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GCE JUN 2010 : AS 1- Revised

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Sp N ec e ifi w ca tio n Assessment Unit AS 1 [AH111] WEDNESDAY 16 JUNE, AFTERNOON AH111 History *AH111* ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2010 TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Choose one option. Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2 from your chosen option. Indicate clearly on your Answer Booklet which option you have chosen. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 60. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 1 and question 2(b). This assessment unit is an historical enquiry and candidates are advised to draw on all the relevant material they have studied when answering question 2(b). 5736.06 R Option 1: England 1520 1570 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain the features of anti-clericalism in pre-reformation England. [12] Or (b) Explain the response of Elizabeth I to the economic and social problems England faced in the period 1558 1570. 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source 1 Extract from an oath created in October 1536 by Robert Aske, leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace. The oath was first taken by the gentry and then by the rest of the Pilgrims. I shall not enter into this Pilgrimage of Grace for the good of the Commonwealth, but only for the love that I have to almighty God and the maintenance of the Holy Church. I pledge to preserve the King and his children, to purify the nobility and to expel all villain blood and evil Councillors from his Majesty s presence and the Privy Council. I shall not enter into this Pilgrimage for profit to myself, or to cause any harm to any person, or to murder for envy. In my heart I shall put away fear and dread and take before you the Cross of Christ and in my heart his faith for the restoration of the true Church and the suppression of heretics and their opinions. I do this according to the holy contents of this Book. Source 2 Extract from The Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York, written by Edward Hall in 1542. Hall was a loyal follower of Henry VIII and the Tudors. In this extract he is commenting on the Pilgrimage of Grace. They called this their treasonable and traitorous voyage, a holy and blessed pilgrimage. They carry banners painted with Christ hanging on the cross on one side and a chalice with a painted cake in it on the other side. They also carry other banners of hypocrisy and mock religion. These are only used to delude and deceive the simple and ignorant folk. 5736.06 R 2 Source 3 Extract from J. Guy, Tudor England, published in 1988. The vast majority of the clergy did not regard the divorce and supremacy as important issues in themselves; protests were delayed until it became clear for what purposes the supremacy would be used. It was Cromwell s rule and the beliefs of the Catholic clergy that roused a surge of opposition. It was the dissolution of the monasteries that fuelled outright rebellion in Lincolnshire and the northern counties, though in London and the southeast the scale of resistance was small. The conspirators were taken by surprise when revolt broke out in Lincolnshire and were also surprised by the speed with which the protest movement spread. While divisions among Catholics were a feature of the governing elite, the religious passion of so many northerners must also be emphasised. Also there were lesser disturbances in East Anglia, Somerset and Cornwall. While Court plotting shaped the form of the Pilgrimage to some degree, it does not sufficiently explain its force and extent. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess to what extent religion was the cause of the Pilgrimage of Grace. [35] 5736.06 R 3 [Turn over Option 2: England 1603 1649 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain James I s foreign policy in the period 1603 1625. [12] Or (b) Explain the reasons for the execution of Charles I in January 1649. 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source 1 Extract from a Parliamentary newspaper, published in May 1645. Cromwell has an army made up of two thousand brave men. They are all well disciplined and any man who is heard swearing is fined twelve pence. If anyone is found to be drunk he is put in the stocks and if he calls another soldier a Roundhead he is immediately dismissed from the army. The towns and villages where these soldiers come from are overjoyed by their success and many more volunteers are coming to join Cromwell s army as a result. How great it would be if all the forces in this war were so well disciplined. Source 2 Extract from an ordinance of Parliament, 24 February 1643. This ordinance established a direct tax upon income and wealth, particularly land. We are fully satisfied and clear in our consciences that we have lawfully gone to war to defend this Parliament from destruction, to protect this kingdom from foreign invasion and to bring notorious offenders to justice. To achieve these goals we have raised an army that can only be maintained by the speedy raising of a large sum of money. These taxes are to be used to save our kingdom, religion, laws and liberties from utter ruin and destruction. We declare that weekly sums of money will be charged on every county, city, town and person according to the rates established by this law. The tax must be paid weekly to the collectors appointed by this ordinance. 