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GCE JUN 2006 : A2 2 Electromagnetism and Nuclear Physics

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Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2006 Physics assessing Module 5: Electromagnetism and Nuclear Physics A2Y21 Assessment Unit A2 2 [A2Y21] FRIDAY 9 JUNE, MORNING TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Answer all six questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 90. Quality of written communication will be assessed in questions 2(b) and 6(b)(vii), d(ii) and e(iii). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question. Your attention is drawn to the Data and Formulae Sheet which is inside this question paper. You may use an electronic calculator. Question 6 contributes to the synoptic assessment requirement of the Specification. You are advised to spend about 45 minutes in answering questions 1 5, and about 45 minutes in answering question 6. A2Y2S6 2644 For Examiner s use only Question Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Marks Marks If you need the values of physical constants to answer any questions in this paper, they may be found on the Data and Formulae Sheet. Examiner Only Marks Remark Answer all six questions 1 (a) An uncharged capacitor C is connected in series with a resistor R, a battery and a switch, as shown in Fig. 1.1. C R Fig. 1.1 At time t = 0 the switch is closed. (i) On Fig. 1.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the potential difference VR across the resistor R with time t. [1] VR 0 t 0 Fig. 1.2 (ii) On Fig. 1.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the charge QC on the capacitor with the potential difference VC across it. [1] QC 0 A2Y2S6 2644 0 VC Fig. 1.3 2 [Turn over (b) Three capacitors are connected in series to a 12.0 V battery, as shown in Fig. 1.4. The capacitance of one of the capacitors is unknown; this capacitor is labelled C. The capacitances of the other two capacitors are as marked on the diagram. 4 F C Examiner Only Marks Remark 12 F 12.0 V Fig. 1.4 The total energy stored in the three capacitors is 1.44 10 4 J. (i) Calculate the total capacitance of the three capacitors in series. Total capacitance = _________ F [3] (ii) Calculate the capacitance of the unknown capacitor. Capacitance = _________ F A2Y2S6 2644 [3] 3 [Turn over 2 In part (b) of this question you should answer in continuous prose, where appropriate. You will be assessed on the quality of your written communication. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) (i) On Fig. 2.1, sketch a graph to show how the magnetic flux density B near a long, straight, current-carrying wire varies with the current I in the wire. [1] B 0 0 I Fig. 2.1 (ii) On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show how the magnetic flux density B near a long, straight, current-carrying wire varies with the distance a from the wire. [1] B 0 a 0 Fig. 2.2 A2Y2S6 2644 4 [Turn over (b) Describe an experiment to investigate how the magnetic flux density inside a long straight solenoid depends on the current in the solenoid. Examiner Only Marks Remark Structure your answer using the headings provided. (i) Labelled sketch of apparatus [3] (ii) Experimental procedure ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [3] (iii) Suitable graph to display pattern of results 0 0 [1] (iv) Conclusion ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] Quality of written communication A2Y2S6 2644 [1] 5 [Turn over 3 (a) The quantum of electric charge is the elementary charge e. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Explain the meaning of this statement in relation to the magnitude of any electric charge. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Name one experiment which provides evidence for the quantisation of charge. How do the results of this experiment confirm the quantisation of charge? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] A2Y2S6 2644 6 [Turn over (b) An electron travelling at a speed of 2.5 106 m s 1 enters a uniform magnetic field of flux density 150 mT at an angle of 90 to the direction of the field, as shown in Fig. 3.1. Examiner Only Marks Remark magnetic flux density 150 mT electron path v = 2.5 106 m s 1 magnetic flux density 150 mT electron path v = 2.5 106 m s 1 Fig. 3.1 (i) Calculate the magnitude of the force on the electron as it enters the field. Force = _________ N [3] (ii) State the direction of the force on the electron. ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] A2Y2S6 2644 7 [Turn over 4 (a) To investigate the structure of the atom, Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden directed a beam of alpha particles at a very thin gold foil. They found that the particles were scattered at angles varying from 0 to 180 with respect to the direction of the incident beam. Practically all the particles had a zero angle of scattering, that is they went straight through the foil, but a very few came straight back, that is the scattering angle was 180 . Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) State the conclusion made from the fact that practically all the alpha particles had a zero angle of scattering. ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) State two conclusions made from the fact that very few alpha particles had a scattering angle of 180 . 1. ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] A2Y2S6 2644 8 [Turn over (b) Another way of probing matter is to fire a beam of electrons at a very thin film, for example a carbon (graphite) film. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Describe the scattering pattern obtained in this case. Illustrate your answer with a sketch. