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GCE JUN 2009 : A2 3A Particle Physics

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1 2 Centre Number 3 71 4 5 Candidate Number 6 ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2009 7 8 9 Physics 11 Assessment Unit A2 3A 12 assessing 13 Module 6: Particle Physics 14 A2Y31 10 [A2Y31] 15 WEDNESDAY 10 JUNE, MORNING 16 17 18 TIME 19 1 hour. 20 21 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. 23 Answer all five questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 50. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 5. Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question. Your attention is drawn to the Data and Formulae Sheet which is inside this question paper. You may use an electronic calculator. Question 5 contributes to the synoptic assessment requirement of the Specification. You are advised to spend about 40 minutes in answering questions 1 4, and about 20 minutes in answering question 5. 4678 For Examiner s use only Question Number 1 2 3 4 5 Total Marks Marks If you need the values of physical constants to answer any questions in this paper, they may be found on the Data and Formulae Sheet. Examiner Only Marks Remark Answer all ve questions 1 The radius of a nucleus can be obtained using Equation 1.1. r = r0A1/3 Equation 1.1 (a) (i) State what each of the terms in Equation 1.1 represents. r0 = _______________________________________________ [1] A = ________________________________________________ [1] (ii) An isotope of the element beryllium (Be) has 4 protons and 5 neutrons. Electron diffraction experiments have revealed that this isotope has a nuclear radius of 2.50 10 15 m. Use these data to calculate a value for r0 in femtometre (fm). r0 = ______________ fm 4678 [3] 2 [Turn over (iii) Using Equation 1.1 and your value of r0 from (a)(ii), determine the numerical values of the gradient and the intercept of the graph of log10 r against log10 A shown in Fig. 1.1. Examiner Only Marks Remark log10 (r/fm) C log10 (A) 0 0 Fig. 1.1 Intercept C = Gradient = 4678 3 [3] [Turn over 2 Nuclear fusion offers significant potential advantages as a future source of energy as compared to fossil fuels or fission. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) Outline one potential advantage offered by nuclear fusion. [1] (b) The advantages of nuclear fusion are only theoretical because practical fusion reactors are still in the development stage. One experimental reactor is the Joint European Torus (JET) reactor in the UK. In this facility a plasma is heated to a temperature of about 100 million kelvin. (i) What is meant by the term plasma in this context? [1] (ii) Name the method of confinement used for the hot plasma in the JET fusion reactor and explain why the plasma confinement is necessary. Method of confinement [1] Explanation [1] (iii) Why does the plasma need to have such a high temperature? [1] 4678 4 [Turn over The JET reactor fuses deuterium and tritium, which are isotopes of hydrogen, in the reaction described by Equation 2.1. 2H 1 + 3H 4He + 1n + Q 1 2 0 Examiner Only Marks Remark Equation 2.1 Table 2.1 Particle symbol Particle name Particle mass 2H 1 Deuterium 2.014102u 3H 1 Tritium 3.016049u 4He 2 Helium 4 4.002603u 1n 0 neutron 1.008665u (iv) Table 2.1 provides information on the particles involved in this fusion reaction. Use this information to find the quantity of energy Q released. Give your answer in MeV. Q = _____________ MeV 4678 [4] 5 [Turn over 3 (a) Particle accelerators are used to investigate the structure of matter. They increase the speed of particles which are then made to collide with a suitable target particle. Fig. 3.1 illustrates the main features of a linear accelerator (linac). In this linac an electron beam enters tube A and travels through the four tubular electrodes shown. Alternate electrodes are connected to the same terminal of the a.c. supply. Electron a.c. Supply A Electron path B C D Tubular electrodes Electron path Fig. 3.1 Examiner Only (i) In the terminals (the circles) of the AC supply of Fig. 3.1, indicate the polarity at the instant shown in Fig. 3.1 with the electron at the position shown between tube B and tube C. Explain why you have indicated the polarity in this way. Marks Remark _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Why is it necessary for the length of the tubular electrodes to increase? _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] 4678 6 [Turn over (b) What is the change in electron kinetic energy, in joules, in the time it takes for an electron leaving A to emerge from D? The a.c. supply to the electrodes is maintained at 200 kV. Kinetic energy change = J 4678 7 Examiner Only Marks Remark [2] [Turn over (c) The Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) accelerator at CERN is able to produce anti-hydrogen atoms. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Fig. 3.2 is a simple representation of normal hydrogen. In the boxes on Fig. 3.3, name the corresponding particles in the anti-hydrogen representation. Electron Proton Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 [1] (ii) State one difference and one similarity between each corresponding pair of particles that make up the atoms in Fig. 3.2 and Fig. 3.3. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] 4678 8 [Turn over BLANK PAGE (Questions continue overleaf) 4678 9 [Turn over 4 The electron, the neutron and the proton are the sub-atomic particles that exist in ordinary matter. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) The neutron and proton belong to a class of particle called baryons. What do all baryons have in common that no other class of particle does? _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [1] (b) Below are equations representing two decays and a suggested reaction involving particles. K0 + + Decay 1 0 p + Decay 2 K + p + + Reaction 1 The table of Fig. 4.1 gives three quantum numbers for the particles in the equations. Particle Charge Baryon No. Strangeness Kaon (K0) 0 0 +1 Kaon minus (K ) 1 0 1 pion-plus ( +) +1 0 0 pion-minus ( ) 1 0 0 Lambda ( 0) 0 +1 1 Proton (p) +1 +1 0 Fig. 4.1 (i) (1) Which of the two decays (if any) does not involve the strong interaction? Indicate your answer by placing a tick in the appropriate box. Decay 1 Decay 2 Decays 1 and 2 Neither decay 4678 [1] 10 [Turn over (2) Explain your answer. Examiner Only Marks Remark [1] (ii) Explain why Reaction 1 is not possible. [1] (iii) Complete the Table 4.1 below showing the gauge boson and its associated force. Table 4.1 Force Gauge Boson Strong W+ W Z0 Gravitational photon [2] 4678 11 [Turn over 5 In part (b)(i) of this question you should answer in continuous prose. You will be assessed on the quality of your written communication. Examiner Only Marks Remark Four Carbon Allotropes Diamond, graphite, Buckminsterfullerene (buckyballs) and carbon nanotubes are four different forms of carbon. Although they are all made from the same basic carbon atom, their structures and properties vary enormously. (a) Diamond is the only transparent form of carbon. Calculate the speed of light in diamond, given its refractive index is 2.42. Speed = m s 1 [2] (b) The repetitive structure of the buckyball was revealed using a technique known as electron microscopy, which relies on the diffraction of an electron beam. Fig. 5.1 illustrates the structure deduced. Fig. 5.1 4678 12 [Turn over (i) Explain why an electron diffraction pattern is achieved. Explain also why the electron wavelength must be similar to the separation of the carbon atoms in the buckyball. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] Quality of written communication [1] (ii) The minimum separation of the carbon atoms is 0.10 nm. Calculate the speed of electrons if they are to have an associated wavelength of this magnitude. Speed = ______________ m s 1 4678 [3] 13 [Turn over (c) Fig. 5.2 illustrates the structure and dimensions of a carbon nanotube of circular cross-section and diameter 1.2 nm and length 80 m. Examiner Only Marks Remark 80 m 1.2 nm Fig. 5.2 (i) Given that the Young Modulus for a nanotube is 1.1 1012Pa, calculate the tensile force that will cause a 0.15 m increase in the length of this nanotube. Force = N [3] (ii) Calculate the strain energy in the nanotube when stretched by 0.15 m. Assume the nanotube obeys Hooke s law. Energy = J 4678 [2] 14 [Turn over (d) Graphite is a good electrical conductor under normal circumstances. An experiment was performed to see if it obeys Ohm s law. The data was collected using the circuit in Fig. 5.3. The voltage current characteristic of a graphite rod is given in Fig. 5.4. Voltage Graphite 0 Current 0 Fig. 5.3 Fig. 5.4 (i) On the circuit diagram of Fig. 5.3, label the milliammeter mA and the millivoltmeter mV. [1] (ii) Explain how Fig. 5.4 confirms that graphite is an ohmic conductor. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (iii) Graphite has a resistivity of 7.8 10 6 m and a charge carrier density of 1.1 1029 m 3. Calculate the drift speed of the electrons in a sample of graphite 80 mm in length when there is a voltage of 26 mV across it. Electron drift speed = _____________ m s 1 4678 15 [4] Examiner Only Marks Remark 938-064-1 16 [Turn over GCE Physics (Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced) Data and Formulae Sheet Values of constants speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 108 m s 1 permeability of a vacuum 0 = 4 10 7 H m 1 permittivity of a vacuum 0 = 8.85 10 12 F m 1 1 = 8.99 109 F 1 m 4 0 ( ) elementary charge e = 1.60 10 19 C the Planck constant h = 6.63 10 34 J s unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 10 27 kg mass of electron me = 9.11 10 31 kg mass of proton mp = 1.67 10 27 kg molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K 1 mol 1 the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 1023 mol 1 the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 10 23 J K 1 gravitational constant G = 6.67 10 11 N m2 kg 2 acceleration of free fall on the Earth s surface g = 9.81 m s 2 electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J A2Y31INS 4678.02 USEFUL FORMULAE The following equations may be useful in answering some of the questions in the examination: Thermal physics Mechanics Momentum-impulse relation mv mu = Ft for a constant force Average kinetic energy of a molecule 1 m<c2> 2 Power P = Fv Kinetic theory pV = 1 Nm <c2> 3 Conservation of energy 1 mv 2 2 1 mu 2 = Fs 2 for a constant force Simple harmonic motion Displacement x = x0 cos t or x = x0 sin t Velocity v = x 0 2 x 2 Simple pendulum T = 2 l / g Loaded helical spring T = 2 m / k Medical physics Sound intensity level/dB = 10 lg10(I/I0) Sound intensity difference/dB = 10 lg10(I2/I1) Resolving power sin = / D Waves Capacitors Capacitors in parallel 11 1 1 = + + C C1 C 2 C 3 C = C1 + C2 + C3 Time constant = RC Capacitors in series Electromagnetism Magnetic flux density due to current in (i)i long straight (i)i solenoid B= (ii) long straight (i)i conductor B= = ay/d Diffraction grating 0I 2 a A.c. generator E = E0 sin t = BAN sin t Stress and Strain Hooke s law F = kx Strain energy E = <F > x (= 1 Fx = 1 kx 2 2 2 if Hooke s law is obeyed) Electricity Vout = R1Vin/(R1 + R2) A = N A = A0e t t1 = 0.693/ 2 Photoelectric effect 1 mv2 = max 2 de Broglie equation 1/u + 1/v = 1/ f Radioactive decay Half life Light 4678.02 l Alternating currents d sin = n Potential divider 0NI Particles and photons Two-slit interference Lens formula = 3 kT 2 = h /p Particle Physics Nuclear radius 1 r = r0 A3 hf hf0

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Additional Info : Gce Physics June 2009 Assessment Unit A2 3A, Module 6: Particle Physics
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