor Charles V, ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Chapuys (1489 1556) was the Emperor s ambassador in England from 1529 to 1545. He was also the chief confidential adviser to Henry VIII s first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Your Majesty must root out Anne Boleyn and all her supporters. This detested Anne has her foot in the stirrup and will do the Queen [Catherine] and the Princess Mary all the harm she can. She has boasted that she will make the Princess her lady-inwaiting or marry her to a mere servant. Source 2 Extract from a letter written by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to King Henry VIII, April 1536. Cranmer has just heard about the arrest of Anne Boleyn on charges of adultery and incest. If reports about Queen Anne are true, it is more to her dishonour than yours. Yet I am so upset that my mind is truly amazed. I never had a better opinion of any woman than I had of her. This makes me think that she is not to blame. But I think that you would not have gone so far if she had been innocent. Next to you, I was most committed to her of all people alive. I loved her very much because of the love which I judged her to bear towards God and His Gospel. I wish and pray that she may declare herself innocent. Yet if she is found guilty, all faithful subjects would want her punished without mercy. ASH1S7 2442 2 Source 3 Extract from Keith Randell, Henry VIII and the Reformation in England, published in 1993. The skill with which Cranmer carried out a request to write in support of the King s divorce in 1529 brought him to the notice of Anne Boleyn. As a member of her faction he was asked to become the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Some writers have been tempted to dismiss Cranmer as nothing more than the King s yes-man. Cranmer believed that his loyalty to his King demanded that he accept whatever decisions Henry made and that he try his utmost to implement them. But he saw his duty as extending beyond this. He believed that he was called upon to offer his master the best advice he could at all times, even when he knew it was likely to be met with either disapproval or anger. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying attitudes towards Anne Boleyn? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing views on Anne Boleyn. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which Thomas Cranmer was responsible for accomplishing the Reformation in England. [30] ASH1S7 2442 3 [Turn over OPTION 2 CONFRONTATION IN ENGLAND 1603 1629 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) To what extent was the Duke of Buckingham to blame for the opposition he faced in the period 1614 1628? [12] Or (b) How successful was royal policy towards the Catholics in England in the period 1603 1629? 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from a letter written by Zuane Pesaro, the Venetian ambassador in England, to the government of Venice, 4 July 1625. He is reporting on Charles I s first Parliament, which sat from June to August 1625. King Charles I says that his chief reason for calling Parliament is to obtain financial assistance for a war to reclaim the Palatinate. He maintains that the preparations for war were begun by King James I at Parliament s request. Now he says that he is under an obligation to act but it was Parliament that was responsible. Members of Parliament reply that they had not committed King Charles I, although they had argued for the abandonment of all negotiations with Spain. Parliament complains that the three subsidies granted to King James I in 1624 were spent wastefully and they now demand to see the accounts. Source 2 Extract from a letter written by King Charles I to George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, 20 September 1626. The war against Spain, which grows full of danger, was not entered upon rashly and without careful thought, but was undertaken on the advice of both Houses of Parliament. Based on their arguments, and promises of full financial assistance, I readily carried out their wishes. If I am abandoned by them, it will be to their sin and shame. ASH1S7 2442 4 Source 3 Extract from Graham Seel and David Smith, The Early Stuart Kings 1603 1642, published in 2001. James I s foreign policy was based on two ideals: to keep England at peace and to foster international harmony. James continued to press for a marriage alliance for his son with the Spanish Infanta, hoping that the Spanish King might persuade his cousin the Emperor to restore the Palatinate. These hopes were idealistic. Charles and Buckingham were determined to wage war against Spain. In foreign policy, as in other areas, the accession of Charles marked a turning point. Whereas James had unsuccessfully pursued peace and ended up on the brink of war, Charles had unsuccessfully pursued war and by 1629 ended up at peace. Perhaps the central problem of Charles s foreign policy was his inability to win the confidence and financial support of the political elites. Parliaments refused to vote money for war until they knew more about what kind of war was envisaged. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the relations between Crown and Parliament? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing views on who was responsible for the war against Spain which began in 1625. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which Parliament was responsible for the failures in English foreign policy in the period 1603 1629. [30] ASH1S7 2442 5 [Turn over OPTION 3 REACTION AND REFORM IN ENGLAND 1815 1841 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) To what extent was the end of the war against France responsible for the discontent England experienced in the period 1815 1820? [12] Or (b) How successful were the economic and social reforms of the Whig governments between 1833 and 1841? [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from a speech by Lord Palmerston, a leading member of the Whig Government, in the House of Lords, 3 March 1831. He is explaining why the Whigs believe that parliamentary reform is necessary. There are five major weaknesses in our present electoral system. There must be a change to the system whereby those who control a borough can nominate the next candidate. Moreover, corruption takes place when votes are sold to the highest bidder. The countryside is overrepresented at the expense of towns and cities. There is no limit on electoral expenses, while the distribution of power between the middle and lower classes is unfair. I believe that our Reform Bill will remedy these injustices and bind the middle classes to the constitution. Source 2 Extract from a letter written by Francis Place to J. C. Hobhouse, Secretary of State for War in the Whig Cabinet, 18 May 1832. Place organised middle class support in London for parliamentary reform and had campaigned against the Duke of Wellington. Hobhouse, who supported parliamentary reform, presented the letter to the Whig Cabinet. When we heard that Lord Grey was to become Prime Minister of a Whig Government, we abandoned our plans to cause a banking crisis by withdrawing gold. However, if Wellington returns to power, alarm and panic will follow. Our supporters have arranged, if necessary, to engage in civil unrest if parliamentary reform is delayed. Towns will be barricaded and all the banks will be shut, causing a great financial crisis. If Wellington becomes Prime Minister again, he will face a virtual civil war from the normally law-abiding middle class. ASH1S7 2442 6 Source 3 Extract from the historian Howard Martin, writing in 1996 about the Reform Act of 1832. The actions of politicians were more significant than the threat of disorder in the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832. Potential revolutionaries lacked assistance from the army, while middle class supporters of reform feared revolution as much as the aristocracy. Lord Grey s achievement was to reform the political system and prevent a revolutionary outbreak. He did this by making the new middle class voters allies of the aristocracy, thus detaching them from the working class and strengthening the constitution. The Reform Act of 1832 ended agitation and left power in aristocratic hands. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the passing of the Parliamentary Reform Bill of 1832? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing contemporary accounts of the passing of the Parliamentary Reform Bill. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess whether the role of the Whigs was the most important reason for the introduction of the Reform Act of 1832. [30] ASH1S7 2442 7 [Turn over OPTION 4 THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION IN EUROPE 1823 1848 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) How far was the election of Pope Pius IX in 1846 responsible for the outbreak of the revolutions in Italy in 1848? [12] Or (b) How far was the failure of the revolutions in the Habsburg Empire in 1848 due to the loyalty of the army? [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from the address of Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, to the inhabitants of Berlin, 19 March 1848. To my beloved Berliners: You have received a promise from your faithful King towards you and the whole German nation. Your King, your trusting friend, begs you to return to peace and remove the barricades which still remain. Send me loyal Berliners who show respect to their King. In return, I pledge my royal truth that all the streets will be cleared of troops immediately. Listen to the caring voice of your King and forget the past, as I shall forget it, for the sake of that great future which is dawning upon Prussia and, through Prussia, upon all of Germany. Source 2 Extract from a letter written from Potsdam in June 1848 by Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, to his new liberal Prime Minister, Ludolf Camphausen. Camphausen resigned shortly afterwards. As long as Berlin is not cleared of weapons and murder gangs, I cannot and will not return there. The barricade fighters are riffraff and their opposition to the return of the troops is futile. I am convinced that my dear and lovely capital rose against me as a result of a plot by foreigners as no German words were heard. Foreign agitators have also inspired the revolts in other German states. ASH1S7 2442 8 Source 3 Extract from An Introduction to Nineteenth Century European History 1815 1914, by Alan Farmer, published in 2001. The Frankfurt Parliament had little option but to pin its hopes on the Prussian King to provide the leadership necessary to create a modern constitutional Germany. In the spring of 1849, however, these hopes were shattered. When Frederick William IV was offered the Crown in April 1849 he refused it from the Frankfurt Parliament and would only accept it if the offer came from his fellow princes. This refusal was the end for the Frankfurt Parliament as the rulers of Bavaria, Saxony and Hanover rejected the constitution as well. By June 1849 the Frankfurt Parliament had collapsed. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian assessing the reaction of King Frederick William IV of Prussia to the revolutions in Germany in 1848? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide differing attitudes of the Prussian King to the revolutions in Germany in 1848. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess to what extent the failure of the revolutions in Germany in 1848 was due to the firm response of the governments in the German states. [30] ASH1S7 2442 9 [Turn over OPTION 5 THE NAZIS AND GERMANY 1919 1945 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) To what extent was the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923 due to the lack of popular support for the Nazi party? [12] Or (b) How far would you agree that terror was the most important means of control in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1939? [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow: Source 1 Extract from the memoirs of Sebastian Haffner, written in 1939 during his exile in England. Haffner lived in Berlin in the early 1930s and describes the anti-Jewish boycott of 1st April 1933 introduced by the Nazis. I was travelling to see my Jewish friend Frank. He lived with his father who was a doctor and was affected by the boycott. The doors of Jewish shops, which were quite common in the eastern part of Berlin, were open. SA men stood in front of them. Obscenities were smeared on the windows. Groups of people stood around watching events unfold. Half of them were anxious, the other half gleeful. Later at Frank s home two SA men arrived and asked to be shown to his father s consulting room. Any patients today? asked one of them. No, said Frank. Electronic rights - (c) Sebastian Haffner, Geschichte eines Deutschen. Die Erinnerungen 1914-1933 2000 Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich, a member of Verlagsgruppe Random House GmbH Print rights - Sebastian Haffner, Defying Hitler: A Memoir, published by Weidenfield & Nicolson, a division of The Orion Publishing Group Source 2 Extract from a confidential speech by Himmler to SS officers in October 1943. We must be honest, loyal and comradely to members of our own race, but to nobody else. I want to talk to you quite frankly amongst ourselves on a grave matter but we will never speak about it publicly. I mean the evacuation and then the extermination of the Jewish race. We have the moral right to kill these people. This is a glorious page in our history which will never be written. ASH1S7 2442 10 Source 3 Extract from Weimar and Nazi Germany by the historians John Hite and Chris Hinton, published in 2000. Once the Nazis came to power Jews were subjected to increased discrimination although their anti-semitic policies developed in a haphazard manner. In 1933 some Jews were deprived of their jobs and in 1935 all lost their citizenship. The intense persecution in 1938 symbolised the extremism of the regime. Until 1939 the Nazis favoured emigration as a way to remove the Jewish presence from Germany, but the outbreak of war made overseas emigration difficult. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the Nazi antiJewish boycott in Germany on 1st April 1933? [13] (b) Sources 1 and 2 provide different contemporary accounts of Nazi policies towards the Jews. How, and why, do they differ? [25] (c) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the impact of Nazi policies towards the Jews in Germany in the period 1933 1945. [30] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER ASH1S7 2442 11 Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. SP (NF) T37946/2

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Additional Info : Gce History June 2007 Assessment Unit AS 1Module 1
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