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (ii) State the property displayed by the electrons that is responsible for this type of scattering pattern. ____________________________________________________ [1] (c) Rutherford s experiment was carried out in an evacuated tube. The electron scattering experiment must also be performed in a vacuum. Explain why the vacuum is essential. _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [1] A2Y2S6 2644 9 [Turn over 5 (a) Complete the following equations for nuclear decay by inserting the appropriate nucleon number or proton number in the boxes provided. (i) (ii) 6C 14N 238U 90Th + 0e 1 + 4He 2 Examiner Only Marks Remark [2] [2] (b) To monitor a patient s thyroid gland, the patient is injected with a radioactive tracer containing 5.0 1014 atoms of Iodine-131. The half-life of Iodine-131 is 8.0 days. (i) Calculate the number of undecayed nuclei of Iodine-131 remaining after 29.0 days. Number of undecayed nuclei = _____________ [3] (ii) Calculate the activity of the injected Iodine-131 after 29.0 days. Give your answer in becquerel. Activity = _____________ Bq A2Y2S6 2644 [3] 10 [Turn over 6 Comprehension question Examiner Only Marks Remark This question contributes to the synoptic assessment requirements of the Specification. In your answer, you will be expected to bring together and apply principles and contexts from different areas of physics, and to use the skills of physics, in the particular situation described. You are advised to spend about 45 minutes in answering this question. Read the passage carefully and answer all the questions which follow. In parts (b)(vii), d(ii) and (e)(iii) of this question you should answer in continuous prose. You will be assessed on the quality of your written communication. Acoustic energy Natural occurrences can generate large amounts of acoustic energy. The auditory sensation stimulated by such events is due to pressure variations in the ear. Acoustic energy is normally created by some source of vibration, or by a source of air turbulence. Line 1 The noise generated by the volcanic eruptions of Krakatoa in 1883 is 5 one example of a natural event where a very large amount of acoustic energy was generated. It is thought that the noise from these eruptions would equal or surpass that created by a modern nuclear explosion. During one eruption approximately 4.2 km3 of rock rose in the form of a dust cloud up to a vertical height of 25 km into the atmosphere. Most 10 of the sound energy created by this eruption would have occurred uniformly over a time period of about 150 s, and would constitute about one-millionth of one per cent of the total energy released. It may be assumed that the sound was emitted uniformly from a notional point source at the centre of the eruption. The sound intensity I at a 15 point a distance d from the centre is given by P I = 2 d2 Equation 6.1 where P is the sound power of the source. Equation 6.1 assumes that the ground around the source is plane and perfectly reflecting, so that the sound energy is radiated into a hemisphere. Acoustic energy is also an important consideration in industrial environments, which are subject to the Health and Safety at Work Regulations. These regulations require employees to undergo audiometric tests if they are subject to a noise hazard. One test used establishes hearing loss (HL) at a number of frequencies in the range 125 Hz to 12 000 Hz. A2Y2S6 2644 11 20 25 [Turn over For each frequency in the range a minimum intensity level is defined as the norm. The norm is the reference level from which hearing loss is measured. Since the human ear is not equally sensitive at all frequencies, this norm reference is different at each test frequency. The hearing loss is defined as the required additional stimulus above the norm to enable the individual to hear and respond to the test tone. Hearing loss is measured as dB above the norm sound intensity level at each test frequency. A pure tone audiometer is used for such a test. It consists of an electronic signal generator which produces pure tones at the test frequencies (for example, 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz, 8000 Hz, 12 000 Hz), a calibrated attenuator which adjusts the output level of the generator in steps of 5 dB and a switch for starting and stopping the test signal. The output signal is applied to a sound transducer which is placed in contact with the employee s ear, so that the pure tone of known sound intensity level stimulates the ear under test. Test signals are applied and, according to the subject s response, the hearing loss is assessed. The audiometer attenuator is accurately calibrated for hearing loss from 10 dB to +100 dB. The readings from the audiometer scale thus measure HL at each test frequency. The result of HL/dB for each pure tone frequency are recorded, and the results for each ear are plotted on a graph known as an audiogram. Examiner Only Marks Remark 30 5 35 40 45 (a) Write a few words, or a short sentence, to show the meaning of the following words or phrases, as they are used in the passage. (i) auditory sensation (line 2), ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) nuclear explosion (line 8), ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] A2Y2S6 2644 12 [Turn over (iii) uniformly over a time period (line 12), Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iv) notional (line 14), ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (v) perfectly reflecting (line 19), ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (vi) norm (lines 28, 30, 32, 33), ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (vii) stimulus (line 31), ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (viii) sound transducer (line 41), ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (ix) calibrated (line 45). ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] A2Y2S6 2644 13 [Turn over (b) The Krakatoa eruption caused a large mass of rock to rise into the air (lines 9 10). The centre of mass of the rock was effectively moved to a point halfway between ground level and the maximum height of the dust cloud. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Explain why a factor of one half is a sensible assumption to make when calculating the energy concerned in lifting the rock. Explanation: _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Assume the mean density of the rock to be 9.3 103 kg m 3. Calculate the energy required to lift the rock into the air. Energy = _________ J [3] (iii) Assume that your answer to (b)(ii) is the total energy released in the eruption. Using information from lines 12 13, estimate the sound energy emitted. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. Sound energy = _________ J [3] (iv) Calculate the power of the sound radiated from the notional point source at the centre of the eruption (lines 12 15). Sound power = _________ W A2Y2S6 2644 [2] 14 [Turn over (v) On Fig. 6.1 sketch a graph showing how the sound intensity I varies with the distance d from the centre of the eruption (lines 15 17). Examiner Only Marks Remark [2] I 0 0 d Fig. 6.1 (vi) Use Equation 6.1 (line 17) to calculate the sound intensity at a point 4.5 km from the centre of the eruption. Sound intensity = _________ W m 2 [2] (vii)Hence find the sound intensity level at the point 4.5 km from the centre of the eruption. (Take the I0 reference intensity to be 1.0 10 12 W m 2.) Intensity level = _________ dB A2Y2S6 2644 [2] 15 [Turn over (viii) In using Equation 6.1, it is assumed that the ground around the source is perfectly reflecting (line 19). At the other extreme, the ground might be perfectly absorbing. Explain the difference this makes to your answer to (b)(vi). Examiner Only Marks Remark ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (ix) Calculate the difference the absorption in (b)(viii) would make to the sound intensity level in (b)(vii). Difference in intensity level = __________dB [2] (c) The Health and Safety at Work Regulations are concerned with noise hazards in places of employment (lines 21 23). (i) Give two examples of places of employment where noise is a hazard. 1. ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Suggest one precaution against noise hazard which could be taken by an employee. ____________________________________________________ [1] A2Y2S6 2644 16 [Turn over (d) The audiometer uses a series of test tones at certain frequencies. In sequence, these are (lines 37 38). 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz Examiner Only Marks Remark 2000 Hz . . . (i) Apart from the highest frequency of 12 000 Hz, the frequencies bear a particular relation to each other. What is this relation? ____________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Suggest why a series with this relation between frequencies is chosen for the audiometric test. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Why does the series start at 125 Hz and not 15.6 Hz? ____________________________________________________ [1] (Questions continue overleaf) A2Y2S6 2644 17 [Turn over (e) The norm sound intensity level at 125 Hz is defined as 32 dB relative to 1.0 10 12 W m 2 (lines 26 28). Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Calculate the norm sound intensity at 125 Hz. Norm intensity = _________ W m 2 [2] (ii) An employee taking an audiometric test registers an HL value of 50 dB at 125 Hz. Calculate the minimum sound intensity he can hear at this frequency. Intensity = _________ W m 2 [2] (iii) Another employee registers an HL value of 5 dB at 1000 Hz. Explain, in words, what this statement means. Comment on the quality of this person s hearing at 1000 Hz. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2] Quality of written communication [2] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER A2Y2S6 2644 18 [Turn over A2Y2S6 2644 19 [Turn over S 4/06 4200 302507(179) [Turn over GCE Physics (Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced) Data and Formulae Sheet Values of constants speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 108 m s 1 permeability of a vacuum 0 = 4 10 7 H m 1 permittivity of a vacuum 0 = 8.85 10 12 F m 1 1 = 8.99 109 F 1 m 4 0 ( ) elementary charge e = 1.60 10 19 C the Planck constant h = 6.63 10 34 J s unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 10 27 kg mass of electron me = 9.11 10 31 kg mass of proton mp = 1.67 10 27 kg molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K 1 mol 1 the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 1023 mol 1 the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 10 23 J K 1 gravitational constant G = 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 acceleration of free fall on the Earth s surface g = 9.81 m s 2 electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J A2Y21INS A2Y2S6 2644.02 USEFUL FORMULAE The following equations may be useful in answering some of the questions in the examination: Thermal physics Mechanics Momentum-impulse relation mv mu = Ft for a constant force Average kinetic energy of a molecule 1 m<c2> 2 Power P = Fv Kinetic theory pV = 1 Nm <c2> 3 Conservation of energy 1 mv 2 2 1 mu 2 = Fs 2 for a constant force Simple harmonic motion Displacement x = x0 cos t or x = x0 sin t Velocity v = x 0 2 x 2 Simple pendulum T = 2 l / g Loaded helical spring T = 2 m / k Medical physics Sound intensity level/dB = 10 lg10(I/I0) Sound intensity difference/dB = 10 lg10(I2/I1) Resolving power sin = / D Waves Capacitors Capacitors in parallel 11 1 1 = + + C C1 C 2 C 3 C = C1 + C2 + C3 Time constant = RC Capacitors in series Electromagnetism Magnetic flux density due to current in (i)i long straight (i)i solenoid B= (ii) long straight (i)i conductor B= 0NI l 0I 2 a Alternating currents A.c. generator E = E0 sin t = BAN sin t Particles and photons Two-slit interference = ay/d Diffraction grating d sin = n Lens formula Stress and Strain Hooke s law F = kx Strain energy E = <F > x (= 1 Fx = 1 kx 2 2 2 if Hooke s law is obeyed) Electricity Potential divider 2644.02 Vout = R1Vin/(R1 + R2) A = N A = A0e t t1 = 0.693/ 2 Photoelectric effect 1 mv2 = max 2 de Broglie equation 1/u + 1/v = 1/ f Radioactive decay Half life Light A2Y2S6 = 3 kT 2 = h /p Particle Physics Nuclear radius 1 r = r0 A3 hf hf0

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Additional Info : Gce Physics June 2006 Assessment Unit A2 2, Module 5: Electromagnetism and Nuclear Physics
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