5736.06 R 4 Source 3 Extract from Richard Wilkinson, Years of Turmoil, published in 1999. Why did Parliament win the Civil War? Ultimately, widespread disgust with the war, impatience with half-measures and determination to finish the business caused the creation of the New Model Army, which was the single greatest reason for Parliament s victory. Superior resources, the Scottish intervention, control of the sea and Charles I s inadequacy as a supreme commander all played their part. But the stalemate was broken by the New Model Army s competent leadership, discipline and equipment. It even had an artillery train which lumbered around the country blowing up town walls and medieval castles. Professionalism triumphed over amateurism. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the effectiveness of the New Model Army in the English Civil War? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which the New Model Army was responsible for Parliament s victory in the English Civil War. [35] 5736.06 R 5 [Turn over Option 3: England 1815 1868 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain the reasons for the failure of the Chartists to achieve their aims by 1846. [12] Or (b) Explain why there were divisions in the Conservative Party up to 1865 following the repeal of the Corn Laws. [12] 2 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source 1 Extract from a letter from Sir Robert Peel to George Canning, 17 April 1827. Canning had just been appointed Prime Minister following the departure of Lord Liverpool and had offered Peel a position in his cabinet. The reasons why I must decline your offer of serving in a cabinet over which you preside as Prime Minister can be explained by my attitude to the question of Catholic Emancipation. For eleven years I have been connected with the government of Lord Liverpool. During this period, and indeed during the whole of my public career, I have taken an active and prominent part in opposition to Catholic Emancipation. The transfer of the influence of Prime Minister from Lord Liverpool to you is the transfer of that influence from the most powerful opponent to the most powerful supporter of Catholic Emancipation. If I were to accept a place in your cabinet I would give the impression that I would be supporting a cause which I had firmly resisted for years. 5736.06 R 6 Source 2 Extract from a speech by Sir Robert Peel in the House of Commons in July 1831. Peel is explaining why he opposes the Parliamentary Reform Bill, which was introduced by the Whigs. This Bill makes too many concessions to the popular demands for reform. I am not prepared for such a radical measure of reform to the electoral system from a government barely three months in office, and at a time when the country is unsettled following the revolution in France last year. I am satisfied with the constitution as it exists in its present form. I believe that this Bill is the first step, not directly to revolution, but to a series of changes which will affect the owners of property and totally change the character of the constitution of this country. I am opposed to this reform of our constitution because it undermines the feelings of respect which are the only sure foundations of government. Source 3 Extract from Derrick Murphy, Britain 1783 1918, published in 2004. He is writing about Peel s political career. Peel was one of Lord Liverpool s most capable ministers during the period 1819 1827. After chairing the Bullion Committee, Peel served as Home Secretary, a post he also held under Wellington between 1828 and 1830. Peel displayed his organisational and administrative skills through changes to the criminal code and social reforms. He supported the repeal of the Combination Laws in 1824. Between 1823 and 1830 he improved the inefficient legal system. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying Peel s political career up to 1832? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess to what extent Peel was successful in dealing with the problems he faced in the period 1819 1832. 5736.06 R 7 [35] [Turn over Option 4: Unification of Italy and Germany 1815 1871 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain the causes of the revolutions in Italy in 1848. [12] Or (b) Explain the growing economic prosperity of Prussia in the period 1849 1871. 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source 1 Extract from the memoirs of Carl Schurz, published in 1913. Schurz was heavily involved in the German revolutions of 1848. He was editor of a newspaper in Bonn that advocated democratic reforms and also took up arms to defend the Frankfurt Parliament. When the revolutions failed, he fled to the United States of America. The political horizon which after the revolution in March looked so glorious soon began to darken. In South Germany, a republican uprising took place under the leadership of the brilliant Friedrich Hecker, which was speedily suppressed by force of arms. The majority of liberal opinion did not desire anything more than national unity and a constitutional monarchy on a broad democratic basis. The National Parliament at Frankfurt soon showed a dangerous tendency to waste the time which was needed for prompt and decisive action if the successes of the revolution were to be secured. But our eyes turned anxiously to Berlin. Prussia was by far the strongest of the purely German states. Its attitude would be decisive in determining the fate of the revolution. For a while the Prussian King, Frederick William IV, seemed to be pleased with the role of leader of the national movement which the revolution had made him assume. But as events unfolded the King increasingly responded to voices appealing to old sympathies. 