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GCE JAN 2010 : A2 1 Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillation and Atomic and Nuclear Physics - Revised

28 pages, 51 questions, 1 questions with responses, 1 total responses,

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Sp N ec e i w ca tio n Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2010 Physics Assessment Unit A2 1 Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillations and Atomic and Nuclear Physics AY211 assessing [AY211] THURSDAY 28 JANUARY, AFTERNOON TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 90. Quality of written communication will be assessed in Question 7. Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question. Your attention is drawn to the Data and Formulae Sheet which is inside this question paper. You may use an electronic calculator. Question 9 contributes to the synoptic assessment required of the specification. For Examiner s use only Question Marks Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Marks 5291.05 R BLANK PAGE 5291.05 R 2 [Turn over 1 Two spheres, one of mass 100 g and the other of mass 500 g, approach each other directly travelling at a speed of 9.00 m s 1 as shown in Fig. 1.1. 100 g 9 m s 1 9 m s 1 Examiner Only Marks Remark 500 g Fig. 1.1 (a) Calculate the momentum of the sphere with the greater momentum of the two, and state its SI unit. Momentum = _________ [2] SI unit = _________ [1] After the collision the spheres stick together and move with a common velocity. (b) Calculate the common velocity of the spheres just after the collision, and state its direction. Common velocity = _______ m s 1 [3] Direction ______________________________________________ [1] (c) State and explain if the collision between the spheres was elastic or inelastic. _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ [1] 5291.05 R 3 [Turn over 2 (a) (i) In the space at Fig. 2.1, draw a well labelled diagram of the apparatus required, and the circuit connected to it, to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid by an electrical method. Examiner Only Marks Remark [3] Fig. 2.1 (ii) In conducting such an experiment, the apparatus with the liquid is initially cooled a number of C below the room temperature. During the experiment it is then heated an equal number of C above the room temperature. Explain why this is a useful technique to minimise errors of heat exchange with the surroundings in this experiment. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] 5291.05 R 4 [Turn over (b) (i) In a different experiment, 240 g of milk is heated from room temperature in a container of mass 75.0 g made from copper of specific heat capacity of 0.39 103 J kg 1 C 1. A small electrical heater is placed in the milk. The potential difference across the heater is 12.0 V, the current through it is 2.60 A and the heater remains on for 6 minutes and 50 s. During this time, the temperature of the container and its contents increases by 13 C above room temperature. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the milk. Specific heat capacity = _________ J kg 1 C 1 Examiner Only Marks Remark [3] (ii) Assuming that the measurement data given in (b)(i) are correct, but that heat losses do occur during the experiment, explain if the value you have calculated in (b)(i) is higher or lower than the correct specific heat capacity of milk. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] 5291.05 R 5 [Turn over 3 (a) Define angular velocity for a body moving in a circular path. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________ [1] (b) An object rests on a horizontal turntable which rotates at a constant angular velocity. The object may be displaced from the centre of the turntable along a radius to any displacement s as shown on Fig. 3.1. Object s Fig. 3.1 On the axes of Fig. 3.2, sketch graphs to show: 1. The variation of the angular velocity of the object with its radial displacement s. 2. The variation of the acceleration a of the object with its radial displacement s. a 0 1. s 0 2. [2] Fig. 3.2 5291.05 R s 6 [Turn over (c) A jet aircraft completes a circular turn of radius of 600 m in a horizontal plane when flying at a constant speed of 153 m s 1. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Calculate the angular velocity of the aircraft. Angular velocity = _______ rad s 1 [2] (ii) Calculate the acceleration of the aircraft. Acceleration = _______ m s 2 [2] (iii) State the direction of the acceleration of the aircraft. _________________________________________________ [1] (iv) The pilot of the aircraft has a mass of 75.0 kg. Calculate the restraining force of the pilot s harness needed to keep him stationary in his seat. Force = ________ N 5291.05 R [2] 7 [Turn over 4 (a) The acceleration a of a mass executing simple harmonic motion is given by Equation 4.1. a = 2x Examiner Only Marks Remark Equation 4.1 (i) State clearly what the symbol x represents. ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Explain the significance of the negative sign in the equation. ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] (b) (i) A mass executing simple harmonic motion starts at the extreme limit of positive displacement at time t = 0, the magnitude of this displacement is 0.060 m. The mass executes 100 oscillations in 20.0 s. Use these data to obtain values for A and in the equation x = A cos t. A = ____________________ m = ____________________ rad s 1 5291.05 R 8 [2] [Turn over (ii) On the axes of Fig. 4.1, sketch a graph of the quantity x with time t for the first two cycles of oscillation. Label the axes with appropriate units and numerical values for the oscillation. Examiner Only Marks Remark x t 0 [3] Fig. 4.1 (iii) Explain how the velocity of the mass at any instant of time after the start may be determined from an accurate displacement/time graph. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] (iv) Calculate the distance and position of the mass relative to the centre of the motion, 0.13 s after the start of the oscillation. Displacement = ____________ m Position = _________________________________________ [3] 5291.05 R 9 [Turn over 5 Fig. 5.1 is a plan view of the apparatus used (by Geiger and Marsden) for alpha particle scattering to establish evidence for the existence of atomic nuclei. Examiner Only Marks Remark 3 2 4 1 5 6 Fig. 5.1 (a) Essential items or requirements of the apparatus are numbered from 1 to 6. State what each number indicates in the apparatus. 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________________ [3] (b) State the function of item 4 and describe briefly how it operates. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ [2] 5291.05 R 10 [Turn over (c) Listed below are two of the results obtained from the experiment. In relation to atomic structure, state the conclusion which may be made from each listed result. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Most of the alpha-particles experienced no collisions. ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Very few of the alpha particles (about 1 in 8000) were deflected almost directly backward (backscattered). ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] 5291.05 R 11 [Turn over 6 (a) (i) Define the half-life of a radioactive sample. Examiner Only Marks Remark ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] (ii) A geological rock sample contains two radioactive isotopes, X and Y. The half-life of isotope X is twice that of isotope Y. In the sample there are n nuclei of X and 3n nuclei of Y. After two half-lives of isotope X find the ratio Number of nuclei of Y Number of nuclei of X remaining in the rock sample. Ratio = ____________ [3] (b) Polonium is radioactive and emits alpha particles. A mole of polonium has a mass of 210 g and its decay constant is 5.80 10 8 s 1. (i) Calculate the radioactive activity of 1.50 mg of polonium. Activity = _______ Bq [3] (ii) How many nuclei of the polonium remain after 65.0 days? Number = ____________ 5291.05 R [3] 12 [Turn over Where appropriate in this question you should answer in continuous prose. You will be assessed on the quality of your written communication. 7 Examiner Only Marks Remark In certain nuclear processes (or reactions) the binding energy of the products is greater than the binding energy of the reactants, hence energy is released. Discuss concisely, some considerations of this statement, making use of an appropriate sketch graph. You should make reference to the following: mass defect, fission and mass energy exchange. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ [7] Quality of written communication 5291.05 R [2] 13 [Turn over 8 (a) (i) Explain briefly what is meant by nuclear fusion. Examiner Only Marks Remark ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Suggest two reasons why the D-T reaction is most suitable for terrestrial fusion. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ [2] (b) In an attempt to create nuclear fusion, the fuel matter takes the form of a plasma. Name two constituents of a plasma. _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ [1] (c) What does the magnetic confinement of a plasma mean? Explain why it is necessary. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ [2] 5291.05 R 14 [Turn over (d) A deuterium nucleus of mass 3.34 10 27 kg in a plasma is assumed to behave like a molecule in an ideal gas. The average speed of the nucleus is estimated at 1.33 106 m s 1 when fusion occurs. Use this data to estimate the temperature of the plasma. Temperature = _______ K 5291.05 R Examiner Only Marks Remark [3] 15 [Turn over 9 Data Analysis Question This question contributes to the synoptic assessment requirement of the Specification. In your answer, you will be expected to bring together and apply principles and contexts from different areas of physics, and to use the skills of physics, in the particular situation described. You are advised to spend about 15 minutes in answering this question. Static performance of a thermocouple A thermocouple is a device for measuring temperature. It consists of two wires, X and Y, of different metals which are in contact at the junctions J1 and J2. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 9.1. Wire X Wire X E Wire Y Temperature bath containing ice at 0 C Junction J2 Reference junction J1 Fig. 9.1 The reference junction J1 is maintained at an exact temperature of 0 C. When junction J2 is maintained at a temperature different from the reference temperature, an output e.m.f. E occurs between the ends of the wires X. The magnitude of E gives a measure of , the Celsius temperature of the junction J2. The temperature sensing junction J2 usually has a protective coating placed on it to preserve it from corrosive atmospheres. The quality of performance of a thermocouple may be considered in different ways. In this question you will consider Point Accuracy which is one characteristic of its static performance behaviour. Static performance is measured when the sensing junction J2 is placed in a temperature bath beside a standard thermometer at a series of steady C temperatures. Adequate time is allowed for junction J2 to stabilise to the steady temperature of the bath. For the purpose of this question it will be assumed that the standard thermometer indicates the exact (correct) temperature in C. 5291.05 R 16 [Turn over Point Accuracy Examiner Only Marks Remark The degree of correctness at any temperature may be defined as: Temperature Error % Point Accuracy = 100% Correct Temperature Equation 9.1 This indicates the temperature error at any point in the range of the thermocouple. Table 9.1 shows the results of the output e.m.f. E of the thermocouple in mV for values of , the temperature in C of the sensing junction J2 obtained experimentally under static conditions described previously. Table 9.1 Temperature J2 / C Output E/mV 0.00 25 50 75 100 125 160 200 0.00 1.10 2.30 3.73 5.35 6.95 8.90 10.8 (a) In Table 9.1, data E is recorded to 3 significant figures. State the possible range of values of the output E when the temperature is 50 C. Range from ___________ to ___________ mV [1] (b) On the graph grid of Fig. 9.2, select a suitable scale for the E axis. Plot the point values from Table 9.1 on Fig. 9.2. The plotted points do not lie exactly on a straight line, draw a suitable continuous S-shaped curve through all the plotted points. [4] 5291.05 R 17 [Turn over (c) The ideal characteristic of the thermocouple is a straight line from the origin to the calculated theoretical output e.m.f. at 200 C. The theoretical output of the thermocouple is given by Equation 9.2. E = A + B 2 Examiner Only Marks Remark Equation 9.2 Where A and B are constants with values A = 5.21 10 2 and B = 0.950 10 5 and is the temperature of J2 in C. (i) State the units for the constant B. Units = __________ [1] (ii) Show that the theoretical output at 200 C is 10.8 mV. [2] (iii) On Fig. 9.2, draw this ideal straight line characteristic. 5291.05 R 18 [1] [Turn over E/mV 0 50 100 150 200 / C Fig. 9.2 5291.05 R 19 [Turn over (d) (i) By considering the linear graph to be the correct indication of temperature for any output signal E, determine the exact temperature error when the thermocouple gives an output signal of 8.00 mV. Error = _________ C Examiner Only Marks Remark [2] (ii) Determine the point accuracy of this thermocouple at this output signal of 8.00 mV. Use Equation 9.1. Point accuracy = _________ % [1] (iii) Is the temperature indicated by the thermocouple above or below the correct value? Circle the correct response. Above Below [1] (e) If the protective coating of this thermocouple was changed for a material of lower thermal conductivity but similar in all other respects, discuss briefly how this would affect the overall performance of the thermocouple. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ [1] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER 5291.05 R 20 [Turn over Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. 5291.05 R GCE Physics Data and Formulae Sheet for A2 1 and A2 2 Values of constants speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 108 m s 1 permittivity of a vacuum 0 = 8.85 10 12 F m 1 1 = 8.99 109 F 1 m 4 0 elementary charge e = 1.60 10 19 C the Planck constant h = 6.63 10 34 J s (uni ed) atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 10 27 kg mass of electron me = 9.11 10 31 kg mass of proton mp = 1.67 10 27 kg molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K 1 mol 1 the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 1023 mol 1 the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 10 23 J K 1 gravitational constant G = 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 acceleration of free fall on the Earth s surface g = 9.81 m s 2 electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J AY211INS 5291.02 The following equations may be useful in answering some of the questions in the examination: Mechanics Conservation of energy 1 1 mv 2 mu 2 = Fs 2 2 Hooke s Law F = kx (spring constant k) for a constant force Simple harmonic motion Displacement x = A cos t Sound intensity level/dB I = 10 lg10 I 0 Two-source interference = d Sound Waves ay Thermal physics Average kinetic energy of a molecule 1 3 m c2 = kT 2 2 Kinetic theory 1 pV = Nm c2 3 Thermal energy Q = mc Capacitors Capacitors in series 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 Capacitors in parallel Time constant 5291.02 C = C1 + C2 + C3 = RC 2 [Turn over Light Lens formula Magnification 1 = vf v m=u u + Electricity Terminal potential difference Potential divider V = E Ir (E.m.f. E; Internal Resistance r) R1Vin Vout = R +R Particles and photons Radioactive decay A = N A = A0e t Half-life t1 = 0. 693 de Broglie equation = h p 2 The nucleus Nuclear radius 5291.02 1 r = r0 A3 3 5291.02 [Turn over

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Additional Info : Gce Physics January 2010 Assessment Unit A2 1, Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillations and Atomic and Nuclear Physics - Revised
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