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GCE JAN 2011 : A2 1 Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillations and Atomic and Nuclear Physics - Revised

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Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2011 Physics assessing Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillations and Atomic and Nuclear Physics AY211 Assessment Unit A2 1 [AY211] THURSDAY 27 JANUARY, AFTERNOON TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES 111615 The total mark for this paper is 90. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 2(a). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question. Your attention is drawn to the Data and Formulae Sheet which is inside this question paper. You may use an electronic calculator. Question 9 contributes to the synoptic assessment required of the specification. Candidates should allow approximately 20 minutes for this question. For Examiner s use only Question Marks Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Marks 6458 1 (a) Define momentum. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [1] (b) A railway truck T1 of mass 1200 kg is rolling along a track at a speed of 6.0 m s 1 towards a stationary truck T2 as shown in Fig. 1.1. 6.0 m s 1 T1 T2 Fig. 1.1 (i) Calculate the initial momentum of the truck T1. Momentum = _________________ kg m s 1 [1] (ii) On collision, trucks T1 and T2 become joined. They now move with a common velocity of 2.0 m s 1. Find the mass of truck T2. Mass = _________________ kg 6458 [3] 2 [Turn over (iii) Is this an example of an elastic or an inelastic collision? Explain your answer. Examiner Only Marks Remark _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [2] 6458 3 [Turn over 2 In part (a) of this question you will be assessed on the quality of your written communication. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) (i) The relationship between the pressure of a fixed mass of gas and its temperature when the volume of the gas is kept constant is referred to as the pressure law or Gay Lussac s law. In the space below draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus which would be used to show this relationship. [3] (ii) State the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its temperature. _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [1] (iii) State what measurements are taken and how they are used to verify the relationship. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [3] Quality of written communication 6458 [2] 4 [Turn over (b) A flask contains air at a temperature of 17 C and is sealed with a rubber bung. A capillary tube of diameter 3.0 mm containing a short column of mercury is inserted into the bung. The volume of air trapped is 40 cm3. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 2.1. Capillary tube Examiner Only Marks Remark Mercury Trapped air Fig. 2.1 The flask is warmed gently. Calculate the temperature reached when the mercury column moves 120 mm up the capillary tube if the pressure remains at atmospheric level throughout. Temperature = ________________________ C 6458 5 [4] [Turn over 3 A motorcyclist goes round a bend in a horizontal road at a constant speed of 40 km h 1. The radius of curvature of the bend is 12.0 m. Examiner Only Marks Remark Fig. 3.1 (a) (i) Explain why this motorcyclist has an angular velocity. _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Calculate the value of the angular velocity, , of the motorcyclist as he rounds the bend. = ___________________ rad s 1 [3] (b) (i) Explain why a force is needed if the motorcyclist is to get round the bend. _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [2] (ii) State how this force is produced. _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [2] 6458 6 [Turn over (c) The motorcyclist has a mass of 90 kg and the motorcycle has a mass of 260 kg. Calculate the magnitude of the force needed to go round the bend at 40 km hr 1. Force = ___________________ N 6458 Examiner Only Marks Remark [3] 7 [Turn over 4 (a) Define simple harmonic motion. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [2] (b) A body is pulled down and released. It then undergoes simple harmonic motion of amplitude 10 cm and frequency 2.5 Hz in a vertical plane. On the axes in Fig. 4.1, draw a graph of the variation of the displacement, s, of the body with time, t. Include values on the displacement and time axes. s/cm t/s [3] Fig. 4.1 (c) Use the graph to find the velocity of the body 0.60 s from the start. Explain your answer. Velocity = _______________ m s 1 _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [3] 6458 8 [Turn over 5 (a) Experimental evidence for the existence of atomic nuclei was provided by the scattering of particles through a thin gold foil. State two significant observations from the experiment and explain their significance. Examiner Only Marks Remark Observation 1. _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Explanation __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Observation 2. ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Explanation __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [4] 6458 9 [Turn over (b) Equation 1 states the relationship between nuclear radius and atomic mass number. r0 is the mean nucleon radius and equals 1.2 fm. 1 Examiner Only Marks Remark Equation 1 r = r0 A 3 Equation 2 states the relationship between the volume of a sphere and its radius. V= 4 3 3 r Equation 2 (i) Given that the mean mass of a nucleon is 1.66 10 27 kg, use 2 Equations 1 and 2 to determine the density of a 16 C (carbon 12) nucleus. Density = ________________ kg m 3 [3] (ii) Carbon 12 has an atomic density of 2.3 g cm 3. Titanium 48 has an atomic density of 4.5 g cm 3. State the nuclear density of titanium 48 and explain your reasoning. Nuclear density of titanium 48 = ________________ kg m 3 [1] Explanation ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [1] 6458 10 [Turn over 6 Radon 222 has a half-life of 3.8 days. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) Define half life. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [1] (b) Calculate the initial number of radon 222 nuclei present in the sample if its initial activity is 1.52 1015 Bq. Initial number of nuclei = __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3] (c) Hence calculate the number of radon 222 nuclei present after a period of 8.6 days. Number of radon 222 nuclei = _______________________________ [3] 6458 11 [Turn over 7 Fig. 7.1 shows how the binding energy per nucleon varies with mass number. Examiner Only Marks Remark Average binding energy per nucleon/MeV 10 8 U 6 4 2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Mass number A Fig. 7.1 Equation 7.2 gives one possible fission reaction for U235 235 U 92 141 Ba + 92 Kr + 2 1n + Q 36 0 56 Equation 7.2 where Q represents a quantity of heat energy. (a) Explain, making reference to Fig. 7.1, why this reaction could occur spontaneously. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [2] 6458 12 [Turn over (b) Calculate the energy Q released in the reaction in Equation 7.2. Use the following values. Mass of 235 U 92 Mass of 141 Ba 56 Mass of 92 Kr 36 Examiner Only Marks Remark = 235.04u = 140.91u = 91.91u Mass of neutron = 1.01u Energy released = ________________ MeV 6458 13 [3] [Turn over (c) Fig. 7.3 shows a simplified diagram for a fission reactor. Examiner Only Marks Remark heat exchanger control rod concrete steam steel coolant moderator water nuclear fuel rod Fig. 7.3 (i) Explain briefly the purpose and name a suitable material for 1. the moderator: ________________________________________________________ _ ________________________________________________________ _ 2. the control rods: ________________________________________________________ _ ______________________________________________________ [4] _ (ii) Why must the total amount of uranium in the reactor core be greater than the critical size? ________________________________________________________ _ ______________________________________________________ [1] _ (iii) Why must the total amount of uranium in a fuel rod be less than the critical size? ________________________________________________________ _ ______________________________________________________ [1] _ 6458 1 4 [Turn over 8 (a) In the JET prototype fusion reactor charged plasma particles circulate. Very high temperatures are needed if nuclear fusion is to take place. Explain why such high temperatures are necessary. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [2] (b) Explain why, in a nuclear fusion reaction, the plasma must be confined. _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [1] (c) Briefly describe the three main forms of plasma confinement. 1. ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [3] 6458 15 [Turn over 9 The internal resistance r of a cell of EMF E can be found using the circuit shown in Fig. 9.1. YZ is a length of resistance wire connected to a 3 V battery of zero internal resistance. Examiner Only Marks Remark 3V l Y X Z A E r R Fig. 9.1 Initially the variable resistor R is set to its highest resistance of 20 .The sliding contact X is then moved slowly along the wire until the reading on the sensitive ammeter A, is zero. The length of wire l is then recorded. This process is repeated for four further values of R and the results recorded in Table 9.1. Table 9.1 Resistance R/ 20 10 5.0 2.0 1.0 Length l/m 0.91 0.83 0.71 0.50 0.33 Theory shows that the relationship between R and l is of the form 1E1 = R 3lr r Equation 9.1 where E is the EMF of the cell and its value is not known. 6458 16 [Turn over Examiner Only (a) (i) A graph of 1 against 1 should be plotted to enable r to be l R determined. Show why this graph is suitable. Marks Remark [2] (ii) Additional values are needed to enable you to plot the graph suggested in (a)(i). Calculate these values to 2 significant figures and use the blank columns in Table 9.1 to record them. Remember to include units. [3] 6458 17 [Turn over (b) (i) Using the graph paper with the origin (0,0) as shown in the grid of Fig. 9.2, plot the graph. 0 0 [5] Fig. 9.2 Examiner Only Marks 6458 18 Remark [Turn over (ii) Hence calculate the value of r, the internal resistance of the cell. Examiner Only Marks r = _______________ Remark [2] The unknown value of the EMF E, of the cell can also be , determined. (iii) Calculate the value of E. E = _________________ V [4] (c) The cell is now replaced with one which has a higher internal resistance but the same EMF How will the graph you have drawn in . (b)(i) be affected? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ [2] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER 6458 19 [Turn over Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. 111615 GCE Physics Data and Formulae Sheet for A2 1 and A2 2 Values of constants speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 108 m s 1 permittivity of a vacuum 0 = 8.85 10 12 F m 1 1 = 8.99 109 F 1 m 4 0 elementary charge e = 1.60 10 19 C the Planck constant h = 6.63 10 34 J s (uni ed) atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 10 27 kg mass of electron me = 9.11 10 31 kg mass of proton mp = 1.67 10 27 kg molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K 1 mol 1 the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 1023 mol 1 the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 10 23 J K 1 gravitational constant G = 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 acceleration of free fall on the Earth s surface g = 9.81 m s 2 electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J AY211INS 6458.02 The following equations may be useful in answering some of the questions in the examination: Mechanics Conservation of energy 1 1 mv 2 mu 2 = Fs 2 2 Hooke s Law F = kx (spring constant k) for a constant force Simple harmonic motion Displacement x = A cos t Sound intensity level/dB = 10 lg10 Two-source interference = Sound I I0 Waves ay d Thermal physics Average kinetic energy of a molecule 1 3 m c2 = kT 2 2 Kinetic theory 1 pV = Nm c2 3 Thermal energy Q = mc Capacitors Capacitors in series 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 Capacitors in parallel Time constant 6458.02 C = C1 + C2 + C3 = RC 2 2 Light Lens formula Magnification 1 = vf v m=u u + Electricity Terminal potential difference Potential divider V = E Ir (E.m.f. E; Internal Resistance r) R1Vin Vout = R +R Particles and photons Radioactive decay A = N A = A0e t Half-life t1 = 0. 693 de Broglie equation = h p 2 The nucleus Nuclear radius 6458.02 1 r = r0 A3 3 3 6458.02 111616 [Turn over

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Additional Info : Gce Physics January 2011 Assessment Unit A2 1, Momentum, Thermal Physics, Circular Motion, Oscillations and Atomic and Nuclear Physics - Revised
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