5736.06 R 8 Source 2 Extract from Karl Marx, in F. Engels Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany, published in 1852. Marx had been present in Germany during the revolutions of 1848 when he was editor of a newspaper in Frankfurt that promoted democracy and the overthrow of the Prussian aristocracy. We have seen how the revolution failed. Its failure was due less to the problems it faced than the cowardice of the liberal bourgeoisie. They showed in politics the same short-sighted, weak, wavering spirit, which is characteristic of their commercial operations. By May 1849 they had lost the confidence of the real fighting force of all European revolutions, the working class. If only they had acted with that courage that is the result of seeing things as they really are. But the politicians who led this class were just as short-sighted as the host of petty tradesmen who followed them. Source 3 Extract from Peter Wende, A History of Germany, published in 2005. The revolution in Germany had soon spent its initial energy by fighting on too many fronts. It had to tackle too many issues at the same time, matching the new German nation with the existing states system of the Federation, defining its borders within the tangle of old established states and the new rising nations in Central Europe and working out a constitution in the teeth of opposing political ideologies. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the problems faced by the revolutionaries in Germany in 1848? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which the failure of the revolutions in Germany in 1848 was due to weak leadership. [35] 5736.06 R 9 [Turn over Option 5: Germany 1918 1945 Answer question 1(a) or 1(b) and question 2. 1 Either (a) Explain how the Nazi Party developed between 1924 and 1929. [12] Or (b) Explain the economic achievements of the Nazis in Germany in the period 1933 1939. 2 [12] Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source 1 Extract from the Proclamation issued in Berlin in March 1920 by the right-wing opponents of the Weimar Republic led by Dr Wolfgang Kapp. The Reich and the nation are in grave danger. With terrible speed we are approaching the complete collapse of the state and of law and order. The people are only dimly aware of the approaching disaster. Prices are rising unchecked. Hardship is growing. Starvation threatens. The present government is incapable of overcoming the danger. Away with a government in which Erzberger is the leading light! The hour of the salvation of Germany is at hand and the opportunity must be grasped. There is no other way but a government of action. The new government will ruthlessly suppress strikes and sabotage. Everyone should go peacefully about his work. Everyone willing to work is assured of our firm protection: striking is treason to the nation and the Fatherland. We shall govern according to the practical needs of the nation as a whole. Source 2 Extract from the Proclamation issued by Social Democratic Party (SPD) members of the Weimar coalition government before they fled from Berlin to Stuttgart in response to the Kapp Putsch in March 1920. The proclamation was signed by President Friedrich Ebert and Chancellor Gustav Bauer. A military putsch has started. The mercenaries, who were afraid that their Freikorps regiments would be disbanded, have made an attempt to overthrow the Republic and establish a dictatorial government with Kapp and General von L ttwitz at its head. We did not make a democratic revolution only to have it overthrown by a Freikorps regiment. We call upon all workers to support a general strike. 5736.06 R 10 Source 3 Extract from John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany, published in 2000. Early in 1919, just as the new state was being created, the Weimar Republic faced its first threat, the communist-inspired Spartacist rising. Within a year, in 1920, came a second attempt to overthrow the Republic, this time by the right-wing Kapp Putsch. A brief period of relative calm followed, only to be disrupted in 1923 by hyperinflation that threatened economic chaos and undermined the government s reputation. The Communists were overcautious during the mass protests of 1923 and acted too late in the German October of 1923. Finally, in November 1923, came another rightwing assault, the Munich Putsch led by Adolf Hitler. The Weimar Republic survived because the extremist forces of both Left and Right failed to attract much support and were both divided and disorganised. (a) Study Source 1. How useful is it as evidence for an historian studying the outbreak of the Kapp Putsch of 1920? [13] (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess to what extent the Kapp Putsch and other political uprisings represented the greatest threat to the Weimar Republic in the period 1919 1923. [35] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER 5736.06 R 11 Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. 5736.06 R

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Additional Info : Gce History June 2010 Assessment Unit AS 1 - Revised
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